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"id": 430,
"title": "101 Whitechapel Road",
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"body": "<p>Until recently this shophouse of <em>c.</em>1815 had only two storeys. In 1933 Adolf Cohen took the premises, long occupied by bootmakers, and adapted them to be a hairdressing salon. Vidal Sassoon (1928–2012) served his apprenticeship here under ‘Professor’ Cohen. The business continued up to 1964, in later years as a wig factory. The building was raised in 2005–7, Hutton Enterprises acting as architectural consultants in a flat conversion for Ajay and Arwin Taheam of Zeco Ltd that included No. 103.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, L/THL/D/2/30/171; Building Control file 15926: Morris Beckman, <em>The 43 Group</em>, 1993, p. 5: Goad insurance map 1950: District Surveyors Returns: Post Office Directories: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n",
"created": "2017-08-02",
"last_edited": "2017-11-13"
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"id": 554,
"title": "Shopping-mall schemes",
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"body": "<p>From 1972 to 1988 there were plans for a large shopping mall to the north of Whitechapel Road and Whitechapel Station. These were initiated by the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, which owned land north of Durward Street and was in the process of acquiring Greater London Council owned property, and planned co-operatively with London Transport, which owned most of what lay to the south of Durward Street. A first scheme incorporated substantial office and residential elements and proposed building above the railway line. The factories north of Durward Street and the housing between Durward Street and Winthrop Street were cleared in the early 1970s, leaving just the coal-drop viaduct, Rosenbergers and Brady House on Durward Street, Brady Street Dwellings, and a garage immediately south of the Jewish Burial Ground in Bethnal Green.</p>\n\n<p>The Shankland Cox Partnership put forward four development options in 1975, soon reduced to three, ranging in extent from just the east side of Whitechapel Station to Brady Street, to all the way to Vallance Road in the west. Redevelopment planning extended well northwards into Spitalfields and Bethnal Green. Abbott Howard, architects, took forward a preferred scheme before 1979 when the Council briefed Sam Chippindale Development Services to prepare a plan for almost fourteen acres ‘loosely based on a Brent Cross/Arndale theme’; Chippindale, a founder of Arndale, had not previously been active in London.[^1] Through Trip and Wakeham Partnership, architects, this had become a huge project (larger in fact than Brent’s Cross) extending to the northern boundary of the parish, intending 800,000 square feet of retail including six or seven department stores, 300,000 square feet of office space, flats and parking for 1800 cars and a bus station.</p>\n\n<p>There was perceived competition from Surrey Docks, but all seemed set to go ahead in 1983. However, two big retailers pulled out and Chippindale, voicing doubt (the project ‘hadn’t got a cat in hell’s chance of succeeding’[^2]), was sacked in 1985. The scheme’s commercial viability was further questioned, but concerned at being the only London borough both not to have a large retail centre and expecting a population increase in the 1980s, the Council issued a new development brief. Competing proposals included a scheme by Inner City Enterprises submitted with the Tower Hamlets Environment Trust on behalf of the Whitechapel Development Trust. This became known as ‘the community plan’; its architects were CZWG. A more commercial rival (more offices and parking, less residential) from Pengap Securities Ltd working with Chapman Taylor Partners was favoured. Pengap was taken over by the Burton Group in 1987 and the project was passed around, to former Pengap directors as Wingate Property and Investment, then to Chase Property Holdings and on to Trafalgar House with Consortium Commercial. The scheme they submitted and gained permission to build in 1988 would have had a large domical central feature and a nine-storey tower on Brady Street. It would also have meant clearance of 235–245 and 287–317 Whitechapel Road. But negotiations unravelled and by the end of the year the project had died, its abandonment said to be connected to proposals for the Grand Metropolitan owned Albion Brewery site. Meanwhile there had been vast quantities of fly-tipping on the empty land, to a depth of 2–3m.[^3]</p>\n\n<p>What had been the Kearley & Tonge site south of Vallance Gardens was used for car auctions, as a lorry park and as a Sunday market for second-hand goods in the 1980s and 90s. A spin-off from Brick Lane’s then gentrifying market, this was misleadingly referred to as Whitechapel Waste, and more accurately described as the 'kalo' (Bengali for black) market.[^4]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Transport for London Group Archives (TfLGA), LT000682/089</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: <em>East London Advertiser</em>, 1 Nov 1985</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: TfLGA, LT000682/089: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), cuttings and pamphlets 022: The Spitalfields Trust newsletter, 1990</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: THLHLA, London Borough of Tower Hamlets, Whitechapel Shopping Centre Development Brief, 1986: http://philmaxwell.org/?p=13334: Juber Hussain at <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/616/detail/\">https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/616/detail/</a></p>\n",
"created": "2018-01-04",
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"title": "No. 1 Victoria Home and 23-41 Commercial Street",
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"body": "<p>The Commercial Street site between the <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/417/detail/#baptist-chapel\">Baptist chapel</a> and Wentworth Street, previously occupied by <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/374/detail/#before-commercial-street-essex-street-and-catherine-wheel-alley-up-to-the-1830s\">Elger Square</a>, Elger Place and a small lead factory owned by John Coope, was empty ground, sometimes used for auction sales, for about fifteen years before the site was built up, in several stages in 1862-4, with ten warehouses 60ft deep, with 30ft frontages. At least five were built on 99-year leases from June 1864 granted to a Jewish City slopseller (cheap readymade clothing), Moses Levy (1816-82), by the freeholder, his wealthy brother-in-law and some-time business partner, Henry Moses (1805-75), to the designs of Hyman Henry Collins, architect.[^1] They were rugged Italianate buildings with chamfered quoins, all in stock brick, three bays wide, the centre bay with loading doors and cranes to Nos 29-41. In 1887 the corner warehouse, No. 41, with a narrower front to Commercial Street and a long return with further loopholes to Wentworth Street, was leased and converted as a new type of model lodging-house by the Victoria Homes, a philanthropic venture headed by Hon. Granville Waldegrave, 3rd Baron Radstock. It had begun fundraising in 1882, major donations coming from Radstock himself and a fellow trustee, the bacon baron Thomas Anthony Denny.[^2] The building retained its external warehouse appearance, complete with loopholes, and internally the large spaces were suited to the scale of the operation, which catered to 370 men, with a vast basement kitchen, increased to 500 when the home expanded in 1888 into the adjoining warehouse.[^3] </p>\n\n<p>In every respect this lodging-house - the only one of its sort in London - deserves to be imitated. First, its charges are low - viz., 4d for a single bed, or 2s per week; and 6d for a \"cabin,\" or 3s per week. Each bed has two blankets, two sheets, and a quilt; the bedstead is of iron, and a kind of shield at the head affords a certain degree of privacy. The floor space is partitioned into rooms, containing each ten or a dozen beds; whilst in the \"cabins\" there is only one. A ‘casual’ ward for the reception of newcomers has lately been added, and probationers are transferred thence to floors above. Many of the lodgers are regulars, but some are birds of passage purely. The lavatory, ventilating, and sanitary arrangements are on an enlightened scale. In the common kitchen food may be cooked at the great fire, or obtained at low charges at the bar, a dinner with vegetables for fourpence, or a bowl of soup for a penny. No known bad characters are admitted. Tickets for beds are issued from five p.m. until 12.30 midnight, and after that hour if a man wants to get in he must have a pass. It is by these rules, especially, and by the exclusion of women, that the Victoria Home is so greatly to be preferred to the most modern and \"improved\" of the lodging-houses which are strictly commercial undertakings.[^4] </p>\n\n<p>A second larger site was acquired in Whitechapel Road in 1889, opening as <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/451/detail/\">No. 2 Victoria Home</a> in 1891, but the organisation got into financial difficulties, partly occasioned by war-time cost rises, partly by embezzlement by the manager of the Whitechapel Road home, and the Commercial Street Home was closed and the lease given up, so the property returned to Moses Levy’s daughter Amelia in 1918.[^5] Next door at 37 Commercial Street was a branch of the United Brothers working men’s club during 1889-93, founded in 1888, its ‘spacious hall’ used for boxing matches and other entertainments.[^6] Later use of the Victoria Home building was by cigar and cigarette manufacturers, with the neighbouring warehouses to the south housing wholesale wine and spirit merchants throughout their existence (Greenlees, later E.J. Rose & Co. Ltd in the twentieth century); the three warehouses adjoining south, Nos 23-27, with an entryway through No. 25 to stables, were Wholesale Fittings Co., electrical light fittings, from the turn of the twentieth century till the Second World War, when they moved across the road to a succession of other Commercial Street addresses.[^7] The whole range of warehouses was destroyed in the war and the site remained a car park until the building of the <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/1454/detail/#denning-point-and-the-new-holland-estate\">New Holland estate</a> in the late 1960s.</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: <em>First Report from the Select Committee on Metropolis Improvement, with Plans and Minutes of Evidence</em>, London 1840: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 6 Nov 1848, p. 1: <em>Builder</em> (<em>B</em>), 2 April 1862, p. 5: <em>Building News</em> (<em>BN</em>), 7 March 1862, p. 171: Ancestry</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Salvation Army Heritage Centre, VH/1/2: Ancestry</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: Post Office Directories (POD)</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: <em>Daily Telegraph</em>, 22 Sept 1888</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: Salvation Army Heritage Centre, VH/1/4/1; VH/1/5/3</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: POD: <em>London Daily News</em>, 19 Dec 1889, p. 2: <em>Sporting Life</em>, 11 Sept 1890, p. 1; 19 Nov 1891, p. 1: Laurence Marlow, <a href=\"http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/4209\">‘The Working Men’s Club Movement, 1862-1912: A Study of the Evolution of a Working Class Institution’</a>, PhD thesis, University of Warwick, 1980, pp. 194-5, 242</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: The National Archives, IR58/84809/2671-3: POD</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2018-12-21",
"last_edited": "2018-12-22"
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"id": 562,
"title": "Bilal Haq talks about the changes on Petticoat Lane since the 1980s",
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"body": "<p>Bilal Haq has worked in the clothing trade on Wentworth Street since the 1980s. Here he talks about how he has experienced how the street has changed over that time.</p>\n\n<p>\"I was working here since 1983..It was okay until 1994, then gradually [it] has gone down. This whole area was populated by Jewish people, they know the business and I [was]..partnered with them [for] 10-15 years. I learned my way with them. I’ve seen the way their market was changing. Since Tower Hamlets introduced new market inspectors.. the [market] tradition [has been] dying out slowly, slowly. Now you can see the market. You can shoot a gun, no one's going to get killed. Because if you go back 15 years, you weren't able to have break time until three o'clock, four o'clock. Now you can have a break whole day long.</p>\n\n<p>I'm actually into [the] business [of] selling suits. Men suits, shirts, trousers, all this kind of product... If you're selling a suit, [in the past] somebody couldn't open in front of your shop. This was a part of the license act. Since they changed that, that market has gone down.</p>\n\n<p>…Second issue is when they introduced their self-congestion charge. These streets was never controlled by the City of London, but they put their streets under the city of London and they put [the congestion charge] up to ..Commercial Street. People cannot go through the streets. Before, we used to have some trade. Four o'clock to six o'clock, people were going past with their cars, and that trade has stopped for the last 10-15 years since the congestion charge has been introduced.</p>\n\n<p>That really killed the whole area. Now I think Tower Hamlets will lose another [part of its] heritage, in particular, [the] market. It's known to everybody. Even if you went somewhere in a jungle of Africa, you will hear Petticoat Lane, and they know where it is, but that is dying out.</p>\n\n<p>Same on the weekend because number one, there is no facility for parking. There was a NCP car park in ..Commercial Street that's now turning to a shopping mall. Then they had another thing, they had a toilet. People, if they come for shopping, they had a toilet to go to until now there. We asked many many times, they're not bothered... Tower Hamlets has sold it to private people. I don't know what they're doing to it now. I’ve seen one of them turn into a bar. There's no facilities here.</p>\n\n<p>This suit shop was opened in 1972. Jewish-owned, yes. They still own the building. It's a corner building. I mean I'm just paying the rent, basically. There are no other facilities. In the morning time when you come in, because there's no toilet, there is wee everywhere, vomiting everywhere, and we just have to clean it up to get access to the property. That's what we're facing basically, but it never used to be like that.</p>\n\n<p>[There are two floors over the shop that] we use ..for storage.</p>\n\n<p>We get products from Italy, Turkey, nothing from third-world country. Not because I don't like them, it's just because..you have to buy a big amount. We are just like a boutique so we do a small amount of product. We get it from Italy, small quantities, and Turkey, small quantities. At least, we know and we can go back because when you bring from third-world countries if something goes wrong, it's very hard to return it back. The trend is changing. Nowadays, you can click anywhere, you can get your product. I don't know how we're going to cope with that.</p>\n\n<p>We've got a lot of city people who would actually wear this sort of product every day. We got few tourists from Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, Sierra Leone, those type of product.</p>\n\n<p>[The African shops on the street have] come in here just not less than 10 years. Before, you used to have a whole different kind of shop for their clothing. Mainly clothing. You used to get like suit fabric. If I'm selling suits ready-made, somebody was selling a fabric. This is how it was the trend. That trend is gone.</p>\n\n<p>I mean don't forget, [the] areas' [business] rates are very high. I believe if Tower Hamlets don't look after this area, they’ll [destroy its] heritage. A very good lane will die out.<span style=\"font-size: 19px;\">.. of the rates we pay, we are not getting the service ..we require. There’s a few things they need to do. If they want to keep the market, they need to give facility for the public to park the cars… We did speak to the previous mayor some time back. He said we're looking into it but nothing even happened.</span></p>\n\n<p>It’s a totally different market [now]. The market organisations, we try and bring the people in. I say come on, have some different stall here and do some activities in a different way. If somebody is selling something, give somebody opportunity. Get a button, sell button. At least if they buy a suit, they can find a button if they want to change it. Bring something like that. They bring in food, one person is selling food for £2. Another one is selling £1.99. It's just killing each other. I just see it. I don’t know how long that will last.</p>\n\n<p>…They want to hit the small people badly. One of my friend who wanted to turn one of those shops into a food, they rejected. They would not allow him. If you go to Whitechapel, even some of the places where there shouldn’t be any food, they [allow it]. People are making something and bringing in the people. It looks better. They should have done that. After four o’clock, this area is a ghost town.</p>\n\n<p>Nobody is here. Five, six o’clock, nobody is -- only a few bars privately owned, they're operating and you can see them. Apart from that, nobody. It is scary. If you even come about seven, eight o’clock, its scary. To park your car and get into yourself is quite scary.</p>\n\n<p>…I’m 46 now, [in] 10 years time, it will be untouchable, this area. Even to get a property in terms of lease, it will be untouchable. ..This area is going to go up, that’s what I believe…</p>\n\n<p>..but I’ve seen the way the whole area is getting changed. It’s happening for good but some of our small business are getting hit.</p>\n\n<p>..I hope somebody comes out and say, \"Look, we want to keep some of the heritage.\" Look at that corner of Wentworth Street, there is a big restaurant chain. There was a small, small shop like men's wear. They're all gone because there's another thing, East End Homes [housing association]. Once they came in, they're just targeting the big shops. If you look at all the property, they have taken all the properties…</p>\n\n<p>..from this building ..we sit in, all this other side used to be Tower Hamlets and they [East End Homes] bought it from Tower Hamlets. They just come in and they put in this service charge, that service charge, and get rid of all the small boys out of the market. They're driving them away. That's how they made the big building on the corner. There's a big write up about East End Homes. A lot of Asians had to go from here .. Either they said, \"Okay, we'll give you X amount and you can sell your property…” They took like 56 property and they bought the whole building, Denning Point…One of my friends used to live there. They took the whole building. This is it. For small people, you got no room…</p>\n\n<p>I [lived in] Tower Hamlets before but I've seen the suffering ..in Tower Hamlets, so I moved out of here. I live in Newham. [Alot of people are moving to] Dagenham and all that side. It was a big community here. I miss all the friends ..they all moved. Some of them passed away. Some of them left the area. I just find one of my junior friend. He left this part and he lives in Cambridge. He became a pilot. I just caught up to him the other day on Facebook. It's just like you don't see him 20 years, 25 years, but it's good to see somebody's doing good. That makes you feel good.</p>\n\n<p>I hope it get's better. I'm not complaining but I hope that things get better. Look, you can put it that way. I was here [as] a little kid. Now my kid is so devoted to this country, he doesn't even know where father is from… My father, when he came, he was worried about his mom and dad. When [his] mom and dad passed away, he was worried about us. Now it goes the same way. When we leave this world, my son will worry about his sons. We want to give them a better life and that's what we always think about.\"</p>\n\n<p>Bilal Haq was interviewed at 24 Wentworth Street by Shahed Saleem on the 30th of September 2016</p>\n",
"created": "2018-01-15",
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"body": "<p>The Albion Yard site was traversed from north to south by the Black Ditch, a watercourse that flowed from Shoreditch through Stepney. It probably incorporated a homestead (toft) by 1665 when western parts and the ditch were used for plague burials. In 1671 a large property, a three-acre holding with a house on Dog Row (Cambridge Heath Road), was leased to Henry Meacock, a Mile End blacksmith, for 99 years. By 1703 this had been laid out in rectilinear fashion as a market garden or nursery occupied by Walter Simkins. Separately, the Whitechapel Road frontage had been fully built up.</p>\n\n<p>Part of this roadside development was a row of eight almshouses on what later became the Albion Brewery’s frontage, a site that had been leased by Stepney Manor for 500 years in 1673. John Pemel (1622–1681), a Draper, left £1,200 to the Drapers’ Company on trust for almshouses in Stepney. The money was invested in property elsewhere and by 1698 Pemel’s almshouses stood on the roadside waste immediately outside Whitechapel parish on the west side of the ditch, which had been cleaned up. The four almshouses to the west were for widows of freemen of the Drapers’ Company, the four to the east for widows of Stepney mariners. What came to be known as Drapers’ Almshouses was a single-storey brick range set behind a forecourt with a segmentally pedimented centrepiece over a through-passage. The property was sold in 1862–3 to Mann Crossman and Paulin for the Albion Brewery which had grown up behind (see below). The almshouses were replaced by a new group at another Drapers’ establishment in Bow, only for all those almshouses to move to Tottenham in 1870. Around the corner on Dog Row, Captain Robert Fisher had founded a group of five almshouses for the widows of ships’ commanders in 1711. These were soon acquired by Trinity House, which had its own Trinity Hospital almshouses close by on Mile End Road, and two more dwellings were added by William Ogbourne in 1725. The group was replaced at Trinity Hospital in 1843.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>East of the almshouses there was more early development. A turnpike gate was directly south of the Dog Row corner from 1722. Towards the end of the century a single tollhouse in the middle of the road was replaced by twin tollhouses on either side. The ‘Cambridge Road Toll Bar’ or ‘Mile End Gate’ was renewed in 1843 and removed in1866. Further west, the parish boundary was marked by posts in the road. The first years of the nineteenth century saw numerous rows of small houses built to the north on Lisbon Street, Darling Row, Collingwood Street, Foster Street, Wellington Street and Bath Street. The Duke of Cambridge public house stood on the corner of the main junction at what became 345 Whitechapel Road through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Drapers’ Company Archives, O1–11; O16–20: Joel Gascoyne, map of the hamlet of Bethnal Green, 1703: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), E/PHI/62–63: Richard Horwood's map of London etc, 1813: <em>Victoria County History Middlesex</em>, vol. 11: <em>Stepney, Bethnal Green</em>, 1998, pp. 83–6,101–3: Janet Cumner, ‘Mile End and Whitechapel: The almshouses along the Great Essex Road and their founders’, in Nigel Goose, Helen Caffrey and Anne Langley (eds), <em>The British Almshouse: new perspectives on philanthropy </em>ca <em>1400–1914</em>, 2016, pp.101–20 (104–5,109)</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, L/THL/D/2/30/171: The National Archives, IR58/84062/5830: Post Office Directories: LMA, P93/MRY1/090; Collage 35140; SC/PZ/ST/01/59: <em>VCH</em>, pp.9, 101–103</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
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"body": "<p>From back-land beginnings in 1807 the Albion Brewery grew within a century to occupy a large frontage and to cover a site extending back to Darling Row and Merceron Street across almost five acres. Under Mann, Crossman & Paulin, it was one of London’s largest breweries, its dray horses a feature of the locality until the 1960s. After amalgamations the brewery closed in 1979. In the early 1990s front buildings were retained and replaced for a block of flats named Albion Yard, also incorporating the Albion Health Centre. The rest of the site was redeveloped for a Sainsbury’s supermarket.</p>\n\n<p>The brewery’s origins are tied to the longer-lived Blind Beggar public house immediately to its east, and, it seems, to that pub’s rebuilding by James Green and William Green, speculative builders from Brick Lane who were otherwise active building small houses on lands to the north. In 1807 Richard Ivory, a brewer and ‘dealer in wine and spirituous liquors’ who had occupied the pub and a small brewhouse to its rear since at least 1786, launched a call for subscribers to join him in setting up the Albion Brewery. He took a lease of two acres of open land to the rear of the Drapers’ Almshouses on the west side of the line of the watercourse known as the Black Ditch, and by 1809 there was a compact new brewhouse standing behind a tun room for the brewing of porter, said to be capable of producing 10,000 barrels a year. This was a speculation, and with access restricted to a narrow passage on the west side of the Blind Beggar, it proved difficult to find a taker for a new 60-year lease. John Hoffman stepped into the breach and ran the brewery up to 1818 when he fell bankrupt. His creditors sold the brewery in 1819 to Philip Betts Blake and James Mann, of the Strandbridge Brewery, Narrow Wall, Lambeth. Mann moved to the site and Blake, the senior partner, retired in 1825.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>In 1846 Mann’s son, also James, entered into partnership with Robert Crossman, a Berwick-upon-Tweed brewer, who brought in Thomas Paulin. Mann was himself soon succeeded by his son – Thomas Mann (d.1887), and then grandson, Thomas James Mann (1848–97). The partnership prospered, production rising to 133,000 barrels a year. Long-term tenure of the site was secured from Ivory’s descendants in 1859 and the Drapers’ Almshouses in front were acquired in 1862–3 and then cleared. This enabled a rebuilding programme that was completed in 1868. Oversight has been attributed to E. N. Clifton. Part of this was the front offices range of 1863–4 that survives to the east of the entrance courtyard. That open space was retained in front of the brewhouse, which was rebuilt, repowered, refitted and raised in 1866; only vaults from the building of 1808 were retained. On the west side of the forecourt there was henceforward a three-bay four-storey head-brewer’s house facing Whitechapel Road, latterly replaced in pastiche form (No. 331). Behind this there was now an extensive range of fermenting vats and sugar stores with a rooftop tank. There was still an open yard to the rear with a well to the north, 181ft (55.2m) deep and iron lined for its upper 15ft (4.6m) at a diameter of 8ft (2.4m). Production rose to 220,000 barrels a year.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>As public taste shifted from porter to mild ale, the brewers adapted, opening a sister brewery in Burton upon Trent in 1875, and shifting from vertical storage in vats to horizontal storage in barrels laid out at basement and raised-ground level in fireproof ale stores on an iron-framed grid on a western part of the yard. Robert Spence, the firm’s engineer and architect, was responsible for design. A new and larger artesian well was formed in 1878–9 immediately behind the brewhouse, 190ft (58m) deep and 9ft (2.7m) in diameter with a borehole drilled 410ft (125m) down – this was recorded before being filled during recent Crossrail works. Acquisition of a former floorcloth factory at 329 Whitechapel Road in 1882 permitted Spence to extend the ale stores and vaults in 1886–8, with John Mowlem & Co. as contractors. Spacious stabling had been erected on the east side of Cambridge Heath Road in 1885 and a bottling-store complex was built on the south side of Whitechapel Road on Raven Row in 1889. The brewery had 360 employees and an annual output in excess of 250,000 barrels.[^3]</p>\n\n<p>It had been learned that London water was good enough for ales. From 1894 to 1900 the Albion Brewery was upgraded yet further as one of England’s largest breweries, and the Burton brewery was sold. Spence supervised works through the 1890s. A new boiler house near Brady Street was supplemented by a 135ft (41m) chimney, and, with the introduction of bottled brown ale, the stores and vaults were again extended westwards to Brady Street, retaining an open yard with a trabeated colonnade to the street. This phase also evidently included works of embellishment to the brewhouse façade. The brewery was extended northwards across Bath Street in 1901–2, from Brady Street to Foster Street (obliterating the south end of Pereira Street), for cask-washing premises and, north-east, a tall new engine house and chimney, work overseen by William Bradford & Sons, architects and brewers’ consulting engineers, with Holland & Hannen as builders. Triple metal-framed and barrel-vaulted cask-washing sheds ran east–west above more vaults, presenting to Brady Street with pedimentally gabled brick elevations. Other additions included a fermenting house of 1902 (by Bradford & Sons) and a grains drying house of 1914 (William Stewart, architect), both on the south side of Lisbon Street (Darling Row).[^4]</p>\n\n<p>In 1958 merger with Watney Combe Reid & Co. created Watney Mann, which was acquired by Grand Metropolitan in 1972. The properties on Whitechapel Road to the Brady Street corner had been acquired by the 1940s and Nos 325–331 (including the former head-brewer’s house, latterly used as offices and flats, and the floorcloth premises of the 1860s) were replaced in 1970 with a four-storey office block, dark brick and glass, plain and short-lived – it was demolished in 1994. A restructuring scheme led to closure of the brewery in 1979, its Whitechapel presence being reduced to administration and distribution. The west end of Darling Row was closed in 1980. The offices and ‘brewhouse’, or ‘entrance block’, had been listed in 1973 as ‘Early C19’.[^5]</p>\n\n<p>The offices (and stores) range of 1863–4 to the east of the courtyard was originally three storeys, stock-brick built with a plain and well-proportioned six-bay front with recessed sash windows. The fourth storey is an early twentieth-century addition. A Portland stone faced bay of 1899–1900 stands above a mosaic-paved entrance porch tucked behind a gate-keeper’s lodge on the east side of the courtyard. Back parts were reconfigured around the same time for a porter vat room and hop and malt stores. The well of 1879 was immediately behind. The front range’s ground-floor hall has been divided, but retains ceiling cornices depicting intertwined hops and barley. The Directors’ Dining Room was on the first floor.</p>\n\n<p>The ‘brewhouse’ or fermenting house behind the courtyard is ‘liberally embellished in show-off Baroque style’.[^6] In fact the brewhouse proper was further north, the surviving building was adapted to house the Chief Brewer’s Office on the first floor, above an aedicular carriageway arch and below a clock centrepiece. There was also a laboratory and storage. The boldly sculpted St George and Dragon panel is the brewery’s trademark, a reference to the patron saint of Albion. The brewery’s war memorial is on the west side of the arch at the back of the courtyard.</p>\n\n<p>These front buildings were converted to 48 flats in 1993–5, with a health centre on the ground floor of the former offices range (Nos 333–335). Peter Brooks Associates have been credited with these works, which were carried out for Columbia Estates Ltd (aka Albion Yard Estates Ltd), for whom John Hooley and Richard Noel O’Carroll were actively involved. A three-bay stock-brick building on the west side of the courtyard that houses a bank on its ground floor emulated the former brewer’s house in a not-quite replica form.[^7]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), CLC/B192/F/001/MS11936/335/515459: <em>The Times</em>, 7 Oct 1807, p. 1; 16 April 1819, p. 2: Richard Horwood's maps of London, 1799 and 1813: Hurford James, <em>Albion Brewery 1808–1958: The Story of Mann, Crossman & Paulin Ltd</em>, 1958</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Hackney Archives Department, M4596/1-2: Metropolitan Board of Works Minutes, 26 Jan and 16 Nov 1866, pp. 124,1425: Alfred Barnard, <em>Noted Breweries of Great Britain and Ireland</em>, 1890, pp. 369–395: James, <em>op. cit</em>: <em>Brewers’ Journal</em>, 15 Sept and 15 Dec 1897, pp. 658,880: Bridget Cherry, Charles O’Brien and Nikolaus Pevsner, <em>The Buildings of England, London 5: East</em>, 2005, p. 431</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: LMA, District Surveyors Returns (DSR): Barnard, pp.380–1: <a href=\"https://learninglegacy.crossrail.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/C261-WHI-XSH10-Whitechapel-Albion-Brewery-Well-Standing-Building-Recording-Report.pdf\">https://learninglegacy.crossrail.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/C261-WHI-XSH10-Whitechapel-Albion-Brewery-Well-Standing-Building-Recording-Report.pdf</a>: <em>The Standard</em>, 1 Aug 1882, p. 8: <em>The Builder</em>, 7 Aug 1886, p. 222</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: LMA, GLC/AR/BR/30/13318/01–2; DSR: Barnard, <em>op. cit.</em>: London County Council Minutes, 10 Oct 1899, p. 1313: <em>Brewers’ Journal</em>, 15 Oct 1902 and 15 Oct 1903, p. 574: James, <em>op. cit</em>,: <em>London’s Industrial Archaeology</em>, vol. 5, 1994, pp. 18–20: Historic England Archives, 1991 photographic record by Derek Kendall</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: LMA, GLC/AR/BR/30/13318/02: Tower Hamlets planning applications online: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), pamphlets 022, ‘Shopping Centre at Whitechapel’, 1979: <em>East London Advertiser</em>, 29 Feb 1980: Historic England, listed buildings online</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: Cherry, O'Brien and Pevsner, <em>op. cit.</em>, p.431</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: THLHLA, Building Control file 18602: Cherry, O'Brien and Pevsner, <em>op. cit.</em>, p.431</p>\n",
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"body": "<p>A view of the reference library in 1975, from a digitised colour slide in the collection of the Tower Hamlets Archives:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/760115793963184128\">https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/760115793963184128</a></p>\n",
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"body": "<p>There were coach-makers on this site and a yard behind through the eighteenth century up to the 1860s. John McCall, a Houndsditch provisioner, redeveloped the site in 1867 to be the People’s Market, a capacious galleried and tile-paved hall under a timber-trussed top-lit roof using the full extent of the former coach-making yard behind the sites of Nos 20–26 with a three-storey entrance block at No. 22 . Built at a time of great impoverishment following collapse in the sugar industry and a banking crisis, with local bread riots of 1855 and 1861 not a distant memory, it supplied cheap groceries, shoes, books and hot soup (300 gallons a day) to working people, with a three-storey entrance block on the site of No. 22. McCall was rapidly undercut and a year later William Booth’s Christian Mission (forerunner of the Salvation Army) acquired the property and by 1870 had adapted the hall through Habersho and Pite, architects, to be the People’s Mission Hall, seating 1,500. A house of the 1760s at No. 20 was also acquired to provide a People’s Soup and Coffee House and other welfare services and the two façades were given a unifying striped treatment. There was further reconstruction in the hall in 1874 with G. Jackson as architect. This was what came to be known as the Salvation Army’s headquarters until 1881. The premises continued to be used by the Army as a food and shelter depot and the headquarters of its men’s social work up to 1926. There was warehouse use for Buck & Hickman by 1950 and the Victorian front buildings came down in the 1960s and were replaced with a single-storey warehouse.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>This was replaced in 2016-18 with a six-storey office building. The scheme for Alternative Developments Ltd by Rivington Street Studio Architects was taken forward by Whitechapel Road Developments with Modus Workspace Ltd as the principal contractor. It included refurbishment of Nos 24–30, long vacant. In the event Nos 24–26 were demolished iand replaced in a replica form.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives, M/93/159/1: British Library, Crace p 16.22: <em>Daily News</em>, 24 Feb. 1868: <em>ILN</em>, 14 March 1868: <em>The Builder</em>, 14 Dec 1867, p.911; 10 Jan. 1874, p. 38: Metropolitan Board of Works Minutes, 13 Dec 1867, p.1499; 28 June 1878, p.989: The National Archives, IR58/84803/2083: Post Office Directories: Ordnance Survey maps: District Surveyors Returns: Goad maps: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archive, Building Control Files 41948, 42763: Salvation Army Archives, PWB/1/4/9: <em>The War Cry</em>, 4 July 2015, p.14: Steven Spencer, ‘Barrack, Citadel, Circus: Salvation Army halls, their development and use’, <em>All Chapels Great and Small: The Chapels Society Journal</em>, vol.3, 2018, pp.67–9 </p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Tower Hamlets planning applications online: squireandpartners.com/architecture/xwhy-whitechapel/</p>\n",
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"body": "<p>From 1972 to 1988 there were plans for a large shopping mall to the north of Whitechapel Road and Whitechapel Station. These were initiated by the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, which owned land north of Durward Street and was in the process of acquiring Greater London Council owned property, and planned co-operatively with London Transport, which owned most of what lay to the south of Durward Street. A first scheme incorporated substantial office and residential elements and proposed building above the railway line. The factories north of Durward Street and the housing between Durward Street and Winthrop Street were cleared in the early 1970s, leaving just the coal-drop viaduct, Rosenbergers and Brady House on Durward Street, Brady Street Dwellings, and a garage immediately south of the Jewish Burial Ground in Bethnal Green.</p>\n\n<p>The Shankland Cox Partnership put forward four development options in 1975, soon reduced to three, ranging in extent from just the east side of Whitechapel Station to Brady Street, to all the way to Vallance Road in the west. Redevelopment planning extended well northwards into Spitalfields and Bethnal Green. Abbott Howard, architects, took forward a preferred scheme before 1979 when the Council briefed Sam Chippindale Development Services to prepare a plan for almost fourteen acres ‘loosely based on a Brent Cross/Arndale theme’; Chippindale, a founder of Arndale, had not previously been active in London.[^1] Through Trip and Wakeham Partnership, architects, this had become a huge project (larger in fact than Brent’s Cross) extending to the northern boundary of the parish, intending 800,000 square feet of retail including six or seven department stores, 300,000 square feet of office space, flats and parking for 1800 cars and a bus station.</p>\n\n<p>There was perceived competition from Surrey Docks, but all seemed set to go ahead in 1983. However, two big retailers pulled out and Chippindale, voicing doubt (the project ‘hadn’t got a cat in hell’s chance of succeeding’[^2]), was sacked in 1985. The scheme’s commercial viability was further questioned, but concerned at being the only London borough both not to have a large retail centre and expecting a population increase in the 1980s, the Council issued a new development brief. Competing proposals included a scheme by Inner City Enterprises submitted with the Tower Hamlets Environment Trust on behalf of the Whitechapel Development Trust. This became known as ‘the community plan’; its architects were CZWG. A more commercial rival (more offices and parking, less residential) from Pengap Securities Ltd working with Chapman Taylor Partners was favoured. Pengap was taken over by the Burton Group in 1987 and the project was passed around, to former Pengap directors as Wingate Property and Investment, then to Chase Property Holdings and on to Trafalgar House with Consortium Commercial. The scheme they submitted and gained permission to build in 1988 would have had a large domical central feature and a nine-storey tower on Brady Street. It would also have meant clearance of 235–245 and 287–317 Whitechapel Road. But negotiations unravelled and by the end of the year the project had died, its abandonment said to be connected to proposals for the Grand Metropolitan owned Albion Brewery site. Meanwhile there had been vast quantities of fly-tipping on the empty land, to a depth of 2–3m.[^3]</p>\n\n<p>What had been the Kearley & Tonge site south of Vallance Gardens was used for car auctions, as a lorry park and as a Sunday market for second-hand goods in the 1980s and 90s. A spin-off from Brick Lane’s then gentrifying market, this was misleadingly referred to as Whitechapel Waste, and more accurately described as the 'kalo' (Bengali for black) market.[^4]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Transport for London Group Archives (TfLGA), LT000682/089</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: <em>East London Advertiser</em>, 1 Nov 1985</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: TfLGA, LT000682/089: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), cuttings and pamphlets 022: The Spitalfields Trust newsletter, 1990</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: THLHLA, London Borough of Tower Hamlets, Whitechapel Shopping Centre Development Brief, 1986: http://philmaxwell.org/?p=13334: Juber Hussain at <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/616/detail/\">https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/616/detail/</a></p>\n",
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"body": "<p>A very good history of Davenant can be found here <a href=\"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol1/pp293-294\">http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol1/pp293-294</a></p>\n\n<p>It also shows the badge for the school, though it omits the school motto which was placed beneath the badge - Dieu Et Mon Droit (God and My Right)</p>\n",
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"body": "<p>In the early eighteenth century, the King’s Arms public house was at the site of Nos 55–57, where King’s Arms Court (originally Coles Alley) now meets Whitechapel Road. In the 1770s the King’s Arms had a skittle ground, a brewhouse (with a malt shop, loft and cooler over the passage), a millhouse and three houses, extending back to the Cock and Key public house at what ended up as 52 Old Montague Street. William Menish (d.1813, age 79) held all this property by 1770 and extended his tenure with a 99-year lease in 1779. A chemist, Menish was later identified as a ‘sal-ammoniac manufacturer’, having patented the production of sal ammonia by a sulphate process in 1792, for use by jewellers and stained-glass makers, possibly also in foodstuffs. Menish was manufacturing hartshorn (ammonium carbonate), probably for medicinal purposes, at 111 Whitechapel Road in 1805, in which year he sublet his Coles Alley premises to John Burnell, a horner of Old Montague Street. At this point, John Warner had a foundry on the alley.[^1] The King’s Arms public house retreated to the west side of the court entrance (No. 57) and William and Henry Clayton, drapers, held sway at the site of Nos 53–55 from a rebuilding of 1847 to 1890–1 when those premises were adapted to be Tee-To-Tum Tea Stores, a café and club for the Tea Planters’ Association, with A. H. Thompson as the architect.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives, ACC/0354/001–5: Land Tax: Albert Edward Musson, <em>Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution</em>, 1969, p.134</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Post Office Directories: <em>The Builder</em>, 24 May 1890, p. 386: District Surveyors Returns</p>\n",
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"body": "<p>King’s Arms Court has two four- to five-storey largely white-faced blocks on its west side, an affordable housing project of 2007–9 on a site much of which had been a car park since the 1980s. Stephen Davy and Peter Smith were the architects for the Toynbee Housing Association, which merged with the Community Housing Association in 2007 to form One Housing Group. The southern block comprises ten socially rented flats, the northern seventeen shared ownership flats. There is also an office facing Old Montague Street.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n",
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"body": "<p>In the early eighteenth century, the King’s Arms public house was at the site of Nos 55–57, where King’s Arms Court (originally Coles Alley) now meets Whitechapel Road. In the 1770s the King’s Arms had a skittle ground, a brewhouse (with a malt shop, loft and cooler over the passage), a millhouse and three houses, extending back to the Cock and Key public house at what ended up as 52 Old Montague Street. William Menish (d.1813, age 79) held all this property by 1770 and extended his tenure with a 99-year lease in 1779. A chemist, Menish was later identified as a ‘sal-ammoniac manufacturer’, having patented the production of sal ammonia by a sulphate process in 1792, for use by jewellers and stained-glass makers, possibly also in foodstuffs. Menish was manufacturing hartshorn (ammonium carbonate), probably for medicinal purposes, at 111 Whitechapel Road in 1805, in which year he sublet his Coles Alley premises to John Burnell, a horner of Old Montague Street. At this point, John Warner had a foundry on the alley.[^1] The King’s Arms public house retreated to the west side of the court entrance (No. 57) and William and Henry Clayton, drapers, held sway at the site of Nos 53–55 from a rebuilding of 1847 to 1890–1 when those premises were adapted to be Tee-To-Tum Tea Stores, a café and club for the Tea Planters’ Association, with A. H. Thompson as the architect.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives, ACC/0354/001–5: Land Tax: Albert Edward Musson, <em>Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution</em>, 1969, p.134</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Post Office Directories: <em>The Builder</em>, 24 May 1890, p. 386: District Surveyors Returns</p>\n",
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"body": "<p>From 1972 to 1988 there were plans for a large shopping mall to the north of Whitechapel Road and Whitechapel Station. These were initiated by the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, which owned land north of Durward Street and was in the process of acquiring Greater London Council owned property, and planned co-operatively with London Transport, which owned most of what lay to the south of Durward Street. A first scheme incorporated substantial office and residential elements and proposed building above the railway line. The factories north of Durward Street and the housing between Durward Street and Winthrop Street were cleared in the early 1970s, leaving just the coal-drop viaduct, Rosenbergers and Brady House on Durward Street, Brady Street Dwellings, and a garage immediately south of the Jewish Burial Ground in Bethnal Green.</p>\n\n<p>The Shankland Cox Partnership put forward four development options in 1975, soon reduced to three, ranging in extent from just the east side of Whitechapel Station to Brady Street, to all the way to Vallance Road in the west. Redevelopment planning extended well northwards into Spitalfields and Bethnal Green. Abbott Howard, architects, took forward a preferred scheme before 1979 when the Council briefed Sam Chippindale Development Services to prepare a plan for almost fourteen acres ‘loosely based on a Brent Cross/Arndale theme’; Chippindale, a founder of Arndale, had not previously been active in London.[^1] Through Trip and Wakeham Partnership, architects, this had become a huge project (larger in fact than Brent’s Cross) extending to the northern boundary of the parish, intending 800,000 square feet of retail including six or seven department stores, 300,000 square feet of office space, flats and parking for 1800 cars and a bus station.</p>\n\n<p>There was perceived competition from Surrey Docks, but all seemed set to go ahead in 1983. However, two big retailers pulled out and Chippindale, voicing doubt (the project ‘hadn’t got a cat in hell’s chance of succeeding’[^2]), was sacked in 1985. The scheme’s commercial viability was further questioned, but concerned at being the only London borough both not to have a large retail centre and expecting a population increase in the 1980s, the Council issued a new development brief. Competing proposals included a scheme by Inner City Enterprises submitted with the Tower Hamlets Environment Trust on behalf of the Whitechapel Development Trust. This became known as ‘the community plan’; its architects were CZWG. A more commercial rival (more offices and parking, less residential) from Pengap Securities Ltd working with Chapman Taylor Partners was favoured. Pengap was taken over by the Burton Group in 1987 and the project was passed around, to former Pengap directors as Wingate Property and Investment, then to Chase Property Holdings and on to Trafalgar House with Consortium Commercial. The scheme they submitted and gained permission to build in 1988 would have had a large domical central feature and a nine-storey tower on Brady Street. It would also have meant clearance of 235–245 and 287–317 Whitechapel Road. But negotiations unravelled and by the end of the year the project had died, its abandonment said to be connected to proposals for the Grand Metropolitan owned Albion Brewery site. Meanwhile there had been vast quantities of fly-tipping on the empty land, to a depth of 2–3m.[^3]</p>\n\n<p>What had been the Kearley & Tonge site south of Vallance Gardens was used for car auctions, as a lorry park and as a Sunday market for second-hand goods in the 1980s and 90s. A spin-off from Brick Lane’s then gentrifying market, this was misleadingly referred to as Whitechapel Waste, and more accurately described as the 'kalo' (Bengali for black) market.[^4]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Transport for London Group Archives (TfLGA), LT000682/089</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: <em>East London Advertiser</em>, 1 Nov 1985</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: TfLGA, LT000682/089: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), cuttings and pamphlets 022: The Spitalfields Trust newsletter, 1990</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: THLHLA, London Borough of Tower Hamlets, Whitechapel Shopping Centre Development Brief, 1986: http://philmaxwell.org/?p=13334: Juber Hussain at <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/616/detail/\">https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/616/detail/</a></p>\n",
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"body": "<p>Inside Altab Ali Park lies the Shahid Minar. The abstract monument comprises of white column-like structures. The larger structure represents a mother protecting her children with the red sun behind. The Shahid Minar is also referred to as Martyr’s Monument. It encapsulates a very important aspect of Bengali history. The Shahid Minar has a deep cultural and historical significance to the Bengali community. It commemorates the five Bengali students shot dead on 21 February 1952 in a demonstration in support of the right to use the Bengali language within Pakistan. </p>\n\n<p>This event was known as the Language Movement, which began when the Prime Minister of Pakistan declared at a conference in Dhaka that Urdu alone would be the state language of Pakistan in 1952. This created a furore amongst the Bengali student community of Dhaka University and led to a strong protest meeting on 30 January. During the meeting, 21 February was chosen as the day for the students to demonstrate. This was meant an active protest to reiterate the demand to make Bengali, which was the language of more than half of the people of Pakistan, as one of its state languages. </p>\n\n<p>On the 20 February 1952, the Pakistani Government issued Section 144, which restricted gatherings, meetings and rallies. When the students gathered on the 21 February, they defied Section 144 and broke out in a demonstration. The police were unable to control the crowd and fired upon the students, killing 5 men, injuring 17 and arresting 62. This prompted students, industry workers and general public all over the country to join the Language Movement. 21 February 1952 had wider implications. It was one of the first acts of nationalism to emerge in Bangladesh. It ignited fervour and national consciousness amongst the people of Bangladesh and initiated the way for independence.</p>\n\n<p>In February 1999, the Bengali language movement was recognised by the United Nations. It declared 21 February as International Mother Language Day to be observed globally in recognition of sacrifices of the Bengali language martyrs who laid down their lives for establishing the rightful place of Bengali language. This incorporated the Bengali Language Movement into world history as a unique example of struggle for freedom of expression. Every year, at midnight on 20 February, a remembrance ceremony takes place at the park when people come and lay wreaths and sing revolutionary songs. This is known as ‘Ekushey February’, which means the number 21.</p>\n\n<p>The Shahid Minar in Altab Ali Park was the culmination of the partnership between Tower Hamlets Council and the local Bengali community. It was partly funded by contributions from 54 local Bangladeshi community organisations based in the East End. It was from the calls from community leaders that prompted Tower Hamlets Council to allocate a sizeable area to accommodate the memorial.</p>\n\n<p>The Shahid Minar was unveiled at an official ceremony on 17 February 1999 by the speaker of Bangladesh’s Parliament, Humayun Rashid Choudhury. He was joined by local MPs, Councillors and Community Leaders. The Shahid Minar is 15 feet high and raised on 3 foot base. It is replica of a larger monument situated in Dhaka.</p>\n\n<p>The Shahid Minar holds significant importance to the British Bengali community. It stands for the linguistic heritage, recognises and celebrates the cultural roots of the community. The Shahid Minar upholds the image of the Bengali language in the UK. </p>\n",
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"body": "<p>After the failure of the shopping-mall schemes in 1988 the fly-tipped land north of Durward Street and west of the railway and Essex Wharf was tidied up through a central-government City Challenge grant for use by Tower Hamlets Council to build a secondary school. This was the first new one anywhere in London for a decade, and thus the first to be designed around the exigencies of the National Curriculum introduced in 1988, and so an influential project. Swanlea School went up in 1991–3, to graceful and innovative designs directly influenced by Hampshire County Architects, led by Sir Colin Stansfield Smith, whose reputation for school design was then without equal. Here they were involved as part of a consortium headed by the Percy Thomas Partnership, with Ron Morgan as project architect. Leading engineers, YRM Anthony Hunt Associates (structure) and Whitby & Bird (services), were also engaged. Monk Construction took the building contract, seen through after a takeover by Trafalgar House Construction (Regions) Ltd.</p>\n\n<p>To provide for 1050 pupils a central east–west spine is a storeyed corridor that was conceived as a ‘mall’ with explicit reference to a shopping idiom from Linda Austin, the school’s first head teacher. This has an S-profile glazed roof that sweeps over a tubular-steel frame with ‘radiating trusses of tree-like form’.[^1] It connects largely stock-brick-clad classroom blocks, many separately articulated under serried curved roofs. Beyond a southerly landscaped garden and on Durward Street there was a freestanding caretaker’s house (south-west) and an area allocated for community uses (south-east). That was reconfigured in keeping with the design of the school in 2000–2 as the Tower Hamlets City Learning Centre, an early example of a government-backed facility of this type, designed to provide information-technology education for networks of local schools and businesses. In 2012 Bouygues Ltd with AWW, architects, addressed ventilation problems in the ‘mall’ and added a three-storey teaching block to the north, then in 2015 the southerly learning centre was converted and extended by Tower Hamlets Council’s own architects to be a dark-stained larch-clad sixth-form centre.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Bridget Cherry, Charles O’Brien and Nikolaus Pevsner, <em>The Buildings of England, London 5: East</em>, 2005, p. 400</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, Building Control files 10639, 17977<em>: Building</em>, 24 Sept 1993, pp. 35–40: The Architects <em>Journal</em>, 20 Oct 1993, pp. 37–47; 11 Nov 2015: aww-uk.com/project/secondary-education-swanlea-school</p>\n",
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"body": "<p>Around 1818 Allrich Eden, an immigrant Hanoverian sugar-worker who by 1808 was a Cable Street victualler, became the tenant of the Prince of Denmark public house at 1 Graces Alley and changed its name to the King of Denmark. Following Eden’s death in 1826, his son-in-law, James Lemon, advertised the establishment as the Mahogany Bar public house, presumably boasting of what would then have been an exceptional fitting made of imported Caribbean wood, long since lost. Matthew Eltham, a lighterman who was building wealth through property, acquired what formally remained the Prince of Denmark public house in 1828, probably also taking No. 2 to its west under Marsh’s lease of 1807. The Sailors' Home having opened at the other end of Graces Alley in 1835, in or about 1839 Eltham built a concert room behind the pub, oriented north–south, about 40ft long with a 20ft-wide stage at the back. Separate access would have been through No. 2. An opening up of regulations in the Theatres Act of 1843 prompted Eltham to secure a licence that year to open the Albion Saloon Theatre, intending enlargement to put on full-length stage plays. But this entailed restrictions on the sale of refreshments, notably drink, and in what was an established sailors’ pub, was doomed to fail. Eltham gave up his licence after two months. He sublet to William Collins who obtained his own licence for a saloon theatre in January 1845 and began rebuilding to the rear. The front building collapsed in June, taking with it adjacent properties at 17 Wellclose Square and 2 Graces Alley; the construction work was blamed. The luckless Collins fell victim to fraud then bankruptcy and the lease reverted to Eltham. The Prince of Denmark and 2 Graces Alley had been rebuilt by September 1846, the pub slightly widened at the expense of No. 2 which continued to be used for separate access to the back room. The new façade, advertised as ‘of noble elevation’, was embellished with bracketed cornices and first-floor pediments. Behind the pub’s three-bay front a single first-floor ‘spacious club room’ was heated from both sides. No. 3, in Eltham’s hands by 1849, was also rebuilt around this time, its façade similarly treated. No. 4 remained separate, occupied by Benjamin Wright, a locksmith and bellhanger.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: The National Archives, LC7/5–6,13: <em>The Builder</em>, 5 July 1845, p. 323: <em>The Times</em>, 17 Sept. 1846, p. 8: Carole Zeidman, ‘Wilton’s, a history of the hall and houses’, 2015, pp.13–18: Bryan Mawer, <em>Sugarbakers, from Sweat to Sweetness</em>, edn 2011, pp.27,70: information kindly supplied by Frank Kelsall.</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
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"body": "<p>The freehold of 1–3 Graces Alley and Wilton's Music Hall was sold in 1887 to John Watson, a Methodist preacher and builder based in Tottenham, who sold on to the London Wesleyan Methodist Mission (later the East End Mission), founded in 1885 close by in Cable Street to bring evangelism, temperance and social work to bear on poverty and squalor under the superintendence of the Rev. Peter Thompson. Conversion of what was called the Old Mahogany Bar and Wilton’s Music Hall to be the Beulah Gospel Mission Hall ensued in early 1888, the works by Watson. They included a new gallery entrance, corridor and staircase between and behind 3 and 4 Graces Alley. The former pub became a coffee room, No. 3 a private dining room below bedrooms, the stage a crockery store. The place was generally known as the Mahogany Bar Mission, and the hall was used for services. Plans to form an opening in the party wall between 3 and 4 Graces Alley in 1901 were abandoned by Thompson, still then the Superintendent.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>The Mission was open to all in its work to mitigate poverty and deprivation. By 1930 it hosted an ‘Ethiopian Club’ for African seamen. It continued in the ‘Old Mahogany Bar’ up to 1956 when in the face of post-war depopulation, costs of maintenance, surrounding dereliction and with the prospect of clearance looming, it sold up. The Coppermill Rag Sorting Warehouse acquired the premises for recycling dressmakers’ offcuts into cloths for wiping ships’ engines. The façade stuccowork had been stripped off, probably in 1953 when war-damage repairs were carried out.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: <em>The Builder</em>, 9 April 1887, p. 554: Metropolitan Board of Works Minutes, 20 Jan and 24 Feb 1888, pp. 134, 338: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), MBW/BA/37818; District Surveyors Returns. </p>\n\n<p>[^2]: LMA, ACC/1850/245: <em>East End Star</em>, May 1956, p. 3: <em>Methodist Recorder</em>, 13 May 1999: Peter Honri, <em>John Wilton’s Music Hall: the handsomest room in town</em>, 1985, pp. 142–6: Carole Zeidman, ‘Wilton’s, a history of the hall and houses’, 2015, pp, 41–5: Historic England Archive, London Region photographs: Tower Hamlets planning applications online.</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
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"properties": {
"b_number": "17",
"b_name": "",
"street": "White Church Lane",
"address": "17 White Church Lane",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
"count": 3,
"search_str": "17 White Church Lane"
},
"tags": []
},
"body": "<p>The upper storeys were built around 1840 for Charles Marshall, a veterinary surgeon and farrier. There is first-floor blind arcading in a little-altered stock brick elevation. The shop below is infill of what was an open carriageway into the twentieth century. Stables to the rear were rebuilt for Marshall’s successors to incorporate a smithy.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, P/WAH/1/10/2: District Surveyors Returns: Ordnance Survey map, 1873: Post Office Directories</p>\n",
"created": "2016-06-20",
"last_edited": "2017-09-12"
},
{
"id": 365,
"title": "53 New Road",
"author": {
"id": 136,
"username": "zena"
},
"feature": {
"id": 823,
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": {
"type": "MultiPolygon",
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"properties": {
"b_number": "49-53",
"b_name": "",
"street": "New Road",
"address": "Whitechapel Hotel, 49-53 New Road",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
"count": 1,
"search_str": "Whitechapel Hotel, 49-53 New Road"
},
"tags": []
},
"body": "<p>My family lived at this address. The property was owned by the London Hospital, where I was born in 1952. I remember the bombed out site next door. On my way to Harry Gosling School, I would go into my grandfather's shop, Monty the Barber, on Commercial Road, where both he and my father worked.</p>\n",
"created": "2017-05-23",
"last_edited": "2017-05-23"
}
]
}