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"title": "Prescot Street - an historical introduction",
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"body": "<p>Prescot Street was laid out across what had been garden grounds around 1680 as part of Sir William Leman’s development of his Goodman’s Fields estate. Chamber Street was contemporary, but Prescot Street was more important as the southern side of the large quadrangle otherwise formed by Mansell Street, Alie Street and Leman Street. Taking its name from Leman’s mother, Rebecca, née Prescot, it was solidly built up in 1685–9 with terraces of houses, nearly all of them put up by William Chapman working under Sir Thomas Chamber. The street was ‘spacious and regular Built’.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>Prescot Street’s first houses, thirty-eight on the south side and thirty-four on the north, were nearly all of equivalent size, by and large single-fronted, double-pile and of three storeys, with attics and basements behind shallow forecourts. The street was tree lined and there were substantial back gardens on both sides, along with access to the Tenter Ground from the west end of the north side.</p>\n\n<p>Prescot Street was unusual, remarkable even, as an early instance of the application of house numbering, as was noted in 1708: ‘instead of signs, the houses here are distinguished by numbers, as the staircases in the Inns of Court and Chancery’.[^2] Continuous from the south-east clockwise to the north-east, this numbering was presumably applied to help to provide differentiation in long rows of similar houses. It has been suggested that settlers from the continent, in particular Sephardi Jews, lay behind this, but that seems unlikely. Neither Mansell Street nor Leman Street, similarly settled but with more big houses and less regular, was so treated, and the Jewish population appears anyway not to have been large until after 1708. Numbering notwithstanding, some buildings were also identified by signs, for example in 1719, No. 25 (later No. 29) was also the ‘Blew Flowerpots’.[^3] Inevitably perhaps, the numerical sequence was undermined. A mansion at the centre of the south side was adapted in 1741 to be the London Infirmary, which thereafter spread to adjoining houses and, after its move to Whitechapel Road as the London Hospital, was followed from 1758 in its former Prescot Street premises by the Magdalen Hospital for penitent prostitutes. After that institution’s removal to Southwark in 1772, nine houses were built on the hospital’s site in 1778–81 and named Magdalen Row, a separately numbered address. The whole street was renumbered in 1869, removing this and other incoherence. Often called Great Prescott Street since the eighteenth century, to differentiate it from Little Prescot(t) Street which ran south from its west end until Mansell Street was extended in 1905–7, it reverted to its original moniker in 1937.[^4]</p>\n\n<p>Prescot Street fell out of favour as a desirable address, but only gradually. By the beginning of the nineteenth century there was much domestic industry and warehouses, factories and workshops went up on the private gardens. The presence of the London and Blackwall Railway to the south from 1840 accelerated change in this direction. A strongly Jewish character was maintained, shifting from Sephardi dominance to Ashkenazi by the end of the century following east European immigration, with related social, welfare and education initiatives. Whitechapel County Court was a major institutional presence on the south side from 1859 and further east English Martyrs’ Roman Catholic Church replaced more houses in 1873–6, connecting Prescot Street to a large and predominantly poor Irish-immigrant population living around Royal Mint Street. In 1885 the street was described as a ‘quiet thoroughfare {where} the houses are chiefly tenanted by business people and lodging-house keepers’.[^5]</p>\n\n<p>By this time tailoring was widespread and the Co-operative Wholesale Society (CWS) had begun to expand from Leman Street to domination of Prescot Street’s east end through the twentieth century. Second World War bomb damage was substantial, especially on the north side, and Prescot Street struggled to recover. Cleared sites were not again fully built up until 2010. Having been made one-way, Prescot Street has latterly been dominated by fast-moving traffic. Recent bulky office and hotel blocks reinforce a sense of placelessness. There is respite, even delight, to be had in the south side’s two eighteenth-century houses, the polychromatic former County Court, the boldly lettered Princess of Prussia public house, CWS brick Expressionism, and the Gothic certitude of English Martyrs’ Church. But few pedestrians linger. </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p><em>Development</em></p>\n\n<p>In June 1682 Sir William Leman granted John Price sixty-two-and-a-half year leases of six plots on Prescot Street, four south and two north. Price borrowed heavily (£6,000) from Sir Thomas Chamber, who caused Price to be arrested for non-payment of interest in early 1683. Chamber thereby or otherwise came by 1684 to have possession of virtually all the land fronting Prescot Street. The east end of the north side was part of a separate large parcel fronting Leman Street that was demised to John Hooper in August 1682. He sublet the corner plot to Thomas Cole and John Hanscombe, a brewer, in June 1683. Within a year they had put up six houses, four on Prescot Street, one at the corner and one on Leman Street. The east end of Prescot Street’s south side was also separately developed.[^6]</p>\n\n<p>Chamber proceeded to develop the street, working from west to east. His method, which proved controversial, is described in Bills of Complaint to Chancery that while not impartial seem credible. In February 1684/5 Chamber ‘hired’ William Chapman, a carpenter and ‘master builder’, described variously as of Whitechapel and London, to build ten houses on a 198-foot frontage on Prescot Street’s north side immediately east of the passageway into the Tenter Ground (later Nos 44–53). Chapman, otherwise obscure, had in July 1684 undertaken to build some houses on the Old Artillery Ground in Spitalfields in leases from Nicholas Barbon and John Parsons.[^7]</p>\n\n<p>Chamber allegedly promised Chapman that he would supply ‘all moneys needfull’ to get the houses built, and undertook to help him sell the houses or to buy them himself to permit Chapman to continue building, assuring him that he would be ‘a great gainer’ and would ‘secure to himself a very good Estate’.[^8] Thus drawn in, Chapman borrowed £1,800 from Chamber at six per cent interest and built the ten houses. The loan, it seems, was no more than enough to get the carcasses up. Chamber is said to have refused to countenance any further loan unless the houses were reassigned to him. Chapman had to acquiesce and then to take on the additional building of ‘shops’, presumably workshops or other outbuildings in gardens, to accommodate the particular trades of Chamber’s lessees. Chapman spent about £1,400 more than he had borrowed from Chamber, yet the house rents went to Chamber.</p>\n\n<p>Chapman, in debt and said to be ‘a man easie to be wrought upon’,[^9] was inveigled in September 1685 to take on a second parcel, a 100-foot frontage at the west end of Prescot’s Street’s south side (the site of Nos 32–33 and other houses that formerly stood further west). He built five houses here, for the buying back of which Chamber promised him land in Shadwell and £500. The rents thus went to Chamber, but the payment did not materialise. Even so, Chapman was prevailed on to take an adjoining parcel to the east, 198-foot of frontage (later Nos 22–31) for ten more houses. Chamber lent another £1,800 but Chapman spent more than £3,000, including on further additional ‘shops’. Gullibility aside, it seems that Chapman was in so deep that he could not escape.</p>\n\n<p>Onwards he ploughed, evidently building efficiently, but falling ever deeper into Chamber’s trap. He next took on the rest of Prescot Street’s north side, a 396-foot frontage for twenty houses (later Nos 54–71), abutting Cole and Hanscombe’s property to the east. He also returned to the south side, building along another 396-foot frontage (later Nos 5–21). Further loans of £7,200 were followed by Chapman spending £13,000, yet again ceding the rents to Chamber. Finally, Chamber obliged Chapman, who had also been insinuated into building on Chamber Street, to build one more house on the south side of Prescot Street. All this was complete by 1689 when through this ‘extraordinary way of proceeding’ Chapman unsurprisingly found himself indebted to many tradesmen. Chamber agreed to settle his debts in exchange for a general release and discharge, to which Chapman agreed, ‘ashamed and afraid’.[^10] Chapman signed, Chamber reneged, and Chapman absconded, seeking sanctuary in Whitefriars. Chapman’s creditors, led by John Butcher, a timber supplier owed £1,500, sought bankruptcy proceedings, and were paid off by Chamber, though £7,000 remained due to Chapman’s estate. Butcher found Chapman who by 1692 had assigned him his Prescot Street and related interests. Chamber died that year, his son Thomas Chambers inheriting, and Butcher died in 1695, his suit against Chambers pursued thereafter by his widow, Elizabeth, who died in 1697, and other executors. Its outcome is not known. </p>\n\n<p>The only unusually large house, on the south side towards the middle, pertained initially to Chamber and then to his widow, Elizabeth, and his son. Chambers’ Rents was an address on the street’s north side near its east end that had disappeared by 1740.[^11] </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p><em>Early social character</em></p>\n\n<p>Prescot Street’s new houses attracted affluent householders, people whose standings have left them comparatively well documented. In 1693–4 those assessed as taxable included eight captains, three doctors, an eminent mathematician (John Colson), a sugar refiner (Joseph Bagnall), and Joseph Desarvado, certainly wealthy and probably a Sephardi Jew. Seafarers, merchants and immigrants gave Prescot Street global connections.</p>\n\n<p>Goodman’s Fields in general was above all a maritime and mercantile place. Naval officers and East India Company captains were numerous from the outset, whether as established residents or short-term lodgers. Naval connections would have been encouraged not just by the accessibility of the Thames, but more particularly by proximity to the Royal Navy Victualling Yard at what later became the site of the Royal Mint. Admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovell had a house on Prescot Street in 1692 when his daughter Elizabeth was born. He had probably departed by 1694 from when his principal residence was in Crayford. Vice-Admiral Robert Dorrell, who commanded HMS <em>Saint Andrew </em>at the Battle of Beachy Head in 1690, had a house on the south side of Prescot Street, but he too soon departed.</p>\n\n<p>The captains of 1693–4 included Humphry Sanders (d. 1726), in the middle of the north side, and Joseph Brooks, Jasper Hicks and Thomas Marshall, from east to west on the south side. Naval captains in the first years of the eighteenth century included Henry Lumley and Samuel Whitaker, followed in later decades by John Pelley, Richard Johnson, Daniel Lindsey, Joseph John, Thomas Debuke, Joseph Stone, Charles Wilson, and a Captain Perryman. Trade with the Caribbean in the 1730s and 1750s can be linked to Prescot Street captains through William Reynolds, Humphrey Brent, and John Clarke. Captain Allwright, a commander in the West African or Guinea (slave) trade, was resident in 1750, and Captain Isaac Ross, present in the 1760s, had connections with the Gambia, Senegal, and Nova Scotia.[^12] </p>\n\n<p>Contemporaries on the street’s south side in the 1760s included captains Roderick Wilson, Thomas Mangles, Robert Young, George Gould, and Daniel Anderson (d. 1781), who had a house here from the 1730s. Captain James Young (1717–1789) was resident on the north side before engagements in the Caribbean during the American War of Independence. Others included Captain Brewer, a commander in the Italian ‘Leghorn’ trade in the 1760s, John Sivall, a Tripoli merchant in the 1770s, and Captain Thomas Molloy, who traded with Quebec in the 1780s.[^13] </p>\n\n<p>The accessibility of the port also attracted residents directly employed therein, including Nathaniel Fowler (d. 1741), a collector of duties in the 1730s, and Joseph Fisher, ‘Head Cutter’ at the Victualling Yard in the 1740s. Denham Skeet, an accountant to the Navy’s Victualling Board at the Tower of London, lived on Prescot Street’s south side from 1738 to 1745 and on the north side to 1749. His son, also Denham Skeet (b. 1742), became a wealthy lawyer in Bath. William Russell (d. 1769), a British-born naval officer, was the comptroller or collector of customs in Savannah, Georgia, from 1757. When he returned to England in 1768 to attempt to recover from illness, it was to a house on Prescot Street.[^14]</p>\n\n<p>Numerous other residents who identified primarily as merchants with overseas interests perhaps seldom or never left terra firma. James Edmundson, a South Sea Company and Royal African Company director, lived at the west end of Prescot Street’s south side from 1708 into the 1720s. William Dawson (d. 1760) and John Alford (d. 1765), also South Sea Company investors, were long-standing residents, for at least twenty and forty years respectively. Edmund Boddicoat (d. 1761), a City merchant and an accountant to the East India Company, married Mary Cross (or Cruz), who lived on the street’s north side, and took a lease of a building, possibly a warehouse, at the west end of the south side from the 1740s.[^15]</p>\n\n<p>Eighteenth-century Prescot Street was, as has been said, ‘much affected by opulent Jews’.[^16] Mercantile Sephardi families of Portuguese and Spanish descent chose to live on the street, mainly after 1710, some escaping the Inquisition, others arriving via the Netherlands. These included the da Costa Villa Reals, and the Moses Pereros. Others of note, including widows, were Hannah Peria, Sarah de Prado Mendes (d. 1752), David Bueno de Mesquita, Nunes Brandon, and Moses Gomes Sera. Later eighteenth century Jewish residents included Isaac Mendes Belisario, Hananel Mendes da Costa, Abraham de Paz, David da Silva, John Sequiera and Isaac Sequeira junior, Isaac Bernal, and, in Magdalen Row, Abraham Goldsmid, Solomon de Mendes and George Capadosa.[^17]</p>\n\n<p>Among many other merchants on Prescot Street, corn factors were well represented. Richard Pyott and John Owen were at the east end of the north side from 1741. A neighbour had been John Farrer (d. 1741), whose son, Thomas Farrer, continued on Prescot Street and supplied corn to the Navy in the 1770s. (Sir) Claude Scott had at least three addresses on the south side from 1769. Other Prescot Street corn factors in the later eighteenth century included John Willes, a partner of Scott’s, John Giles, Robert Wilson, John Prest, and Joseph Boggis, who was at 4 Magdalen Row (later No. 19) from about 1788 to 1822.[^18]</p>\n\n<p>Joseph Threlkeld, a silk thrower, was in a house on the English Martyrs’ site from the 1730s and John Bailey, a silk factor, was in another on the County Court site from 1749. There were many local sugarhouses, but after Bagnall few sugar refiners made Prescot Street a base. John Christian Suhring was an exception in the 1770s.[^19]</p>\n\n<p>There were also residents from learned professions. John Colson, an eminent mathematician and astronomer, had the street’s largest house, originally Sir Thomas Chamber’s, on the south side in the 1690s. Opposite were Dr Samuel Montague, Dr Joseph Taylor and Dr Richard Franks. Angel Carmey (d. 1765), a coin dealer who was to become a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, lived at the west end of the south side in the 1730s. Small private schools were numerous. Colson boarded pupils and more formal academies followed. One of the earliest identified belonged to the Rev. James Barclay, a lexicographer best known for his <em>Complete and Universal English Dictionary</em> of 1774, who used his house on the site of 1 Magdalen Row for teaching from 1749 to 1753.[^20]</p>\n\n<p>Magistrates who lived on Prescot Street included (Sir) Clifford William Phillips in the late 1730s (see below), William Quarrill in the 1760s and ’70s, and, in the 1790s, the Rev. Dr Henry Reynett (d. 1810), who sat in judgment at the Whitechapel Police Office established on Lambeth Street after 1792.[^21]</p>\n\n<p>Religious controversy was doubtless common on Prescot Street. Substantial Jewish and poor Irish Catholic local populations aside, several sometimes schismatic variants of Nonconformity were locally based. One documented incident illustrates another kind of tension. In 1717, the Rev. Richard Welton (1671/2–1726), the nonjuring and therefore former rector of St Mary Matfelon, gathered a congregation, reportedly 300 in number, in an unidentified Prescot Street house, meeting on winter evenings to avoid detection. A collective refusal to take oaths of loyalty to George I left participants open to the charge of ‘popish recusancy’. Welton’s possessions were seized to pay a fine, the congregation dispersed, and Welton fell ill.[^22]</p>\n\n<p>The building trades were also represented. William Simon Youd lived from 1735 until 1753 in the house that survives as No. 30, possibly having rebuilt it. John Murray, a carpenter, was on the County Court site from the 1770s, owning other houses nearby, and James Thomas Dent, another carpenter, lived on the north side up to his death in 1795 when he held houses on both sides of Prescot Street, and many more in the City.[^23]</p>\n\n<p>Prescot Street was principally residential, but not entirely. From early on there were public houses and other places of resort or entertainment. In 1703 John Tutchin’s <em>Observator</em> noted a new playhouse ‘in the passage by the Ship Tavern betwixt Prescot and Chambers-street’.[^24] The playhouse seems otherwise undocumented; in an otherwise satirical passage, it might have been invention. The passage was perhaps what later became Magdalen Passage. The Ship did exist, lying close to the Golden Ball on Prescot Street, from where in 1706 one P. Bartlett sold ‘cures for ruptures and weaknesses in human bodies’.[^25] A cockpit was noted in 1712, and the Black Boy, Mr Dizimew’s Coffee House, and the Sign of the Five Clogs, all named in the 1710s, were likely on or near the Leman Street corners.[^26]</p>\n\n<p>Incursions of industry shifted character, as on Leman Street and Mansell Street, but Prescot Street sustained pleasant and respectable domestic qualities for longer. An advertisement in 1777 claimed it to be ‘one of the genteelest streets at the East End of the City’.[^27] Yet the large new houses of Magdalen Row proved difficult to let around 1780. Prescot Street declined in status after 1800, though it remained a convenient address for merchants well beyond.</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Edward Hatton, <em>A New View of London</em>, vol.1, 1708, p.65</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Hatton, <em>New View</em>, p.65</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: <em>Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer</em>, 10 Jan 1719, p.7: <em>Jewish Chronicle (JC)</em>, 13 Aug 1886, p.10; 10 June 1898, p.23</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: Metropolitan Board of Works Minutes, 7 May 1869, p.550: Post Office Directories (POD)</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: <em>Daily Telegraph</em>, 28 Jan 1885, p.5</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), MDR1715/2/32: The National Archives (TNA), C5/148/42; C7/58/2; C10/225/21; C10/544/6</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: TNA, C5/148/42: F. H. W. Sheppard (ed.), <em>Survey of London</em>, vol.27: <em>Spitalfields and Mile End New Town</em>, 1957, p.32</p>\n\n<p>[^8]: TNA, C5/187/11</p>\n\n<p>[^9]: TNA, C5/148/42</p>\n\n<p>[^10]: TNA, C5/148/42</p>\n\n<p>[^11]: TNA, C5/148/42; C5/187/11; PROB11/427/101; PROB11/439/23: British History Online, Four Shillings in the Pound Assessments, 1693–4 (4s£): LMA, Land Tax Returns (LT); Ancestry: Barts Health Archives (BHA), RLHLH/A/5/1: 23 Jan 1745, p.264</p>\n\n<p>[^12]: 4s£: LT: Ancestry: The National Archives (TNA), C5/148/42; PROB11/607/176; T1/487/217-221; ADM106/1203/74: <em>Daily Post</em>, 6 Jan 1739, p.1: <em>London Evening Post</em>, 27–29 Nov 1739, p.2: <em>Read’s Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer</em>, 18 Aug 1750; <em>Derby Mercury</em>, 17 Aug 1753: 3decks.pbworks.com/w/page/913050/Battle%20of%20Beachy%20Head</p>\n\n<p>[^13]: LT: TNA, PROB11/1075/86: <em>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB) sub</em> James Young: <em>General Evening Post</em>, 21–23 May 1771, p.5: <em>Middlesex Journal</em>, 23–25 May 1771, p.1: <em>London Gazette</em>, 22–25 Aug 1778, p.4: <em>Daily Advertiser</em>, 1 Jan 1783, p.1</p>\n\n<p>[^14]: LT: TNA, PROB11/712/389; PROB11/947/20; T1/468/242-243: <em>London Evening Post</em>, 15–18 Aug 1741, p.3; 6–8 Oct 1748, p.4: R. S. Neale, <em>Bath, 1680–1850</em>, 1981, p.243: <em>The Court and City Regist</em>er, 1751, p.186: Douglas Hamilton, ‘Private enterprise and public service: Naval contracting in the Caribbean, 1720–50’, <em>Journal for Maritime Research</em>, vol.6/1, 2004, pp.37–64 (p.62): Christian Buchet, <em>The British Navy, Economy and Society in the Seven Years War</em>, 2013, p.107: K. H. Ledward (ed.), <em>Journals of the Board of Trade and Plantations</em>: vol.10,<em> 1754–1758</em>, 1933, pp.54–62: K. H. Ledward (ed.), <em>Journals of the Board of Trade and Plantations</em>: vol.11,<em> 1759–1763</em>, 1935, pp.171–81: P. S. Flippin, ‘The Royal Government in Georgia, 1752–1776: IV. The Financial System and Administration’,<em> Georgia Historical Quarterly</em>, vol.9/3, 1925, pp.187–245</p>\n\n<p>[^15]: LT: TNA, PROB11/856/507; PROB11/908/314: Ancestry: <em>London Chronicle</em>, 3 Oct 1761, p.7</p>\n\n<p>[^16]: <em>JC</em>, 10 April 1874, p.22</p>\n\n<p>[^17]: 4s£: LT: Ancestry: LMA, LMA/4521/A/03/02/001/019: TNA, PROB11/796/305: <em>London Evening Post</em>, 8–10 Nov 1744, p.1: <em>Bingley’s Journal</em>, 17 Nov 1770, p.2</p>\n\n<p>[^18]: LT: TNA, ADM106/1197/229; PROB11/716/45: Ancestry: LMA, CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/381/589952: <em>General Advertiser</em>, 5 Feb 1749, p.3: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 16–19 Feb 1750, p.3</p>\n\n<p>[^19]: LT: Ancestry: <em>Daily Advertiser</em>, 26 July 1777, p.2: <em>Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser</em>, 18 Aug 1777, p.3</p>\n\n<p>[^20]: 4s£: LT: TNA, C5/148/42; PROB11/914/467: Thomas Pownell, ‘Observations on a Crystal Vase in the possession of the Earl of Bessborough’, <em>Archeologia</em>, vol.7, 1783, p.179: <em>ODNB sub </em>Barclay: <em>General Advertiser</em>, 13 Feb 1750, p.2</p>\n\n<p>[^21]: <em>Hampshire Chronicle</em>, 6 Aug 1792, p.1: <em>True Briton</em>, 3 April 1800, p.4; Gentleman’s Magazine, vol.68/1, June 1798, p.535: <em>Kentish Gazette</em>, 26 June 1810, p.2: <em>Star (London)</em>, 2 July 1810, p.4</p>\n\n<p>[^22]: <em>Weekly Packet</em>, 9–16 Nov 1717, p.2; 28 Dec–4 Jan 1718, p.2: <em>Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer</em>, 7 Dec 1717, p.5; 21 Dec 1717, p.4</p>\n\n<p>[^23]: TNA, PROB11/1250/155:<em>Morning Post</em>, 14 March 1795, p.4: LMA, COL/CHD/FR/02/0859–66; CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/334/514333</p>\n\n<p>[^24]: As quoted by James Peller Malcolm, <em>Anecdotes of the Manners and Customs of London During the Eighteenth Century, etc</em>, 1810, p.315</p>\n\n<p>[^25]: <em>Review of the State of the English Nation</em>, 18 Oct 1706, p.4: <em>Post Boy</em>, 30 Aug 1709, p.2</p>\n\n<p>[^26]: <em>Daily Courant</em>, 20 Oct 1711, p.2; 27 May 1713, p.2: <em>Original Weekly Journal</em>, 17–24 Aug 1717, p.6; 26 April–3 May 1718, p.5: Malcolm, <em>Anecdotes</em>, p.312</p>\n\n<p>[^27]: <em>Daily Advertiser</em>, 13 Nov 1777, p.1</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
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"body": "<p>This photograph by Jean Thomas, bollard enthusiast, was taken in 1984 and is now in Tower Hamlets Archives. It is looking east along Alie Street and was taken outside the side door of The Dispensary on Leman Street, with the church door visible on the left and the 1970s NatWest data centre (dem. 2011) visible on the right. The bollards are still there.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/867364107091157000\">https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/867364107091157000</a></p>\n",
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"title": "Recollections of a student nurse at the Princess Alexandra School of Nursing in 1967",
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"body": "<p>The recollections of Anabel Gardiner, a student nurse, on the Princess Alexandra School of Nursing, which was opened by Princess Alexandra in 1967:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n<p>The new School of Nursing was most exciting, with its carpeted corridors, large practical rooms set out like wards in the hospital, a well equipped library very comfortable to work in, a lecture theatre, discussion rooms, in fact everything a model school of nursing should have... There were several teething troubles in the early part of our course, with lifts that would insist on going their own way, and smart venetian blinds that became temperamental when handled! ... We were really thrilled with our lovely modern school...[^1]</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>[^1]: Anabel Gardiner, quoted by Edith Parker and Sheila Collins in <em>Learning to Care: a History of Nursing and Midwifery Education at the Royal London Hospital, 1740–1993 </em>(Royal London Hospital Archives and Museum, 1998), pp. 82–3. </p>\n",
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"id": 1075,
"title": "Distilling happiness and drowning fears",
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"body": "<p>In 1961, for their centenary, the novelist A. P. Herbert wrote a poem celebrating the centenary of the wine merchants Charles Kinloch & Co. Ltd.</p>\n\n<p>If God gave Man no other cause to gape</p>\n\n<p>We should look up to Him who made the grape:</p>\n\n<p>If Man could claim no other grand design</p>\n\n<p>He'd win a prize for turning it to wine.</p>\n\n<p>The Art is ancient, but a gamble still -</p>\n\n<p>The odds the soil, the summer, and the skill.</p>\n\n<p>The gentle stuff they tenderly create</p>\n\n<p>Began in granite or in fields of slate,</p>\n\n<p>The precious berries impudently grow</p>\n\n<p>On craggy cliffs where men can hardly go -</p>\n\n<p>In danger ever, drought, disease, and frost;</p>\n\n<p>It hails ten minutes and a year is lost.</p>\n\n<p>Yet if they see September safe and strong</p>\n\n<p>No other gift of Nature lived so long.</p>\n\n<p>Herein, Misobibists, expect a shock:</p>\n\n<p>'Good Queen Victoria was fond of Hock'.</p>\n\n<p>Dear Mr. Gladstone like Bordeaux, they say,</p>\n\n<p>And Sherry stopped the show on Budget Day.</p>\n\n<p>Nay, at its birth that famous mischief Gin</p>\n\n<p>Was proffered only as a medicine.</p>\n\n<p>To bed with tea old ladies wake and weep:</p>\n\n<p>Whisky can keep old gentlemen asleep.</p>\n\n<p>Curse the cold bureaucrats who swell the price</p>\n\n<p>And treat the vine as if it were a vice!</p>\n\n<p>Nor does it only for the flesh provide,</p>\n\n<p>For grace and beauty in the glass reside.</p>\n\n<p>The long-stored sun and sweetness of the South</p>\n\n<p>Enrich the mind as warmly as the mouth.</p>\n\n<p>\"Water! the drink of lions!\" fools may boast:</p>\n\n<p>But who would have the lion for a host?</p>\n\n<p>High words, loud argument, may rise from ale:</p>\n\n<p>And over tea sly gossip spreads a tale.</p>\n\n<p>Good wine breeds goodness - manners, mind and tongue -</p>\n\n<p>And lights a lamp or two in old and young.</p>\n\n<p>The names! like flowers on the Carte des Vins -</p>\n\n<p>Lafite, Latour, Montrachet, Chambertin</p>\n\n<p>(Napoleon's pet!) 'By any other name'</p>\n\n<p>Margaux, Yquem, would not be quite the same.</p>\n\n<p>And then, the solemn care, the sage advice -</p>\n\n<p>The bridal bottle in its bed of ice -</p>\n\n<p>The first fond taste, as if at Heaven's brink -</p>\n\n<p>Such joys are not to be dismissed as 'drink'.</p>\n\n<p>Later, 'The Queen!' - the port - the protocol:</p>\n\n<p>But for the fools all this is 'alcohol'.</p>\n\n<p>How sad the civil servants have to fine</p>\n\n<p>So civilised a comforter as wine!</p>\n\n<p>Let's honour KINLOCHS - for a hundred years</p>\n\n<p>Distilling happiness, and drowning fears!</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2020-06-02",
"last_edited": "2020-08-04"
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{
"id": 98,
"title": "Brunswick Buildings in 1975",
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"username": "Aileen"
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"body": "<p>Although the caption to this photograph looking west from Goulston Street along the south side of New Goulston Street identifies this as Wentworth Dwellings it shows, in fact, the portion of Brunswick Buildings that survived the second world war. This extensive 1880s development of artisans' dwellings occupied the south side of New Goulston Street and the west side of Goulston Street south almost to Whitechapel High Street. Most of it was destroyed in the war by a direct hit from a V1 rocket. The corner building in the photograph is a 1950s addition replacing more minor damage. The bomb site between Goulston Street and Middlesex Street was filled in the early 1960s by the vast Cromlech House, itself currently (July 2016) being demolished.</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2016/07/28/brunswick75.jpg\"></p>\n\n<p>© City of London: London Metropolitan Archives http://collage.cityoflondon.gov.uk</p>\n",
"created": "2016-07-28",
"last_edited": "2019-08-01"
},
{
"id": 938,
"title": "London Metropolitan University's Buildings",
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"username": "surveyoflondon"
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"b_name": "part of Calcutta House, London Metropolitan Univeristy",
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"body": "<p>All the buildings between Goulston Street and Old Castle Street south of Arcadia Court and Herbert House, as well as one building on the east side of Old Castle Street, are occupied by London Metropolitan University (LMU). That institution was created in 2002 through the merger of the University of North London and London Guildhall University. Several of the buildings had since the early 1970s been occupied by one of the last’s predecessors, the City of London Polytechnic. These buildings, of the 1900s to the 1960s, were originally offices, warehousing and packing facilities for the Brooke Bond tea company. From the 1990s university use spread north to the site of the Goulston Square Baths.</p>\n\n<p><em>Brooke Bond and Calcutta House</em></p>\n\n<p>The dominant building on the LMU site is Calcutta House, the core of which is a packing factory built in two stages in 1910 and 1913–14 for Brooke Bond Ltd, tea dealers and blenders. This firm had been founded in 1869 by Arthur Brooke (1845–1918), a retailer of tea and coffee in Manchester, who within two year had five shops in Manchester, Leeds and Liverpool and had moved into wholesaling, which soon came to dominate the business. In 1873 Brooke Bond opened London premises at 58 Cheapside and 129 Whitechapel High Street, expanding greatly in the following decade, and offering a profit-sharing scheme to its 154 employees by 1882.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>The High Street property included stores to the rear that acquired a frontage when Old Castle Street was widened. Brooke Bond acquired other sites cleared in the road widening and from 1888 to 1895 built and rebuilt (following a fire) warehousing at 3–9 Old Castle Street. This may have been to the designs of the architect William Dunk; the buildings resembled his surviving warehouse at 31 West Tenter Street.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>Further northwards expansion followed from 1909, with the acquisition of the site south of the public baths that had been David King & Son’s builders’ yard. The architects of the first and northern part of the large steel-framed packing factory built here in 1910 were Sidney Stott Oldham in conjunction with Dunk, the builders G. Parker & Sons of Peckham. With five storeys over a basement, the former factory is red-brick faced to Goulston Street where the set-back building line of Goulston Square was maintained, the recessed southern bays leaving space for loading. Stone dressings include a bold arch-headed door-hood and narrow round-headed high-level staircase windows with keystones. Elsewhere vast rectangular windows light the former packing floors, and there is stock brick to the plainer Old Castle Street elevation. The broader southward extension of 1913–14, designed by Dunk & Bousfield and similarly constructed, was separated from the original building by a light well (covered by a steel bomb-proof cover in 1915). The packing floors extended into the former tenements that had been built with St Paul’s German church, emptied in 1914. There was thus an incongruously Gothic appendage to the warehouse’s Goulston Street front.[^3] </p>\n\n<p>Brooke Bond expanded yet further across Old Castle Street, taking the frontage opposite its complex, a shallow site that included the Green Man pub (see below) extending back only to Tyne Street. This was redeveloped in 1931–2 initially as a warehouse but converted during construction to be a staff welfare centre. Designed in a tentatively Expressionist manner by Albert Leigh Abbott (1890–1952), it was erected by local builders Walter Gladding & Co. Ltd. It is a four-storey and basement steel-framed building faced in brick and patent stone, with large steel-framed windows by Crittall Ltd. Entrances at either end lead to staircases and a lift was placed at the north end. An enclosed footbridge has always connected what was the top-floor directors’ dining room floor to Brooke Bond’s main building opposite. The ground floor included a workers’ lounge and dance room with a sprung maple floor, the first floor the workers’ dining room, the second the office-staff dining room and kitchens. Well specified, with teak joinery throughout, the building was also technologically advanced – a radio-gramophone piped music to speakers in all the rooms.[^4] </p>\n\n<p>Brooke Bond’s buildings were seriously damaged in the Second World War, the 1890s warehouses at 3–9 Old Castle Street completely destroyed. In 1946 Abbott oversaw repairs and designed a temporary light-steel structure for 3–7 Old Castle Street. The former church tenements at the south end of Goulston Street were replaced with a plain four-storey range. The basement of the ruined church and a surviving part of its schools were also taken over.[^5]</p>\n\n<p>By 1949 J. Stanley Beard was Brooke Bond’s architect. He designed the warehouse and packing building that went up at 7–9 Old Castle Street in 1951, extended south to Nos 3–5 in 1955. This was to house paper stores, tea packers, tea-chest repairs and engineers, and incorporated a large loading bay. It is in the Utility style typical of much 1950s rebuilding locally, faced in red brick with steel strip-windows in thin concrete frames. Beard, who designed Brooke Bond’s blending factory in Bristol in 1959, designed further three- and four-storey warehouses for the south end of Goulston Street’s east side in 1961. Built in 1964–5, these were for paper stores and a sales department above loading bays to the north and a maintenance office and stores to the south.[^6]</p>\n\n<p>In 1968, after a century of expansion tied up with the British Empire, especially north-east India, Brooke Bond merged with another multi-national food producer, Liebig, inventors of the Oxo cube. Its Whitechapel buildings were soon given up.[^7]The City of London Polytechnic was formed in 1971 as a result of policies given impetus by the publication in 1966 of a White Paper, <em>A Plan for Polytechnics and Other Colleges</em>. The science and technology departments of Sir John Cass College (whose art department already had a Whitechapel presence in Central House) amalgamated with the business-focused City of London College. The former Brooke Bond buildings were taken over in 1972 and in 1974 adapted to reflect the science focus and integrated as Calcutta House by Fitzroy Robinson and Partners, architects. Basements included specialist labs (microbiology, neurophysiology, ‘toxic procedures’), and the 1950s building on Old Castle Street had an ‘animal room’, with fish tanks, birds and mammals. Upper floors had lecture rooms, offices, a refectory and lounge. The former welfare centre on Old Castle Street was given a language lab in the basement and a library on the first floor.[^8] </p>\n\n<p><em>The Women’s Library and later developments</em></p>\n\n<p>In 1992, the City of London Polytechnic was granted university status as London Guildhall University. A year later it acquired the derelict former public baths to the north of its existing premises with permission for change of use and a view to expansion for library, computing and exhibition space, conference facilities and office and teaching areas. The University hoped finally to find suitable accommodation for the Fawcett Library, acquired in the 1970s from the Fawcett Society, which had its origins in the London Society for Women’s Suffrage, and housed unsuitably in the basement of Calcutta House. An outline scheme of 1995, in a feasibility study by Jones Lang Wootton, proposed redevelopment on the L-shaped footprint of the baths, with a typical early-1990s feature, a corner octagon, on Goulston Street. The Fawcett Library would be set back from Old Castle Street behind a ‘suffragette garden’. Only the east or Model Baths side of the site was developed initially, following a competition won in 1995 by Wright and Wright Architects. Construction in 1999–2001 with Kier as main contractors cost £4.4 million, funds coming from private and public donors, the Heritage Lottery Fund being the most significant.[^9]</p>\n\n<p>The client’s brief requested the new library ‘feel permanent’. Wright and Wright’s design made use of thick concrete walls which contributed to a restrained architectural aesthetic while improving environmental performance. As in Baly’s Model Baths, design was technology-led, ornamentation shunned in favour of efficiency and ventilation. Yet, in a notably if not uniquely intelligent instance of façadism, the practice elected to retain the Old Castle Street front wall of 1846, a gesture to a kind of continuity as thousands of women had come through here. The building behind occupied only about three quarters of the plot’s width, space to the north given up to be a paved garden with silver birches behind the stepping down north wall of the baths. In its dignity and pragmatism, the building was regarded by the architectural press as a ‘model of politeness’. Indeed, it was the willingness to engage with the site’s history that Claire Wright believed won the architects the commission. Behind the punctuated black-painted façade, a substantial red-brick block steps back, rising to five storeys above a basement. Internally, accommodation was arranged around a central ground-floor exhibition space within which there was a pod-like double-height seminar room. A modest staircase led to a first-floor café lit by the arch-headed windows of the 1840s façade. Upper floors housed the archive, reading rooms and a double-height library across the front of the building with a shallow barrel-vaulted ceiling. Connections between these diverse and interlocking spaces led <em>The Architectural Review</em> to laud the building for possessing ‘the elegant complexity of a Chinese puzzle’. It has been argued that the rejection of conventional spatial hierarchies was a self-consciously feminist act. In 2002 the Women’s Library was awarded the <em>RIBA Journal</em>’s ‘Best UK Building of the Year’ Award.[^10] </p>\n\n<p>London Guildhall University gained backing from the Higher Education Funding Council for England for redevelopment of the Goulston Street side of the former baths site in 1999, but works had not begun in 2002 when it merged with the University of North London, another former polytechnic, based in Holloway Road. This was the first merger of two universities, and the new London Metropolitan University was in its student numbers the largest university in the UK. The Goulston Building, as it became, went up in 2003–4 as a law and business school. Also designed by Wright & Wright, it was built by Willmott Dixon, contractors. The long and undemonstrative range echoes the red-brick elevations and strip windows of Calcutta House’s post-war buildings. There is a recessed entrance at the four-storey south end giving access to a long double-height top-lit corridor that is a common room and exhibition space. Teaching rooms originally included one configured as a mock courtroom. The building also incorporates barrow storage for Petticoat Lane market at its north end. The former warehouse of 1964–5 at the south end of Goulston Street had its loading bays infilled with glazing in 2004 to the designs of Robert Hutson architects, to create another double-height reception area, this building being otherwise devoted to library and study space.[^11]</p>\n\n<p>The Women’s Library lasted only until 2012. London Metropolitan University, hit by funding crises including a ban on international students, could no longer afford to run it and the collection was sold to the London School of Economics. In efforts reminiscent of those to save the baths on the same site, the ‘Save The Women’s Library’ campaign gathered a petition with over 12,000 signatures and the backing of prominent supporters including RIBA President Angela Brady. One protester reflected that the Library and its award-winning home belonged together, like ‘a body and its insides’, but to no avail. In 2015 Molyneux Kerr Architects altered the interior by replacing the seminar-room pod with a lecture theatre. The University’s own archival collections were brought to the site, along with the Trades Union Congress Library, the Archive of the Irish in Britain, and the Frederick Parker Collection, over 200 chairs and archives relating to the history of British furniture-making.[^12]</p>\n\n<p>Following the sale of Central House in 2015, the Cass School of Art was relocated to Calcutta House in 2017 on a temporary basis pending the intended consolidation of London Metropolitan University on a single site at Holloway Road, the size of the student body being much reduced following the ban on overseas students. ArchitecturePLB and Willmott Dixon Interiors oversaw the adjustments. The Architecture Department moved to the Goulston Building, law departing for Moorgate, and the former staff-welfare building on the east side of Old Castle Street was refurbished to create workshops and studios.</p>\n\n<p>Other studios and related space in Calcutta House were intended ‘for a design life of only two years’, but in 2019, as growth returned, it was announced that LMU had scrapped its ‘one campus, one community’ plan and that the Cass would remain at Calcutta House.[^13]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: <em>Leeds Mercury</em>, 10 Oct 1871, p.1: <em>Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser</em>, 7 April 1870, p.7: <em>Manchester Evening News</em>, 23 May 1873, p.1: <em>Royal Commission on Labour: Appendix to the Minutes of Evidence</em>, 1894, p.207: Post Office Directories: David F. Schloss, <em>Methods of Industrial Remuneration</em>, 1892, pp.173–4: <em>Report on Profit Sharing and Labour Co-partnership</em>, 1920, p. 150</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), GLC/AR/BR/06/034933/001–2; District Surveyors Returns (DSR): Getty Images: <em>Mansfield Reporter</em>, 21 July 1893, p.2</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: DSR: LMA, GLC/AR/BR/06/034933/001–2: Historic England Archives (HEA), Aerofilms EPW005770; EPW055309</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: DSR: LMA, GLC/AR/BR/053188/001: Ancestry: <em>The Builder</em>, 28 Oct 1932, pp.722,729–30</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: LMA, GLC/AR/BR/06/034933/001–2; GLC/AR/BR/13/053188/01: HEA, Aerofilms EPW011143: Tower Hamlets planning applications onlin (THP)</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: THP: LMA, GLC/AR/BR/13/053188/01; GLC/AR/BR/06/034933/001–2: <em>Official Architecture and Planning</em>, vol.22/10, Oct 1959, back cover</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: LMA, GLC/AR/BR/13/053188/02]</p>\n\n<p>[^8]: LMA, GLC/AR/BR/13/053188/001–2: THP</p>\n\n<p>[^9]: London Metropolitan University (LMU) Archives, TWL000000049; TWL000000243; TWL000000247–8: THP: Annmarie Adams, ‘Architecture for feminism?: The Design of the Women’s Library, London’, <em>Atlantis: Critical Studies in Gender, Culture & Social Justice</em>, vol.29/1, Fall/Winter 2004, pp.99–105 (p.100)</p>\n\n<p>[^10]: LMU Archives, 727.309.4215 GOU; TWL000000246; TWL000000247: <em>The Fawcett Library Annual Report, 1st August 1997 to 31st July 1998</em>, 1998: <em>Architects' Journal</em>, 23 Feb 2006, p.26: Adams, p.100: Catherine Slessor, ‘Making History’, <em>Architectural Review</em>, vol.211, Jan 2002, pp.50–7</p>\n\n<p>[^11]: LMU Archives, 727.309.4215 GOU; 3701022156: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, Building Control file 18324: THP</p>\n\n<p>[^12]: THP: savethewomenslibrary.blogspot.co.uk/ [accessed 6 July 2016]: www.thepetitionsite.com/925/128/986/save-the-womens-library-at-london- metropolitan-university/, [accessed 6 July 2016]: <em>Daily Telegraph</em>, 8 Nov 2012; <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/10/womens-library-reopen-london-school-economics-lse\">www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/10/womens-library-reopen-london-school-economics-lse</a>: www.londonmet.ac.uk/contact-us/how-to-find-us/the-wash-houses/: www.furnituremakers.org.uk/frederick-parker-collection/: information kindly supplied by Peter Fisher and Catherine Phillpotts</p>\n\n<p>[^13]: THP: <a href=\"https://www.willmottdixon.co.uk/projects/calcutta-house-phase-1-2\">www.willmottdixon.co.uk/projects/calcutta-house-phase-1-2</a>: information kindly supplied by Dr Lesley Stevenson</p>\n",
"created": "2019-08-02",
"last_edited": "2019-08-02"
},
{
"id": 954,
"title": "Gower's Place",
"author": {
"id": 291,
"username": "Joe_Foley"
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"b_name": "5–10, 17–22 and 31–36 Conant Mews",
"street": "Conant Mews",
"address": "5–10, 17–22 and 31–36 Conant Mews",
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"body": "<p>Using a mix of map resources particularly the <em>Map Of London 1868</em>, by Edward Weller[^1] and Charles Booth's maps[^2] it was discovered that this strip of buildings lie roughly over what was once Gower's Place.[^3] Since it was gone by the time of Booth's survey there doesn't isn't much to indicate what the area was like. The annual censuses may give some indication. </p>\n\n<p>Survey of London note: Gower's Place can be seen on the 1875 Ordnance Survey map which can be selected by clicking the grey diamonds on the lower righthand corner of the map screen.[^4]</p>\n\n<p>References</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: <a href=\"http://london1868.com/weller45b.htm\">http://london1868.com/weller45b.htm</a></p>\n\n<p>[^2]: <a href=\"https://booth.lse.ac.uk/map/17/-0.0668/51.5129/100/1\">https://booth.lse.ac.uk/map/17/-0.0668/51.5129/100/1</a></p>\n\n<p>[^3]: <a href=\"https://www.google.com.au/maps/@51.5119428,-0.0679006,225m/data=!3m1!1e3\">https://www.google.com.au/maps/@51.5119428,-0.0679006,225m/data=!3m1!1e3</a></p>\n\n<p>[^4]: <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/\">https://surveyoflondon.org/map/</a></p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2019-08-31",
"last_edited": "2020-06-05"
},
{
"id": 380,
"title": "Jewellers in Black Lion Yard",
"author": {
"id": 22,
"username": "sarahannmilne"
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"properties": {
"b_number": "65-75",
"b_name": "Whitechapel Technology Centre (East London Works)",
"street": "Whitechapel Road",
"address": "65-75 Whitechapel Road",
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"search_str": "Whitechapel Technology Centre (East London Works)"
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"body": "<p>Eleanor remembers walking through Black Lion Yard as a child:</p>\n\n<p>My mother emigrated to the East End from Ireland in 1950. I was one of five children who grew up in the area. I used to have to walk through Black Lion Yard to get to my school in the morning. About twenty to eight, I remember leaving my house and finding a thick fog outside. It was still the days of coal. I couldn't even see my hand in front of my face. It was a narrow alley and on the right hand side were lots of Jewish jewellry shops. They were beautifully arranged and their big display windows were sort of tudor in style, with little panes of glass making up the whole window.</p>\n",
"created": "2017-06-03",
"last_edited": "2019-09-03"
},
{
"id": 1110,
"title": "Early buildings on Prescot Street's south side east of Magdalen Passage",
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"id": 2,
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"b_number": "9",
"b_name": "",
"street": "Prescot Street",
"address": "9 Prescot Street",
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"body": "<p>The eastern stretch of Prescot Street’s south side was solidly built up by 1693 with eighteen houses (later Nos 1–18), all but a few of the most easterly built by William Chapman in the late 1680s. A group of five on the sites of Nos 12–16 was then empty and held by Thomas Chambers. The first leases of 1682 ran to 1745. Constructed on broadly regular plots and probably all of three storeys, these houses followed the two-room-plan, rear-staircase house form that was standard along both sides of the street. Internally, accommodation, as described in the early nineteenth century, typically comprised two ground-floor parlours, a drawing room and bedroom on the first floor, and two second-floor bedrooms, with attics above, and basement kitchens and washhouses.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>Following the expiry of the fist leases, Thomas Quarrill (1706–1763), a colourman based on the south side of Whitechapel High Street, a paving commissioner and a governor of the London Hospital, took thirty-one-year Leman leases of twelve houses on the south side of Prescot Street in 1746–7. By 1749 Quarrill had redeveloped the group as eleven new houses, those later numbered Nos 11–18 and three further east extending beyond where Magdalen Passage was later put through as far as what was then the London Infirmary. From about 1759 Thomas Quarrill himself occupied the easternmost house next to the Magdalen Hospital, and was followed there by his brother William Quarrill (1721–1798), a magistrate and colourman, who stayed into the 1770s prior to the building at the end of the Quarrill lease of Magdalen Row, nine bigger houses west of Magdalen Passage that were later numbered Nos 16–24 (see below).[^2] New sixty-one year leases of other houses in this stretch were granted in the 1760s, and there was perhaps further rebuilding then. A number of Jewish merchants were resident in the later decades of the eighteenth century. Commercial use of at least parts of the houses had become general by the time Whitechapel County Court replaced three houses east of Magdalen Row in the 1850s. Nos 1–14 came down in the early twentieth century, giving way to premises of the Co-operative Wholesale Society.[^3] </p>\n\n<p>At the east end, the first and comparatively wide house at <strong>No. 1</strong> may have been cleared by the 1790s for access to a large rear yard. If so, the frontage had been rebuilt by the middle of the nineteenth century. <strong>No. 2</strong> was another wider than average house. It was occupied by and possibly rebuilt for the wealthy Dias Fernandes family, Sephardi Jews and merchants, from around 1755 into the 1780s. Judith Mendes da Costa (d. 1815), a widow, held a sixty-one year lease from 1765. John White, a coal merchant, was here in the 1790s. Monahun Levy Bensusan, a wealthy Jewish merchant and his wife, Sarah, who migrated to England from Gibraltar around 1800, appear to have been later residents. Thomas Finchett, an attorney, was present in 1814 when the house had two offices and a kitchen on the ground floor, a drawing room and sitting room on the first, and two bedrooms on the second, with a second basement kitchen. From the 1820s until the 1860s, No. 2 was the premises of William Wall and his son Thomas Tabor Wall, wine and brandy merchants. By 1900, Nos 1 and 2 were used by the Co-operative Wholesale Society, which soon after demolished.[^4]</p>\n\n<p><strong>No. 3</strong> was occupied by Moses Gomez Sero in the 1740s. It later came to be connected to a few of Prescot Street’s many jewellers and watchmakers. In the 1770s and 1780s, Thomas and George Prior were in occupation, followed around 1790 by Baron Lyon De Symons. In 1814 Peter Salomans, a merchant, had a garden building here with two rooms, one of them a china closet. Jonas Levy and Judah Azuelas, another merchant, followed in the 1830s and ’40s. For fifty years from about 1870, the house was in use as tailoring workshops. A rear outbuilding of 1878 succeeded the garden building, displaced by the expansion of Wainwright and Gadesden’s sugarhouse.[^5]</p>\n\n<p><strong>No. 4</strong> was occupied in the 1840s by John Geickle (Jekyll), a Russia merchant, having previously been home to Richard William Wilcox, a Clothworker, and Gotchal Levien (d. 1825), an Ashkenazi broker who had migrated to London from Jamaica. On the sale of Levien’s freehold in 1825, the house was advertised as having a first-floor ‘handsome drawing room, neatly papered, with marble chimneypiece’, and a ‘cheerful garden’ to the rear.[^6] There was some rebuilding front and back and from the 1890s until around 1920, No. 4 was used as the Eastern Dispensary of the German Hospital at Dalston. The Young Zion Institute, which aimed to unite the East End’s Zionist groups, was briefly based here from 1897.[^7]</p>\n\n<p><strong>No. 5</strong> housed Captain Joseph Brooks in the 1690s. In the late eighteenth century it was associated with Joseph Clark, a stationer. Coleman Levy Newton (d.1833), a West India merchant, was here in the 1820s, followed by Thomas Ashton junior (d. 1844), a gunmaker. The house was subsequently used as an Excise Permit Office, then for administrative purposes by Whitechapel’s parish Vestry for which clerks and solicitors, Henry Sadler Mitchell then Thomas Davis Metcalfe, took up residence from the late 1850s to the 1890s.[^8]</p>\n\n<p>Joseph Bagnall, the sugar refiner, was at <strong>No. 6</strong> in the 1690s. Joseph Rooks (d. 1761), a citizen Cooper, succeeded from the late 1740s. His insurance specified that the house had four panelled rooms. Moses Lindo followed around 1800. By 1880, No. 6 was occupied by Henry Friedlander, a tailor of German extraction, who acquired a number of freehold houses on both sides of Prescot Street, including No. 7, which he united with No. 6 for tailoring, building a five-storey workshop behind No. 7 in 1889. No. 6 was replaced around 1890 with a building that included a ‘well-lighted’ single-storey rear factory, said to be suitable for sixty-five labourers.[^9] </p>\n\n<p><strong>No. 7</strong> had been occupied by Scott and Willes, corn factors, around 1770. P. Mugle and Co., Dutch merchants, stored 1,200 bottles of port and a ‘sarcophagus wine cooler’ in the cellar in 1816.[^10] In the 1840s the house was the London home of Joseph Whalley junior, a Leeds-based importer of wool from Germany and cotton from the West Indies. He reportedly recalled that he lodged at Prescot Street during winters ‘principally to improve himself … and to do business if any offered’.[^11] Before Friedlander’s arrival, Thomas James Martin and William Settles, sugar refiners, occupied the house.[^12] </p>\n\n<p><strong>No. 8</strong> followed a similar pattern, turning from mercantile to manufacturing use. Merchant occupants were Cox and Sherren and then Philip Isaac from the 1790s to 1830s. The Rev. Thomas Prescott, a curate at St Mary Matfelon, was resident in the 1850s. Thereafter, the building was used by a commission agent and Morris Harris, a shirt manufacturer. By the 1920s, the CWS had acquired Nos 3–8.[^13] <strong>No. 9</strong> housed Capt. Radore Wilson in the 1770s, followed by Leigh and Jeffrey, ship and insurance brokers. Abraham and Ann Abrahams, watchmakers, were based here for much of the nineteenth century. From the 1880s the building was used by rag-trade businesses, and on its purchase by Friedlander in 1898, a single-storey workshop was built to the rear.[^14] <strong>No.10</strong> was the residence of John Sequeira and Isaac Sequeira junior, Sephardi merchants, in the 1790s, Thomas Glover, who claimed to be both a carpenter and a bricklayer, in the late 1820s, and Lion Benedictus Leman (d. 1838), a goldsmith and jeweller, his wife, who had an outfitting warehouse, and his son, into the 1850s. When the lease of No. 10 was advertised in 1870, it was noted that the ground behind the house was suitable for the building of a factory. After brief use in 1880 by the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception (see below) the property did become a tailoring workshop in the 1890s, by when a rear extension was present. Joseph Klein, a surgeon and physician, lived here in the early twentieth century.[^15]</p>\n\n<p>Houses further west were rebuilt in 1746–9 by Thomas Quarrill (see above). <strong>No. 11</strong> housed Abraham Fonseca, Aboas and Bros, merchants in 1800, giving way to Edward Hubbard, who ran a bookshop and stationers. By 1834 and into the 1840s, this was the home of Charles Edward Jenkins, surgeon to St John’s British Hospital and director of the Eclectic Society of London, which met here. This learned society had been founded in 1829 to promote literature, science and the arts, including through the establishment of a library and museum. In 1834 the Society planned a botanical garden of British plants, possibly in Jenkins’s garden.[^16]</p>\n\n<p>From 1749, when it was newly rebuilt, <strong>No. 12</strong> housed John Matthews (d. 1768), a salesman. It was again rebuilt and enlarged to the rear around 1873 to be a hotel. Aimed at ‘commercial gentlemen’, this was overseen by B. I. van Staveren, and was judged to have a ‘handsome elevation’.[^17] By 1880, now under Joseph Bonn, a Dutch-born Kosher caterer from Wentworth Street, the hotel had taken in No. 11, which had also been extended to the rear. Further rebuilding ensued in 1891 for Henry Friedlander, with Wigg, Oliver & Hudson as architects, after which advertisements lauded the ‘magnificent suite of rooms’, including a new ‘elaborate ball room … as comfortable and commodious as modern science can suggest and worthy of any West End establishment’.[^18] By 1915 the hotel was at Nos 12–13.[^19]</p>\n\n<p><strong>Nos 13 and</strong> <strong>14</strong> had particularly fine gardens into the 1880s, retained through the mid-nineteenth century tenancies of Moss Joseph and William Harris, jewellers, and including a fountain at No. 14. Friedlander had taken No. 13 for tailoring by 1894.[^20]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: British History Online, Four Shillings in the Pound Assessments, 1693–4 (4s£): London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), LMA/4673/D/01/004/002; Land Tax Returns (LT)</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: The National Archives (TNA), PROB11/883/305: LMA, MDR1747/1/295–8: Barts Health Archives (BHA), RLHLH/A/5/2, p.60</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: Richard Horwood's maps of London, 1792–1819: Post Office Directories (POD): Ordnance Survey maps (OS)</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: 4s£: LT: Horwood: LMA, LMA/4673/D/01/004/002: POD: OS: TNA, PROB11/1571/379: Ancestry: <em>Morning Chronicle</em>, 30 Dec 1842: <em>Devizes and Wiltshire Gazette</em>, 21 May 1840, p.4: Census</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: LT: Ancestry: POD: OS: LMA, LMA/4673/D/01/004/002; CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/540/1178738; /513/1076632; /297/451961; District Surveyots Returns (DSR)</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: <em>The Times</em>, 9 Nov 1825: Jacob Andrade, <em>A Record of the Jews in Jamaica</em>, 1941, p.145: POD: LT: <a href=\"https://www.londonroll.org/event/?company=clw&event_id=CLEB2135\">www.londonroll.org/event/?company=clw&event_id=CLEB2135</a>: LMA, CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/424/730015; /443/834592: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), P/PAG/1/4/2: TNA, PROB11/1698/238</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: DSR: POD: TNA, IR58/84828/4541: <em>Jewish Chronicle (JC)</em>, 17 Dec 1897, p.26</p>\n\n<p>[^8]: 4s£: LMA, CLC/521/MS09211; CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/336/516511: TNA, PROB11/1833/56; PROB11/2008/169: POD: <em>East London Observer</em>, 17 March 1860, p.4</p>\n\n<p>[^9]: 4s£: LMA, CLC/B/055/MS08674/084/70698: POD: Census: TNA, IR58/84828/4544: DSR: <em>JC</em>, 23 Nov 1900, p.3; 13 Sept 1901, p.35; 6 Oct 1911, p.2</p>\n\n<p>[^10]: <em>Morning Chronicle</em>, 2 Sept 1816, p.4: LT</p>\n\n<p>[^11]: <em>Leeds Mercury</em>, 29 Aug 1840, p.8: <em>Lancaster Gazette</em>, 2 Oct 1841, p.2: POD</p>\n\n<p>[^12]: <em>London Gazette</em>, 20 Jan 1863, p. 347: POD: Census</p>\n\n<p>[^13]: Ancestry: LT: LMA, CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/480/951472; /530/1136972: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 27 May 1854, p.11: DSR</p>\n\n<p>[^14]: <em>London Evening Standard</em>, 7 May 1898, p.12: LT: Ancestry: Census: POD: DSR</p>\n\n<p>[^15]: <em>JC</em>, 24 June 1870, p.15: Ancestry: LT: LMA, CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/514/1074036: TNA, PROB11/1889/308: POD: OS</p>\n\n<p>[^16]: LMA, LMA/4673/D/01/004/002; CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/506/1058313; /463/897005: POD: <em>Sun (London)</em>, 27 May 1835, p.3: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 29 Nov 1834, p.1; 23 June 1835, p.1; 9 Feb 1836, p.2</p>\n\n<p>[^17]: 20 June 1873, p.202: <em>Morning Post</em>, 1 July 1874, p.8: <em>London Evening Standard</em>, 14 Feb 1876: LT: TNA, PROB11/941/390</p>\n\n<p>[^18]: <em>The Builder</em>, 12 Sept 1891, p.217: <em>JC</em>, 11 March 1892, p.21</p>\n\n<p>[^19]: DSR: OS: TNA, IR58/84828/4549</p>\n\n<p>[^20]: LMA, LMA/4673/D/01/004/002: POD: Census: OS</p>\n",
"created": "2020-08-03",
"last_edited": "2021-02-01"
},
{
"id": 155,
"title": "Gower's Walk soap factory",
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"username": "eric"
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"body": "<p>I lived at no. 49 Gower’s Walk in the early 1950s and no. 48 was a soap factory at that time. According to Trade Directories, it was owned by the Albion Soap Company. I remember the name now. Dirty windows, impossible to see in. Later it was used by a firm of meat importers and meat distributers (think it must have been small for that). When it was a soap factory it triple-milled laundry soap and the smell was awful. There were no other habitations at that time, and my bedroom window looked out front to see the immense Tilbury warehouse as far as one could see in any direction. My father worked for Faircloughs the meat hauliers who had a yard between Gower’s Walk and Back Church Lane, approximately where there is now a tennis court.</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
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"body": "<p>I used to hate to go to the London Hospital (when did it become The Royal London?) if we had to visit a sick relative. Plus any of my relatives who went in didn't come out. It always smelled of antiseptic and food and the uniforms the nurses wore looked so old fashioned to me (a young, modern girl) as opposed to the modern uniforms you would see on hospital shows on the telly. My father died in 1954 when I was 5 and was taken to the London, but they couldn't save him from a massive heart attack. He was only 35. The London had bad memories for me. Plus I had an accident at school when I was about 8 or 9, at Robert Montefiore Primary on Deal Street, opposite where I lived. I was running up the stairs with a tray of glass jars they used for painting, fell over and cut my hand on one of the broken jars. They called an ambulance and took me to the London, where they gave me a few stitches in my hand. An awful memory for a young child. My auntie Ann lived in a street behind the hospital, Nelson Street, and I hated walking past the place when we went to visit her. </p>\n",
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"title": "Black Lion Yard",
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"body": "<p>Extract from Geoffrey Fletcher, 'Whitechapel Revisited' in the <em>Daily Telegraph</em>, 21 October 1970:</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/07/05/vlcsnap-2017-06-28-14h48m58s423.png\"></p>\n\n<p>Still of Georgia Brown passing the gates of J. D. & J. Evans in Black Lion Yard from <em>One Pair of Eyes: Who Are the Cockneys Now?</em> (BBC 1968)</p>\n\n<p>'Observe it all, and end up in Black Lion Yard...where for generations East Enders came to buy engagement rings on Sunday mornings...You will see a most interesting relic - the remains of the cowkeeper's yard. Milking cows were kept in the East End as recently as the late 1930s. On the rotting doors of the yard are the words \"J. D. & J. Evans, Cowkeepers\" and an inscription in Hebrew indicating that the milk is kosher. The shippons, though decayed, are intact; everything is decayed and grass and ragwort grow between the granite setts.'</p>\n",
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"body": "<p>I was born in Plumber's Row in 1950. In 1955, as my father became more prosperous, he bought the shop across the road, 91 Whitechapel Road. We lived above the shop. Eventually he went on to buy 91 and 89 Whitechapel Road and converged the two shops together. My father ran the cloth shop until the late 1970s when he sold the property and we moved to South London. The shops aren't there anymore, they're gone.</p>\n\n<p>Back in the day I went to Robert Montefiore Primary School and my earliest memory of school was sleeping on a cot-bed in the playground at lunchtime. In those days young children were encouraged to have a nap in the afternoon. If I close my eyes I can see all these army cot-beds in the playground. You were given got a pillow and a blanket. Not everybody slept but it was rest time. The headmaster was Mr Padden and his deputy was Miss Graham, a formidable lady that always wore khaki green, but she was an excellent teacher, really really good. You knew you were in trouble when you saw her walking towards you.</p>\n\n<p>I remember being a toilet-roll monitor believe it or not. Toilet paper wasn't in abundance at school and we used Izel loo paper, which wasn't the best loo paper to say the least. One of the privileges of being a slightly older child was that you were given the duty of standing outside either the boys toilets or the girls toilets with a roll of loo paper and handing out two sheets of loo paper to each child as they went in to the bathroom. You say that now and children say 'really?!' But yes that's what we did.</p>\n\n<p>I used to belong to Greatorex Street Synagogue and that was good fun. I learned Israeli dancing in there.</p>\n",
"created": "2017-06-06",
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{
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"title": "Princess of Prussia public house, 15 Prescot Street",
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"body": "<p>Thomas Emerson (d. 1746), who had been involved in the running of Joseph Bagnall’s large sugar business after it was sold in 1722, had a sugarhouse at or more likely behind the house on this site by 1733. He had gone by 1745 and Thomas Quarrill rebuilt in 1746–7. Around 1770 William Complin, an apothecary soon to move to a larger house on Mansell Street, held both Nos 14 and 15, John Complin having been at No. 14 since the 1750s.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>After early nineteenth-century occupancies by a cigar-maker and a clothes dealer, No. 15 became a beer house around 1859 upon the opening of Whitechapel County Court next door. It and other local hostelries were said to ‘thrive entirely on the business of the court, and offer their drinking bars as a more amicable but less secure forum for the payments of the compromise of debts.’[^2] This pub was named the Princess of Prussia in homage to the marriage in 1858 of Princess Victoria to Frederick William, Crown Prince of Prussia, and was run in 1861 by Thomas Cox of Bethnal Green.[^3] A successor, Frank Sansome from Macclesfield, had an application for a public-house license rejected in 1865. Local victuallers reasoned that there were already ‘29 licensed houses, 20 beer shops, and several refreshment houses within 100 yards of Dock Street’. Sansome argued his trade was connected to the County Court next door, not the docks. Still unlicensed, he departed in 1870.[^4] By 1885, when the Princess of Prussia was transferred to Daniel Kuhl, a license had been granted and the premises were said to have a ‘splendid club room to let for societies’ and also ‘two or three rooms to let to respectable tenants’.[^5] In the 1890s, having come into the fold of Truman, Hanbury & Co., the pub was managed by a series of German-origin licensees, including Thomas Druhan, George Bawn, and Edward Kleinschmidt.[^6] </p>\n\n<p>The present building dates from 1913 when Mrs Catherine Cooper was the licensee. The rebuild for Truman’s was presumably designed by Arthur Edward Sewell, the firm’s in-house architect from 1910. Construction was by Snewin Bros & Co. of Upper Clapton. The emphasis on attractively legible faience lettering is typical of Sewell’s work. The bay window, moulded architraves and pedimented dormer are also characteristically domestic. The main ground-floor bar was originally divided, with the serving counter in the south-west corner diagonally opposite the entrance. To the rear was a single-storey public room. Above was a four-bedroom dwelling. Its interior long-since rearranged, the Princess of Prussia continues under Shepherd Neame, with a sunny semi-sunken beer garden beyond the back room.[^7] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), Land Tax Returns (LT): Bryan Mawer's sugar-refining website: Ancestry</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Charles Voysey, <em>A Corner in the Kingdom of God, 1861–1863</em>, 1905, p.7</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: LT: Post Office Directories (POD): Census</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: <em>East London Observer (ELO)</em>, 1 April 1865, p.3; 21 March 1868; 20 March 1869, p.2: <em>Shipping and Mercantile Gazette</em>, 14 Feb 1870, p.7: Census: The National Archives (TNA), MH12/9359/129</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: <em>ELO</em>, 28 Nov 1885, p.1: Census</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: <em>ELO</em>, 17 Feb 1894, p.7: POD</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: LMA, District Surveyors Returns: London County Council Minutes, 15 Oct 1912, p.799: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, L/THL/D/2/30/119</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2020-08-03",
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"body": "<p>Princess Alexandra House was built in 1965–7 as the Princess Alexandra School of Nursing, to designs by T. P. Bennett & Son, with Faber & Partners, consulting engineers. A playful foil to the height and angular footprint of John Harrison House, it comprises a five-storey rectangular block with a circular lecture theatre encased in a squat brick-built drum, externally faced with concrete. The stark concrete exterior of the projecting lecture theatre contrasts with the administrative appearance of the cuboid block, which has horizontal bands of fenestration separated by dark blue tiles. Each of the principal floors contained teaching spaces and offices arranged around a central corridor. The fourth floor was laid out for a large library with common rooms for students and tutors. The building continues in use by St Bartholomew School of Nursing and Midwifery, part of the School of Health Sciences at City University since 1995.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Royal London Hospital Archives, RLHTH/S/10/33; RLHLH/NE/5; RLHLH/P/2/5/13,14,16,20,26,28; RLHLH/P/3/13; RLHLH/P/7/4/10; RLHLH/Z/2</p>\n",
"created": "2020-02-17",
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{
"id": 542,
"title": "the manorial Court House",
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"body": "<p>An early building on Ducking Pond Row at the north-east corner of Court Street was a debtors’ prison for the Lord of the manor of Stepney. Possibly of sixteenth-century origin, it was certainly present by 1623 when ‘Lord Wentworth’s Jayle within White Chapell’ was mentioned in John Taylor’s poem ‘The Praise and Vertue of a Jayle and Jaylers’. Inefficiencies in the management of the manor, led to the institution on this site of a new Court of Record in 1664. Generally known as Whitechapel Court or Manor Court, in 1703 it was referred to as ‘the Prison House and the Court of Record called the King’s Court of Record for the Manors of Stepney and Hackney’.[^1] The premises provided accommodation for the Lord of the manor’s steward and the chief bailiff. Francis Bramston, the younger brother of (Sir) John Bramston, a local landowner, was appointed steward of the court in 1669. In the early eighteenth century the prison, said to have been capable of holding about a hundred people, was overcrowded with debtors, many owing very small sums or victims of false testimony. The Rev. Thomas Bray publicised this in 1727 and sought to bring relief to the miserable prisoners. The prison’s use declined after 1750 when its role dealing with debts under 40 shillings was transferred to a newly formed Court of Requests for the Tower Hamlets that was not connected to the manor. There were still thirty inmates in 1760, all but three of whom escaped when there was a fire at an adjacent gingerbread baker’s. Acts of 1779 and 1781 removed the power of arrest on mesne process and limited terms of imprisonment to forty days. Hardly used thereafter, the prison was empty in 1800. The property had long since found supplementary use as a Freemasons’ lodge and a public house. Thereafter, the courthouse was adapted to residential use until it was replaced in the mid nineteenth century, its last recorded mention in 1838 being as ‘tenements late Court House’.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), M/93/138: The National Archives, PROB11/832/335</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: LMA, THCS/464: Land Tax returns: M. Dorothy George, <em>London Life in the Eighteenth Century</em>, 1925 (edn 1964), pp. 300,307–9: John Rocque's map, 1746: Richard Horwood's maps, 1799 and 1813: Hubert Llewellyn Smith, <em>The History of East London</em>, 1939, pp.66–70: <em>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography sub</em> Bramston and Bray: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, cuttings 022</p>\n",
"created": "2018-01-03",
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"body": "<p>My grandparents had a jewellery shop and workshop in Black Lion Yard, along with several other jewellers. They lived above the shop. I went there as a young girl, after the war, and till the shop was closed. The living room and kitchen were behind the shop; that's where we ate. Somewhere out of Black Lion Yard there was a street with shops to buy bread, chickens were slaughtered and sold there. I remembeer the smell. Along Whitechapel Road to the left out of the yard, past Blooms, was an ice-cream-soda bar - I must have been about seven (1948) when I remember sitting on a stool with this most delicious drink.</p>\n",
"created": "2018-10-31",
"last_edited": "2019-09-03"
},
{
"id": 956,
"title": "Salmon and Gluckstein Ltd in Whitechapel",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
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"body": "<p>The shop that was at what became 67 Whitechapel Road, formerly No. 34 and five west of Black Lion Yard, has an important place in business history, in particular that of Salmon and Gluckstein, the tobacconists’ firm through which the catering empire of J. Lyons & Co. Ltd was established. Samuel Glückstein (1821–1873), a German-Jewish immigrant who arrived in east London in 1843, set up as a cigar maker and dealer, securing a workshop in Soho before 1855 from when he lived over a shop at 37 Whitechapel High Street with his wife, children (eleven by 1863) and four servants. That building was cleared in the late 1860s for the extension of Commercial Road and the family moved to Leman Street, on the west side north of Prescot Street. In 1870 Gluckstein fell out with his partners, brother Henry Gluckstein (1832–1905), who lived four doors away on Leman Street, and brother-in-law, Lawrence Abrahams. Following a court ruling all their assets were auctioned off. </p>\n\n<p>By 1872 Samuel, in poor health, and his family had moved to this Whitechapel Road shophouse, which had a large shed–workshop to the rear with access from Black Lion Yard. Barnett Salmon (1829–1897), a fellow east London Jewish tobacco-dealer who had become a son-in-law, and Samuel’s two eldest sons, Isidore (1851–1920) and Montague Gluckstein (1854–1922), ran the cigar and tobacco business trading as Salmon and Gluckstein Ltd. The Whitechapel Road premises were a ‘factory’ for a firm that now grew rapidly opening several branch shops across London within a few years. The company continued to operate from this address until about 1905 by when it had become the world’s largest retail tobacconists and been bought by Imperial Tobacco. Montague Gluckstein diversified into catering for exhibitions from 1887 and the first Lyons’ teashop opened in 1894. Meanwhile, Lawrence Abrahams and Henry Gluckstein ran a separate cigar business as Abrahams and Gluckstein, with a shop at 26 Whitechapel High Street from 1873 into the 1890s, during which decade they were also briefly at 120 Whitechapel High Street.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Post Office Directories: Ordnance Survey maps: Census returns: Ancestry: Peter Bird, <em>The First Food Empire</em>, 2000: Thomas Harding, <em>Legacy: One Family, a Cup of Tea and the Company that Took on the World</em>, 2019</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2019-09-03",
"last_edited": "2019-09-03"
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{
"id": 813,
"title": "Bradbury Court, site of Evershed House",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
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"b_name": "Bradbury Court, 24 Old Castle Street",
"street": "Old Castle Street",
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"body": "<p>Bradbury Court is a five-storey block of affordable-rent flats, built as part of the <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/1454/detail/#redevelopment-of-denning-point-and-the-new-holland-estate\">regeneration of the New Holland estate</a>. Its roof features photovoltaic panels and the wall finish is rain-screen cladding.[^1] It is named after Bradbury House, part of the <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/1454/detail/#denning-point-and-the-new-holland-estate\">New Holland estate</a>, which stood on the site of <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/417/detail/#kensington-apartments\">Kensington Apartments</a>. The building that stood on the site of Bradbury Court was Evershed House, a block of 16 flats run by the Toynbee Housing Association. It wa sopened by the Prime Minister Edward heath on 23 September 1970 and named after Lord Evershed, Master of the Rolls, who had been Chairman of the Toynbee Hall Council from 1954, and had forestalled attempts in the 1950s to move Toynbee Hall out of Whitechapel, and an approach in 1960 by the LCC Planning and Valuation Department’s to take the site of Toynbee Hall for part of its comprehensive redevelopment plans.[^2] Like most of the low-rise blocks on the New Holland estate it was a rectilinear concrete-framed block, faced in dark-grey brick, with strips of expressed concrete floorplates. Evershed House was demolished c.2013 as part of the regeneration of the New Holland estate, which had been handed over to EastEnd Homes in 2005. <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/419/detail/#nos-28-to-42-old-castle-street-and-new-evershed-house\">New Evershed House</a> further up Old Castle Street was its replacement.</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: all information from Tower Hamlets planning applications online, unless otherwise stated</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Asa Briggs and Anne Macartney, Toynbee Hall: The First Hundred Years, London 1984, pp. 149-50</p>\n",
"created": "2018-12-20",
"last_edited": "2019-08-06"
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{
"id": 407,
"title": "Working at Wooly's, early 1960s",
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"id": 172,
"username": "patricia"
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"properties": {
"b_number": "1",
"b_name": "The Relay Building, 1 Commercial Street",
"street": "1 Commercial Street",
"address": "The Relay Building, 1 Commercial Street, London E1 ",
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"body": "<p>I had a job at Netties hair salon in Black Lion Yard when I was 13 or 14 but most of Nettie's clientele were old, and I found it difficult to wash their hair. After a few weeks, I was fired as I think most of the customers complained I didn't do a good job shampooing. No matter, soon after I got a Saturday job at Woolworths (or Wooly's as everyone called it) on Whitechapel High Street, close to Aldgate East station. I think I was 14. A few girls from my school, Robert Montefiore secondary, also worked there. We wore green uniforms, and the cash was at the counter you worked at (no check outs). I was on the haberdashery counter. I think I stayed a year or two.</p>\n",
"created": "2017-07-05",
"last_edited": "2020-09-18"
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}