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"id": 1003,
"title": "8–20 New Road",
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"body": "<p>In 1807 the London Hospital’s governors resolved to open their estate east of New Road to building development, the west side of New Road having been built up on the hospital estate's behalf by Thomas Barnes in the 1790s. The initial east-side focus was on the southern stretch of New Road from Commercial Road to Walden Street, offered as three plots. Ninety-nine-year leases that ran from Christmas 1807 were generally executed after John Walters, the hospital’s surveyor, granted certificates of completion. New Road’s east side was built up gradually, with the earliest houses completed around 1810. Until 1863 it was known as Somerset Place (the west side being Gloucester Terrace) as far as Mount Place, at the north on City land.</p>\n\n<p>The early row between Nelson Street and Varden Street (Nos 8–20) is mostly intact, tucked away from the expansion of the hospital and the development pressures of Commercial Road. Nos 8–12 were completed by 1810, when leases were taken by Peter Grose, Thomas Spurway and James Spurway. The corner with Varden Street had been built up by 1812, when a lease was granted to William Harrison for Nos 18–20. John Murray agreed to complete the intervening houses at Nos 14–16 in 1831. By this time Somerset Place was peppered with shops and businesses, including that of Thomas Turner, a stonemason who had a yard behind the corner with Nelson Street. No. 12 was occupied by William Gardner, a mathematical instrument maker, prior to 1859 when the premises were taken by Walter S. Burrows, a surgeon-dentist, who was probably responsible for the showy stucco façade. By this time, No. 20 was in use as a beer-shop known as the Somerset Arms, which continued to trade until around 1913. An interloper in the row is No. 18, built around 1907 with a shaped parapet and copious red-brick bands.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Ingrid Roscoe <em>et al</em>, <em>A Biographical Dictionary of Sculptors in Britain, 1660–1851</em>, 2009, p. 1287: <em>East London Observer</em>, 8 Oct 1859; 21 Jan 1860: London County Council Minutes, 22 Jan 1907, p. 84: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 2 Feb 1858: <em>Shoreditch Observer</em>, 18 May 1912: Post Office Directories</p>\n",
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"title": "English Martyrs’ Roman Catholic Church ",
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"body": "<p>The Roman Catholic Church of the English Martyrs was built in 1873–6 on the site of three houses of the 1680s of a three-storey form typical of Prescot Street. Among the occupants of the middle house was Joseph Threlkeld (d. 1758), an eminent silk thrower and a Mercer, who was in Goodman’s Fields by 1727 and at this address by 1733, his widow continuing into the 1770s.[^1] John Pearson followed by 1775, the house possibly rebuilt as its taxable value had increased. Mrs Pearson ran a school here for twenty years, instructing female boarders in writing, drawing, dancing, geography, and music. At the end of the Pearsons’ tenure in 1798 the house was reported to have behind it ‘a large handsome room, about 50ft by 35ft, suitable for a concert or ballroom, or for a genteel Lady’s School, in which occupation it has been kept with great reputation for many years, or would make an excellent workshop, or warehouse for dry goods’.[^2] Around 1850, the house and its back room were taken for use by the Sailors’ Orphan Girls’ School and Home, which had been preceded from 1829 elsewhere on Prescot Street by the Sailors’ Female Orphan Home, founded by the Rev. George Charles ‘Boatswain’ Smith, a Nonconformist. In 1839 twenty-five girls lived at the Home at 66 Prescot Street, near the east end of the north side. It declared its aim as being to ‘clothe, maintain, and suitably prepare as servants the destitute orphans of sailors’.[^3] The Sailors’ Orphan Girls’ Episcopal School and Asylum, a separate Anglican initiative, amalgamated with the Home in 1852 to form the Sailors’ Orphan Girls’ School and Home at this address on the south side of Prescot Street. A larger building was soon required and fundraising resulted in the school’s removal to Hampstead in 1862.[^4] Robert Taylor Pritchett (1828–1907), an eminent gunmaker known as the Father of the Enfield Rifle, took the house and workshop for a few years after the school’s relocation, having inherited his father’s business supplying arms to the East India Company and Board of Ordnance. Pritchett later had a successful career as an artist and illustrator.[^5] </p>\n\n<p>The flanking houses on the church site were leased by merchants and attorneys in the eighteenth century. From the 1840s until 1866 that to the west was a cigar factory employing 120 men, the garden wholly built over.[^6] </p>\n\n<p>The Church of the English Martyrs owes its foundation to the Oblates of Mary Immaculate, an order of Catholic priests founded in 1816 by Eugène de Mazenod (1782–1861), later Bishop of Marseilles. On a visit to London in 1850 de Mazenod identified Tower Hill as a suitable base for the extension of the Oblate ministry. Evangelism among the poor was a priority and impoverished Irish Catholics, many of them refugees from famine, lived in dense concentration around Royal Mint Street and the docks further south. A counterpart site was also acquired in Kilburn, then ‘pure country’, to provide a retreat. </p>\n\n<p>The broad intention to establish an east London branch had been set, but there was a hiatus before the Oblates’ Tower Hill mission was practically initiated. In the meantime, the Roman Catholic Church of St Mary and St Michael opened in 1856, but it was well to the east on Commercial Road, too far away to serve the Irish immigrants near the docks.[^7] </p>\n\n<p>Father Robert Cooke resurrected the Tower Hill project in 1864 after being appointed the Oblates’ Vicar Provincial, and conducted open-air masses under the railway lines over Little Prescot Street. In February 1865, Charles Walker, a wealthy supporter of many Catholic church-building projects in London in the early 1860s, identified a suitable site for the establishment of a permanent base, probably Pritchett’s Prescot Street house in the first instance. With Cooke’s blessing, Walker put up £1,000 to secure a quick purchase, preventing a sale to a Jewish agent who intended to build a synagogue. The balance was borrowed and a temporary iron and wood church manufactured by Tupper and Co. was put up behind the house in 1866 and opened by Cardinal Manning. This was internally partitioned and used for teaching. The local need for education was such that Cooke prioritised the building of a school over a more substantial church. He also judged that potential donors would be more readily supportive of a school, a point of importance given the Oblates’ debts. Cooke’s scheme succeeded, subscriptions allowing for the building of a permanent school behind the church on Chamber Street in 1870–2.[^8] Development of the Prescot Street site was not the only preoccupation of the small team of Oblate priests. Difficulties recruiting German-speaking clergy from within the diocese led the Oblates to commit to overseeing the German Roman Catholic Church of St Boniface (see p.xx) for five years from 1870, supposing that their international reach would ensure the recruitment of suitable clergy. Masses for both German and Irish congregations were held at Prescot Street, but tensions between the groups led to ‘open revolt, bitter quarrelling and violent recrimination’ in 1873. The collapse of St Boniface’s converted theatre in that year compounded problems and prompted full separation of the congregations, deemed an ‘absolute necessity’ if the German mission was to prosper.[^9] English Martyrs and St Boniface were therefore substantial local Catholic building projects seeking funding at exactly the same time. The Oblates withdrew from St Boniface to devote full attention to the congregation and building project at English Martyrs.[^10]</p>\n\n<p>Plans for a new church across the three house plots were advanced in 1872, to designs by Edward Welby Pugin (1834–1875). The foundation stone was laid in May 1873, but difficulties, financial and to do with property acquisition, caused construction to stall for two years – it was not until well into the twentieth century that the freehold for the whole site was secured. Peter Paul Pugin and Cuthbert Welby Pugin oversaw the building’s completion after their older brother’s death, working with his former partner, George C. Ashlin. Building work of 1875–6 was undertaken by W. H. Lascelles of Bunhill Row for £10,000.[^11]</p>\n\n<p>Cardinal Manning returned to open the completed Church of English Martyrs on 22 June 1876, the anniversary of Bishop John Fisher’s martyrdom at Tower Hill in 1535. The naming of the church had local resonance, perhaps also aiming to connect the Irish congregation to an English identity.The Oblates were proud of the church, consistently referring to it hereafter as one of the finest in London notwithstanding its comparatively modest scale.[^12] </p>\n\n<p>The façade of the church, of yellow-stock brick with Portland stone bands and heavily traceried in a French manner with an eight-light and rose window, is rendered strongly asymmetrical by a stone open stage and spire atop an octagonal eastern stair turret, answered only by a gablet-headed buttress to a western turret, thus resembling E. W. Pugin’s St Alexandra, Bootle, of 1866–7. Twin entrance doors have lavishly ornamental surrounds, though want of money meant intended embellishment had to be curtailed. The over-door tympana were decorated in 1961 with gold-leaf and mosaic depictions of Bishop John Fisher and Sir Thomas More by Arthur Fleischmann. The whole façade is set back from the street allowing for a basement area with access to a short crypt. Initially used by the Christian Young Men’s Association, this has since housed an arts club.[^13] </p>\n\n<p>The basilica form of English Martyrs was typical of Pugin’s urban churches at the end of his career. The wide and lofty central nave and chancel are united under a strikingly articulated stone-ribbed pointed-arched vault. The compact site was almost as wide as it was long, foiling any attempt at a building of ideal Gothic Revival proportions, and obliging Pugin to conceive unusually deep galleries to maximize capacity. In this and other respects the layout is analogous to that of many Nonconformist chapels. Entering from Prescot Street, one passes under a gallery before the nave and a view of the shallow sanctuary to the south (liturgical east) open up, a transition that protects the congregation from the noise of the street. The stair turrets flank the entrances for gallery access. Two stages of squat polished-granite columns with densely carved foliate capitals support shallow arcades to the groin-vaulted side aisles and a clerestory with traceried windows. Pugin responded to the constraints of the site by building high, with St Germain l’Auxerrois in Paris cited as a precedent. One verdict was: ‘cleverly and judiciously arranged’.[^14] </p>\n\n<p>A large seven-light and rose window rises above and behind the sanctuary. The transepts also have rose windows. Chapels dedicated to the Sacred Heart and Holy Spirit flank the sanctuary, east and west, with altars carved respectively by Mayer of Munich and Richard Lockwood Boulton of Cheltenham, a frequent collaborator in Pugin churches, here contributing a fine piece depicting Pentecost in three panels. Above are two smaller stained-glass rose windows. That to the east, the Sacred Heart window, attributed to Lavers and Westlake, was installed in 1880 along with a now lost grander window illustrating Irish ecclesiastical history, with Pope Celestine and the four provinces of Ireland represented by two nuns and two bishops. Marble and alabaster communion rails, designed by E. W. Pugin and installed by Boulton in 1881, are partially preserved, altered in the 1960s following the Second Vatican Council. On the aisle walls there are coloured panel reliefs of the Stations of the Cross alongside a Pietà by Mayer and a stone and alabaster monument to Father Cooke (d. 1882) by Boulton, its site having been selected by Pugin in 1875.[^15] </p>\n\n<p>The Shrine of Our Lady of Graces beyond the east transept is perhaps the most distinguished feature of the interior of English Martyrs. Constructed in 1883, though installation of the figure of Our Lady was delayed until 1887, this commemorates the Cistercian abbey of St Mary Graces, founded by Edward III in 1350 near by to the south at East Smithfield, on the site later occupied by the Royal Mint. The younger Pugins and Ashlin oversaw its design, and construction costs were fully borne by Susanna Rachel Walker (d. 1883), Charles’s sister. She diverted funds initially intended for a new Oblates’ church on the south coast, electing to adorn this shrine in the most expensive materials. Separated from the rest of the church by a double arch, the shrine has a groined and decorated ceiling and is semi-octagonal to the east, where its centre bay houses a richly sculpted niche by Boulton, the focus of which is a Carrara marble statue of Our Lady of Graces lit by a concealed skylight. Below, the tabernacle and alabaster altar are likely attributable to John Hardman. The flanking bays are brightened by mosaics that recall the founding of the abbey, installed in 1961 and attributed to Fleischmann. A lamp in the form of a ship commemorates St Margaret, who sailed from Tower Hill to Leith. A matching ship hung in the Church of St Mary Star of the Sea, Leith.[^16] </p>\n\n<p>The original sacristy south-east of the Sacred Heart chapel was reorganized in relation to the adjacent school and presbytery in 1900. Impending canonization of Sir Thomas More and Bishop John Fisher prompted a remaking of the sanctuary in 1928–30 as a shrine to the English Martyrs, made to designs by J. S. Gilbert, with J. & R. Thompson of Acton as builders. A stone screen with three pointed arches embraces an altar, though this is not as envisioned by Gilbert. A wrought-iron grille bears armorial escutcheons of martyrs, and there are statues of twelve martyrs in corbelled niches to either side, next to gabled niches hosting our Lady Help of Christians and St Joseph. The stained glass of the south (liturgical east) window, by William Earley of Dublin, was part of this project. It represents thirty-two English martyrs around Christ crucified. As had been noted after an earlier redecoration, ‘Pugin Churches have the great advantage of pleasing the eye in their plainest simplicity and of leaving room for new beauties to shine forth whenever more money can be spent on them.’[^17] </p>\n\n<p>A bomb fell through the roof in 1940, destroying a red-marble pulpit of 1877 by Pugin & Pugin, but little else as it failed to explode. Stained glass was safely in storage and later reinstalled. By the late 1950s, an inner glass screen had been installed to the north to form a porch. After demolition of the presbytery in 1982, the sacristy, office and a confessional were re-orientated around access from No. 30.[^18] </p>\n\n<p>English Martyrs supported an active and devoted congregation well into the twentieth century, but the potential of the church to accommodate large numbers of poor Irish labourers was only briefly realised. The church and school were intended in the 1860s to serve a parish of 6,000, but cholera and the MBW’s slum clearance south of Royal Mint Street after 1875 saw the population of the parish drop to just 2,000, a growing proportion being Jewish following immigration from eastern Europe. Decanting of residents in more slum clearance in the 1950s and ’60s caused a further fall in attendances. Even so, an annual procession that had been instituted in 1895 continued to serve as a high-point of church life until the late twentieth century, drawing former parishioners back for reunions. After the first such procession, the Master of the Guild of Our Lady of Ransom wrote to thank members of ‘the Jewish colony in and about Great Prescot Street’ for their sympathy.[^19] The Oblates had enjoyed warm relations with Jewish and Protestant neighbours from their arrival, owing in large measure to work co-ordinating the distribution of relief during a cholera outbreak. Late twentieth-century decline in the resident congregation was to some extent countered. As early as the 1970s, a priest was employed to administer mass in Polish, and City workers bolstered lunchtime masses from the 1980s. The church carries on in the early twenty-first century, latterly boosted by visitors from the district’s new hotels. The parish priest lives next door at No. 30, and the Oblates have a retreat to the rear at 62 Chamber Street.[^20]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), Poll Book 1727, p.95; Land Tax Returns (LT): The National Archives (TNA), PROB11/838/95: www.londonroll.org/event/?company=mrc&event_id=MCML17781778: <em>Daily Advertiser</em>, 31 Aug 1745, p.1</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: <em>Morning Chronicle</em>, 4 March 1794, p.2; 20 Aug 1798, p.4: <em>Daily Advertiser</em>, 2 Jan 1776, p.3: 4s£: LT: TNA, PROB11/83/95</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: <em>London Evening Standard</em>, 30 May 1839, p.2; 20 Sept 1838, p.1: <em>Globe</em>, 30 May 1839, p.3: <em>Annual Report of the Sailors’ Orphan Girls’ Episcopal School and Asylum</em>, 1847: Census: Roald Kverndal, <em>Seamen's Missions: Their Origin and Early Growth</em>, 1986, p.321</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: <em>Express (London)</em>, 18 May 1852, p.3: www.childrenshomes.org.uk/HampsteadSailors/</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 18 May 1852, p.3: Post Office Directories (POD): <em>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography sub</em> Pritchett</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: LT: Ancestry: POD: Census</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), Jean Olwen Maynard, ‘History of the parish of English Martyrs, vol.1, 1865–1870’, <em>c.</em>2005, pp.13,20–1,28: English Martyrs' Church (EMC), letter from Father Cooke to the Superior General, 21 Oct 1865; Codex Historicus</p>\n\n<p>[^8]: Metropolitan Board of Works Minutes, 21 April 1865, p.498; 29 Jan 1869, p.137: Alexander Rottman, <em>London Catholic Churches: A historical & artistic record</em>, 1926, pp.165–9: <em>East London Observer (ELO)</em>, 25 June 1870, p.5; 16 May 1874, p.8: Ordnance Survey maps: THLHLA, Maynard, ‘English Marytrs, vol.1’, pp.31,33,54: <a href=\"https://taking-stock.org.uk/building/tower-hill-the-english-martyrs/\">taking-stock.org.uk/building/tower-hill-the-english-martyrs/</a></p>\n\n<p>[^9]: EMC, letter from Father Victor Fick to the General Oblates Mary Immaculate, 14 May 1873</p>\n\n<p>[^10]: Maynard, ‘English Martyr, vol.2’, pp.6–7,25–6</p>\n\n<p>[^11]: <em>The Builder</em>, 31 May 1873, p.435; 7 Nov 1874, p.938; 19 Aug 1876, p.819: <em>Building News</em>, 5 Feb 1875, p.150; 24 Dec 1875: <em>British Architect</em>, 31 Dec 1880, p.288: <em>ELO</em>, 16 May 1874, p. 8: LMA, District Surveyors Returns (DSR): EMC, Codex Historicus; letter from Willes Gladstone Solicitors to Trustees of the Oblates, 21 Feb 1935</p>\n\n<p>[^12]: <em>British Architect and Northern Engineer</em>, 30 June 1876, p.352: <em>Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer</em>, 24 June 1876, p.6: EMC, Codex Historicus</p>\n\n<p>[^13]: <em>Building News</em>, 5 Feb 1875, p.150: EMC, parish accounts, 1961; Codex Historicus</p>\n\n<p>[^14]: <em>British Architect and Northern Engineer</em>, 30 June 1876, p.352</p>\n\n<p>[^15]: <em>British Architect</em>, 31 Dec 1880, p.288: EMC, bills from Boulton; Codex Historicus</p>\n\n<p>[^16]: EMC, bills from Boulton; centenary brochure, 1965; parish accounts, 1961; Codex Historicus; information kindly supplied by Rory O’Donnell and Robert Drake: taking-stock.org.uk/building/tower-hill-the-english-martyrs/</p>\n\n<p>[^17]: EMC, <em>Missionary Record</em>, 1903, as quoted in Codex Historicus, p.58; visitation returns, 1932: LMA, DSR; SC/55/07/024/223; SC/55/07/024/222: Maynard, ‘English Martyrs, vol.2’, p.34</p>\n\n<p>[^18]: Maynard, ‘English Martyrs, vol.2’, p.34: EMC, Codex Historicus; centenary brochure, 1965; parish accounts, 1959 and 1962; visitation returns, 1963; letters to Father Dunne, 1976; letter from Father Coady, 1982</p>\n\n<p>[^19]: <em>Jewish Chronicle</em>, 13 Sept 1895, p.7: <em>Pall Mall Gazette</em>, 5 Sept 1892, p.6: EMC, visitation returns, 1892; Codex Historicus: <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/1297/detail/#the-draw-of-english-martyrs\">surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/1297/detail/#the-draw-of-english-martyrs</a>; <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/1297/detail/#the-draw-of-english-martyrs\">surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/1297/detail/#the-draw-of-english-martyrs</a></p>\n\n<p>[^20]: EMC, Codex Historicus; receipts and payments, 1972: information kindly supplied by Oliver Barry</p>\n",
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"body": "<p>From <em>The Worst it Can Be is a Disaster</em> (2007), the autobiography of the theatre director Braham Murray (b. 1943):</p>\n\n<p>'This is the last chapter and it's time to talk about Uncle Max, or more accurately Great-uncle Max. My mother's paternal family name was Prevezer. Originally there were seven sons and four of them escaped from the Nazis to England. They came over on the onion boats with nothing. My grandparents Sam and Fay, waited outside the stocking factories where each night the rejects were thrown out. They matched them up and sold them off their barrow in the East End. Eventually they made enough to buy a proper shop, S. Prevezer Hosiery in Whitechapel High Street [No. 86]....</p>\n\n<p>The curse of the Prevezers was total emotional constipation. Inside they were cauldrons of feeling but none of it could be expressed.... Uncle Max was the most extreme example of the Prevezer curse. He had a shop [No. 93] about 20 yards from my grandfather, M. Prevezer Hosiery. Whenever I visited him my grandfather always sent me to say 'hello' to Uncle Max. This I did and always got some pocket money for my pains.</p>\n\n<p>One day Uncle Max simply stopped talking. When I went to say hello he merely grunted. \"Hello, Uncle Max.\"</p>\n\n<p>Grunt.</p>\n\n<p>\"How are you?\"</p>\n\n<p>Grunt.</p>\n\n<p>\"How's Auntie Bertha?\"</p>\n\n<p>Grunt </p>\n\n<p>\"I've got to go now, Uncle Max.\"</p>\n\n<p>Grunt, and some pocket money.</p>\n\n<p>Uncle Max retreated from the world. It was a tendency in all the brothers...'</p>\n",
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"properties": {
"b_number": "92-3",
"b_name": "92-3 Whitechapel High Street",
"street": "Whitechapel High Street",
"address": "92-3 Whitechapel High Street",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
"count": 6,
"search_str": "92-3 Whitechapel High Street"
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"body": "<p>This pair of narrow shop-houses has been a single building since 2002, the shop portion since 1990 at the latest. Both were built in 1861-2, No. 92 to the designs of G. H. Simmonds, architect of the <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/16/detail/\">Eastern Dispensary in Leman Street</a> (and displays a similar taste for rusticated quoins) and alterations to <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/452/detail/#st-mary-street-school\">St Mary Street school</a>.[^1] The client was the Whitechapel Charities, which was an assortment of parish-run charities, which had owned the house since, at latest, the 1750s.[^2] It was leased from 1748 to 1804 to the hosier and worsted manufacturer George Shelley, and later his son.[^3]</p>\n\n<p>From 1863 No 92 was the home of John Stephens (1808-80), a greengrocer-turned-medical botanist, who had been acquitted in 1851 for manslaughter after administering a powder containing cayenne pepper and lobelia.[^4] At No. 92 he pursued his alternative practice, hosted sessions led by his mentor, the American Dr Albert Isaiah Coffin, and established the Anti-Compulsory Vaccination Society in 1869: ‘let us throw off this tyranny’.[^5]</p>\n\n<p>The building previously and subsequently in the nineteenth century was more conventionally occupied by a succession of milliners, silversmiths, jewellers and feather dealers followed by corset-makers, and dealers in gowns and knitted goods. Even so, it had links with eminence of different kinds. Reginald (Peter) Southouse Cheyney (1896–1951), who rose to success as an author of crime fiction, was born here, and Abram Bronowski, father of the mathematician and broadcaster Jacob Bronowski, was here in the 1930s, as was Gelkoff's, confectioners, from 1956 to 1988.[^6] Along with No 93, the shop is now a Costcutter supermarket.</p>\n\n<p>No 93 is more stolidly commercial than its twin at 92, with simple pairs of windows, the whole front now rendered. Its predecessor, with five hearths, was from the 1660s to his death in 1683, the premises of Christopher Worth, a tallowchandler, who issued trade tokens with the sign of the hen and chickens.[^7] He left the house and business to his relative Robert Worth and the rest to his daughter Hannah and son-in-law Mordecai Fromanteel, a silkthrowster and part of the extended Fromanteel family that included his uncle, the clockmaker Ahasuerus Fromanteel.[^8] The wholesale stationer Nathaniel Mead was here from the 1820s to the 1840s, latterly with his partner Nathaniel Powel, before their move to the larger <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/383/detail/\">No. 101</a> in 1848. The building’s lengthy back extension, added in 1881-2, once hemmed in by the buildings of <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/384/detail/\">Spread Eagle Yard</a> and <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/322/detail/\">Inkhorn Court</a>, is now marooned in the NCP car park. No. 93 was a building of many businesses (hats, cigars, dining rooms) in the later nineteenth century, few apart from Henry Coe, brush manufacturer there for twenty years to the 1870s, staying more than a few years. The twentieth century was, with the exception of Lewis, photographers, here c. 1917, in typical Whitechapel rag trade use, with Max Prevezer, a reticent wholesale hosier, in occupation from the 1930s to the 1980s.[^9]</p>\n\n<p>In 2002 the upper floors of the two buildings were fully integrated in conversion into self-contained flats, known as Atlantis House, and an extra storey was added.[^10]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: <em>The Builder </em>(<em>B</em>), 31 Aug 1861, p. 604</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), Land Tax returns (LT): <em>Operative Bricklayers’ Society’s Trade Circular</em>, 1 Oct 1861, p. 14: <em>B</em>, 31 Aug 1861, p. 604</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: LT: The National Archives (TNA), PROB 11/1351/292</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: ‘More Coffinism’, <em>Medical Times and Gazette</em>, 19 Nov 1853, pp. 532-3: Ancestry</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: <em>East London Observer</em> (<em>ELO</em>), 10 Oct 1863, p. 1; 4 June 1864, p. 1: <em>Framlingham Weekly News</em>, 5 Feb 1870, p. 4: TNA, COPY 1/4/350: Dr A.I. Coffin, <em>The Botanic Guide to Health</em>, London, 1845</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: Post Office Directories (POD): Census: information Barry Gelkoff: <em>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB) sub </em>Cheyney</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: British Museum, T.3967: George C. Williamson and William Boyne, <em>Trade Tokens Issued in the Seventeenth Sentury in England, Wales and Ireland by Corporations, Merchants, Tradesmen etc</em>., Volumes 1-2, London, 1889, p. 793: Hearth Tax returns, 1666, 1674-5: LMA, DL/C/B/009/MS09172/071/179: Ancestry</p>\n\n<p>[^8]: TNA, PROB 11/448/358</p>\n\n<p>[^9]: POD: Braham Murray (Max Prevezer’s nephew), <em>All It Can Be Is a Disaster</em>, London, 2002</p>\n\n<p>[^10]: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n",
"created": "2018-07-12",
"last_edited": "2020-08-18"
},
{
"id": 344,
"title": "'Crofts', 28 Newark Street",
"author": {
"id": 11,
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"properties": {
"b_number": "26–28",
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"street": "Turner Street",
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"body": "<p><strong>Excerpt from a letter from a former resident to the Central Nursing Office at the London Hospital, 11 October 1987:[^1] </strong></p>\n\n<p>The above property is situated on the corner of Newark Street and Turner Street, the entrance in Turner Street. Facing Newark Street is the side of St Philip’s Church, the opposite corner Gwynne House, a dull grey building. Formerly it was known as ‘Crofts’, latterly as 28 Newark Street.</p>\n\n<p>This residence was run as a boarding/guest house for medical students by a Mr and Mrs Croft from 1932 to the outbreak of the Second World War. Mr Croft worked as a steward/waiter in the medical college in one of their dining rooms. What it was used for during the war I do not know... In 1947 it became a very senior sisters' house, each had a sitting room, separate bedroom, shared bathrooms, and a kitchen for all to use. I lived in this residence for nearly three years... I have no knowledge of its usage from the autumn of 1954 to 1972. The structural repair of this building was undertaken by an estate office run by the London Hospital, it cared for other properties belonging to the hospital.</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Royal London Hospital Archives, RLHLH/Z/2, Gwynne House Subject File</p>\n",
"created": "2017-04-03",
"last_edited": "2020-02-17"
},
{
"id": 1005,
"title": "26–34 and 40–42 Newark Street",
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"body": "<p>The portion of Newark Street lying on the London Hospital’s estate is divided into three blocks from New Road eastwards to Cavell Street. Originally New Street, sections were called Little Rutland Street, New Terrace and Stebon Place up to 1864. It all became Newark Street in 1890. Leases were granted for completed dwellings close to New Road between 1810 and 1813.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>The surviving three-storey houses on the south side of Newark Street (Nos 26–34 and 40–42), opposite St Philip’s Church, were originally named New Terrace and were among the largest dwellings on the London Hospital estate, matched only by those in Philpot Street. Nos 26–28 were built as a pair of two-bay houses with two-room plans, rear staircases and raised basements, No. 26 being entered from Turner Street. Mary and Ann Parker were granted a building lease for these lots in 1830. The houses were acquired by the hospital in 1886 and converted into a nurses’ residence that became a boarding house for medical students in the 1930s, then, after the Second World War, accommodation for senior sisters, who each had a bedroom and a private sitting room.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>A variation to the pattern of two-bay façades with evenly spaced sash windows is evident at 30–32 Newark Street, where a central first-floor relieving arch encloses a pair of narrow windows. A building lease was granted to Mary Eleanor Haines in June 1826. These houses were also made nurses’ accommodation in 1886, and converted into laboratories and offices for the dental department in the 1980s. More recently, they have been divided into flats. Nos 34, 40 and 42 Philpot Street, separated by the former St Philip’s National School and vicarage, have first-floor relieving arches and round-arched doorways with fluted door surrounds. No. 34 was completed in 1835, when a lease was granted to Joseph Adams. A building lease for Nos 40–42 was taken in 1839 by Henry Cook Maister, who agreed to complete this pair with 67–69 Philpot Street. No. 34 was purchased by the Rev. Sidney Vatcher in 1894 and converted into offices for the East End Emigration Society, an organization that assisted with migrations to Canada, America, South Africa and Australasia.[^3] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Ordnance Survey maps: Royal London Hospital Archives (RLHA), RLHLH/S/1/3: <em>Shoreditch Observer</em>, 25 Aug 1860: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 22 May 1865: <em>Pall Mall Gazette</em>, 14 March 1865: <em>East London Observer (ELO)</em>, 28 May 1870</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: RLHA, RLHLH/Z/2, Gwynne House subject file</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: RLHA, RLHLH/A/5/45, p.424; RLHLH/A/5/46, p.205: <em>ELO</em>, 26 Dec 1896: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n",
"created": "2020-02-17",
"last_edited": "2020-02-17"
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{
"id": 121,
"title": "Historic England list description for 30-32 Newark Street",
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"body": "<p>Excerpt from Historic England list entry for 30-32 Newark Street (listed at Grade II):</p>\n\n<p>NEWARK STREET E1 1. 4431 (South Side) Nos 30 and 32 TQ 3481 15/495 II GV 2. Early C19. Stock brick with parapet, poof not visible. 3 storeys and basement. 2 windows each. Gauged flat arches to recessed windows on 1st and 2nd floors, those on 1st floor in round arched recesses. Sashes, mostly with glazing bars. Brick band below coping. Stone band at 1st floor. Round headed doors with segmental fanlights and quadrant fluted pilasters to door frames.<br>\n<br>\nNo 28 to 42 (even) form a group with St Augustine with St Philip's Church, Stepney Way.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Historic England, National Heritage List for England, list entry number: 1065093 (online: https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1065093, accessed 26 August 2016).</p>\n",
"created": "2016-08-26",
"last_edited": "2020-02-17"
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{
"id": 122,
"title": "Historic England list description for 30-32 Newark Street",
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"body": "<p>Excerpt from Historic England list entry for 30-32 Newark Street (listed at Grade II):</p>\n\n<p>NEWARK STREET E1 1. 4431 (South Side) Nos 30 and 32 TQ 3481 15/495 II GV 2. Early C19. Stock brick with parapet, poof not visible. 3 storeys and basement. 2 windows each. Gauged flat arches to recessed windows on 1st and 2nd floors, those on 1st floor in round arched recesses. Sashes, mostly with glazing bars. Brick band below coping. Stone band at 1st floor. Round headed doors with segmental fanlights and quadrant fluted pilasters to door frames.<br>\n<br>\nNo 28 to 42 (even) form a group with St Augustine with St Philip's Church, Stepney Way.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Historic England, National Heritage List for England, list entry number: 1065093 (online: https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1065093, accessed 26 August 2016).</p>\n",
"created": "2016-08-26",
"last_edited": "2020-02-17"
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{
"id": 123,
"title": "Historic England list description for 34 Newark Street",
"author": {
"id": 11,
"username": "amyspencer"
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"body": "<p>Excerpt from Historic England list entry for 34 Newark Street (listed at Grade II):</p>\n\n<p>NEWARK STREET E1 1. 4431 (South Side) No 34 TQ 3481 15/496 II GV 2. Early C19. Stock brick with parapet, roof not visible. 3 storeys and basement. 2 windows. Gauged flat arches to recessed 1st and 2nd floor windows, those on 1st floor in round arched recesses. Sashes with glazing bars. Brick band below coping. Stone band at 1st floor. Iron balconies to 1st floor windows. Round headed door with segmental fanlight and thin fluted columns to door frame.<br>\n<br>\nNo 28 to 42 (even) form a group with St Augustine with St Philip's Church, Stepney Way.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Historic England, National Heritage List for England, list entry number: 1357859 (online: https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1357859, accessed 26 August 2016).</p>\n",
"created": "2016-08-26",
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"id": 129,
"title": "Historic England list description for 40-42 Newark Street",
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"body": "<p>Excerpt from Historic England list entry for 40-42 Newark Street (listed at Grade II):</p>\n\n<p>1. NEWARK STREET E1 4431 (South Side) Nos 40 and 42 TQ 3481 15/499 II 2. GV<br>\n<br>\nEarly C19. Stock brick with parapet. Roof not visible. 3 storeys and basement. 2 sash windows each, ground floor windows round headed, 1st floor in brick arched recesses. All glazing bars except 1st floor of No 40. Iron balconies at 1st floor. Doorcases, moulded stucco surrounds, round arched with semi-circular fanlights No 40 has a 4 panel door.<br>\n<br>\nNo 28 to 42 (even) form a group with St Augustine with St Philip's Church, Stepney Way.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Historic England, National Heritage List for England, list entry number: 1357860 (online: https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1357860, accessed 26 August 2016).</p>\n",
"created": "2016-08-26",
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{
"id": 831,
"title": "My Home in Whitechapel",
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"body": "<p>This is an extract of an account published in the Pall Mall Gazette in 1903 by the Dowager Duchess of Newcastle. The Duchess moved to Whitechapel to involve herself in the Catholic Social Union aimed at fostering community amongst working girls. Initially, she rented a property on St Mark's Street, but latterly moved to Prescot Street. Both premises were selected on account of their proximity to English Martyrs.</p>\n\n<p>“After a while we started a Mothers’ Meeting, and opened a Boys’ Club. In 1896 the house [in St Mark’s Street] became too small as the number of workers increased, and I took a larger one, which we called St Anthony’s, in Great Prescot Street…The surroundings of my new home in the Whitechapel district of London are not without interest…</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2019/02/13/screen-shot-2019-02-13-at-163022.png\"></p>\n\n<p>Many a house in the vicinity, now tenanted by the very poor, still shows signs of past grandeur. The inhabitants of this part of London are mostly waterside labourers, and depend for their daily bread on the ships that unlade and lade again in the many wharves and docks that line the river - a precarious living, and one which accounts for the deep poverty of most of our people. The better-to-do class are tailors and tailoresses who work for the City shops, earning more or less as trade is slack and brisk, but who can hardly hope to do anything more than live from hand to mouth, for the rents are excessive and the families generally numerous…</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2019/02/13/screen-shot-2019-02-13-at-163040.png\"></p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2019/02/13/screen-shot-2019-02-13-at-163052.png\"></p>\n\n<p>One of the most loveable traits of the Irish Catholics is their untiring devotion to their church. To them the church is their highest interest in life. Their homes may be squalid, but to the church they will give their last penny, and in it they feel at home, for all can point to some part - pulpit, statue, or altar - which was given by them and paid for with their hard-earned and badly-needed pennies… 'Many a shilling have I given towards building that church!’ another will say; or sometimes, ‘I have given many a brick for that church!’”</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2019-02-13",
"last_edited": "2021-08-05"
},
{
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"title": "43–69 Philpot Street",
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"body": "<p>The surviving houses at 43–69 Philpot Street were constructed around 1838–44 as Philpot Terrace and Taymouth Terrace, names abolished when the present street numbers were assigned in 1864. These three-storey and basement houses depart from the austerity of the smaller dwellings in Walden Street and Ashfield Street, bearing fluted door surrounds and round-headed first-floor relieving arches. Subtle variation at Nos 43–63 hints at the aspirations of William Black, who was granted a lease for those properties in 1844. These taller houses have round-headed ground-floor windows with delicate Gothic tracery. The corner dwellings have rear bows and side entrances with modeled imposts and mask keystones. Each has a two-room plan with staircases in the bows. In contrast, Nos 67–69 (odd) are just one room deep with rear staircases. </p>\n\n<p>When Edward Denison took up residence at No. 49 in 1867, it was, in the words of the <em>Saturday Review</em>, to ‘wrestle with pauperism by setting his face against bread and meat and money doles’. During the eight months that he lived in Philpot Street, Denison immersed himself in practical initiatives: he delivered speeches to dock labourers, introduced evening classes for working men and established a school in John’s Place, Stepney. By 1911 Philpot Street had acquired a large Jewish population mostly composed of Russian and Polish immigrants employed in the tailoring industry. Victor Vorzanger, a Dutch musician and teacher, lived with his family at No. 53. Nos 59 and 61 had been converted into lodgings for medical students and district nurses, while No. 63 was occupied by the clergy. Many of the houses in Philpot Street were restored to the possession of the London Hospital. Those at Nos 43–69 have been converted into clinics, research units and offices for hospital administration.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: T. F. T. Baker (ed.), <em>A History of the County of Middlesex</em>, vol. 11: <em>Stepney, Bethnal Green</em>, 1998: Tower Hamlets planning applications online: <em>Saturday Review</em>, 5 Aug 1871, p. 185: <em>Macmillan’s Magazine</em>, 1 May 1871: Baldwyn Leighton (ed.), <em>Letters and Other Writings of the Late Edward Denison</em>, 1875: Brian Rust, <em>Jazz and Ragtime Records (1897–1942)</em>, vol. 2, 2002, pp. 1748–9: Royal London Hospital Archives, RLHLH/S/1/3: <em>The Builder</em>, 21 March 1868</p>\n",
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"body": "<p>Turner Street was named in honour of Charles Hampden Turner, the chairman of the House Committee of the London Hospital during its financial struggles in 1807. This north–south thoroughfare running from Whitechapel Road to Commercial Road was laid out soon thereafter following an agreement with the City Lands Committee to preserve air circulation around the hospital, with the additional boon of improving the accessibility and value of this part of its estate. The west side of Turner Street was built up between 1808 and 1816, when leases were granted for completed buildings. A few remaining lots were taken on building leases in 1822–3. Development advanced more slowly on the east side of the street, with the first dwellings completed by 1811 at the south end. Larger takes between Varden Street and Newark Street were granted between 1819 and 1824. A notable resident of Turner Street was the radical social reformer Charles Bradlaugh, who rented modest rooms at No. 29 between 1870 and 1877. Bradlaugh was commemorated in 1961 by an LCC plaque, with the inscription ‘advocate of free thought’, since lost after the row was cleared for the housing block at Nos 19–25.[^1]</p>\n\n<p><strong>33–43 Turner Street. </strong>A row of six houses on the west side of Turner Street survives from the first phase of development on the east side of the hospital’s estate. These two-storey dwellings with raised basements were constructed between 1809 and 1814. In 1811 Moses Crawcour, a local dentist, was granted a lease of Nos 37–43 and John Curtis leased No. 45. James Wand and Gilbert Madden took Nos 33 and 35 in 1814. The houses fell into decline and by 2005 their site had been acquired by the London Development Agency and earmarked for a bioenterprises innovation centre for Queen Mary University of London. Also at risk were 19–25 Varden Street around the corner. The Spitalfields Trust, led by Tim Whittaker, intervened to precipitate a scheme to shift the university centre to a site fronting New Road. Paul Latham of the Regeneration Practice drew up plans to restore the vacant houses in Turner Street and Varden Street in collaboration with Whittaker. Assistance was also enlisted from the new owners of the houses, including Robin Forster, a former civil engineer, and Pedro da Costa Felgueiras, a historic paint and lacquer expert. Attics were constructed behind gambrel roofs and covered with handmade pantiles, and rear timber-clad extensions were added, taking inspiration from evidence of the past existence of such vernacular forms elsewhere in east London. Timber shutters and interior panelling were also introduced. Rear gardens were reinstated after the removal of a car park. The works, completed in 2010, received a ‘Restoration of the Century’ award from <em>Country Life </em>magazine. </p>\n\n<p>The red-brick corner building at No. 45 was raised by a glass-faced steel-framed storey in 2009–10 to designs overseen by Threefold Architects. On the east side of Turner Street, No. 64 was handed to William Thomas on a building lease in 1823. The house is currently used as an office for the life sciences department at Queen Mary University of London.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Royal London Hospital Archives (RLHA), RLHINV/861; RLHLH/S/1/3: Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner, <em>Charles Bradlaugh: a record of his life and work</em>, vol. 1, 1894, pp. 300–1: <em>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</em></p>\n\n<p>[^2]: <em>Country Life</em>, 14 Oct 2010: <em>Journal of the London Society</em>, No. 468, 2019: www.thespitalfieldstrust.com/project/turner-varden-streets-london: RLHA, RLHLH/S/1/3: <em>House and Garden</em>, Sept 2018: <em>Homes and Property</em>, 8 Nov 2011: www.ajbuildingslibrary.co.uk/projects/display/id/5038: <em>Architects' Journal</em>, 16 Feb 2012</p>\n",
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"body": "<p>41 Turner St was my family's home from 1915-1960. My grandfather died in 1932 at aged 43, after which my grandmother continued till 1955, after which my father moved us in and worked the shop till 1960.</p>\n\n<p>The premises was a grocery shop till 1945, after that it was a sweet and tobacco shop. </p>\n",
"created": "2018-10-28",
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"id": 1010,
"title": "Varden Street",
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"body": "<p>Varden Street was known as Norfolk Street till 1874. Vacant lots were advertised to builders in 1807, but only the stretch between New Road and Turner Street had been built up by 1819, with thirteen dwellings on the north side and twelve on the south side. Only four of these houses survive, at 19–25 Varden Street, recently refurbished with 33–43 Turner Street. John Bromley took a lease for Nos 19–21 in 1809, with two houses adjoining to the west (demolished). Leases for Nos 23–25 were granted in 1813 to William Phillips and John Danson on the completion of building work. Bromley also took 3–9 Varden Street in 1809. Development to the east of Turner Street was deferred. John Clarke, the builder, acquired building leases for nine dwellings on the south side in 1826 and 1829, and took others for a further nine dwellings (Nos 27–43) on the north side in 1826. Other houses were beyond the hospital’s estate on land belonging to Hawkins.[^1] <br>\n[^1]: Royal London Hospital Archives, RLHLH/S/1/3</p>\n",
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"id": 1011,
"title": "Zoar Chapel, 27 Varden Street",
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"body": "<p>A house of the late 1820s at 27 Varden Street was replaced by this chapel in 1921–2. It was built for a Baptist congregation which had transferred from a condemned building in Alie Street to St Philip’s Institute in Newark Street in 1911. The chapel was built by Cornelius Midmer & Sons of Clapham, a contracting firm headed by a Baptist minister. Known as the Zoar Chapel, it was acquired by the Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland in 1974. Houses to the east were demolished by the hospital to make way for the nurses’ residential quarter of 1969–76.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: www.fpchurch.org.uk/location/london-congregation: W. T. Whitley, <em>The Baptists of London, 1612–1928</em>, 1828, p.143: <em>East London Observer</em>, 23 Sept 1911: London Metropolitan Archives, GLC/AR/BR/22/ES/090592</p>\n",
"created": "2020-02-17",
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"title": "Philpot Street",
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"body": "<p>Extending from Newark Street south to Commercial Road Philpot Street presents a contrast between nineteenth-century terraced houses on its west side and twentieth-century hospital blocks to the east. A brick wall extends along the north side of Varden Street, severing the hospital estate’s stretch of Philpot Street from its southern continuation into Commercial Road to form a landscaped and pedestrianized enclave. The present-day aloofness of this part of Philpot Street is at odds with original exertions to integrate it with neighbouring development. When the hospital set about forming a road parallel with Turner Street in 1818, the Hawkins estate had already begun one to the south. The hospital negotiated continuity agreeing a common alignment and the standard of houses. The broad street was intended to be superior to the cross streets, and to have large terraced houses set back behind forecourts.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>When plans for the street were first proposed, the hospital determined that it ought to be named St Vincent Street in honour of their vice-president Sir John Jervis, the Earl St Vincent. Sewer plans, insurance records and the hospital’s records refer to the street by this name, yet it is marked as Philpot Street on the 1819 edition of Horwood’s map and that is the name that stuck. It is likely it had been adopted on the Hawkins estate to commemorate the Philpot family, whose manor house is thought to have been situated near by. Building on the hospital’s frontages commenced in the early 1820s with the Earl St Vincent public house (No. 41) and St Andrew’s Scotch Church on the east side. Stebon Terrace, a row of seven houses, was built around 1826 by Charles Francis on the east side where Floyer House now stands. The Wycliffe Chapel and its associated school were built near the south end of the hospital’s estate on the east side in the 1830s.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>The Presbyterian congregation at <strong>St Andrew’s Scotch Church</strong> traced its origins to a chapel founded in 1669 in Broad Street in Wapping. This was flooded after the construction of the London Docks, so worship transferred to a chapel in Shakespear’s Walk Charity School near St Paul’s Church, Shadwell. A building subscription was established in 1822 to raise funds for a new church, intended to be within reach of Scottish mariners lading at the docks. Ground was acquired at the corner of Philpot Street and Suffolk Street (later Walden Street), and construction followed in 1823–4. An illustration from 1849 depicts a neat four-bay rectangular preaching box crowned by a domed cupola, with a projecting entrance porch accessed via a gated forecourt. A school had been built along its north side by 1873, when the church contained 600 sittings in its nave and a three-sided gallery, accessed by staircases on each side of the porch.[^3] In 1890 the church and schoolhouse were acquired by the Rev. John Wilkinson for the <strong>Mildmay Mission to the Jews</strong>, an evangelical Christian project. Wilkinson had broken away from twenty-five years of involvement with the British Society for the Propagation of the Gospel among the Jews in 1876 to establish this mission. Its name reflected its connection to the Mildmay organization founded by the Rev. William Pennefather. Wilkinson attempted to convert by preaching, lecturing and conducting house visitations. The opening of a medical clinic in Hooper Square in 1880 represented a new strategy in targeting Jews, most likely influenced by missionary work in Africa and Asia. Free medical care was provided in return for attending a Christian service. The scheme was calculated to tempt Jewish immigrants living in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions, especially as medical relief from the Jewish Board of Guardians had been suspended the previous year. The acquisition of St Andrew’s Scotch Church offered space for the mission to expand in a favourable location. A significant enlargement of the buildings by 1893 was overseen by Alfred R. Pite & Son, a firm with experience of mission halls headed by the father of William Alfred Pite and Arthur Beresford Pite. By extensive rebuilding and the addition of a storey, the chapel and schoolhouse were adapted to form a large mission centre, with waiting rooms and reading rooms in the basement, ground-floor meeting rooms and upper floors devoted to a medical department. In 1898, George Herbert Duckworth observed the Mildmay Mission’s ‘large buildings, [and] several poor Jewesses sitting on steps outside with sick children waiting for it to open’. Duckworth’s guide, Inspector H. Drew, elaborated: ‘Medicine given them with a prayer, only the very poorest go, don’t think any are really converted.’ By 1903 the mission had baptized only 140 Jews since its foundation.[^4] Despite its low success rates, the Mildmay Mission persisted at Philpot Street. An inspection in 1956 recorded that the centre was used by approximately twenty people on a daily basis, with weekly meetings and occasional assemblies. By then the basement contained a meeting hall, a games room and a clothing store, while the ground floor comprised two prayer rooms. The first floor housed a medical clinic, including a dispensary and consulting rooms for a doctor and a dentist, while the upper floors provided staff accommodation. The building was demolished soon after for the Princess Alexandra School of Nursing.[^5]</p>\n\n<p>To the south, John Harrison House occupies the site of the <strong>Wycliffe Chapel</strong>, a Congregationalist chapel erected in 1830–1. Established by Dr Andrew Reed, an energetic philanthropist and the minister of a chapel in Cannon Street Road, this chapel derived its name from Reed’s admiration for John Wycliffe, the fourteenth-century theologian and religious reformer. It was a restrained Greek Revival structure intended to exude ‘Doric simplicity’, with an ashlar-faced pedimented front set back behind a railed forecourt, following the precedent of the Scotch Church on a grander scale. The distyle in antis portico opened into a rectangular hall with an apsidal east end, a west organ gallery and long galleries on two sides. It is not implausible that its design was produced by George Goldring, the experienced Limehouse surveyor, and/or William Southcote Inman, these being the joint architects of Reed’s London Orphan Asylum in Clapton, completed in 1823 in a similar neoclassical style. A large graveyard laid out north-east of the chapel was closed for burials from 1854.[^6]</p>\n\n<p>Wycliffe Chapel was restored in 1873 under the supervision of Rowland Plumbe, an obvious choice owing to his architectural experience and family connections with the congregation. His late father Samuel had served as a deacon at the chapel and was buried in its graveyard. It is thought that his mother, Ann Serena Plumbe, had encouraged Reed to establish the Highgate Asylum for Idiots, where his brother was admitted as one of the first patients. These ties may also have helped Plumbe gain commissions to design new Congregationalist churches at North Bow and Stratford, both completed in 1867. At the time of the renovation, Wycliffe Chapel contained 1,600 sittings; far more than St Philip’s Church, whose vicar complained that the ‘handsome dissenting chapel’ was luring away his parishioners. The chapel’s popularity had dwindled by 1902, when Charles Booth described the building as ‘now “a world too wide” for its shrunk congregation’. Booth attributed the depletion of Nonconformist worshippers to suburban migration, yet attested that the chapel retained ‘an almost cathedral position for the body’.[^7]</p>\n\n<p>In 1904 the School Board for London obtained powers of purchase over Wycliffe Chapel and its burial ground to erect an elementary school for 800 children. The graveyard, described as ‘full of tombstones, closed and untidy’, was estimated to contain 20,000 bodies.[^8] The projected expense of removing the burials persuaded the LCC to abandon the scheme. The Wycliffe Chapel followed its drifting congregation to Ilford in 1907. In the following year, the chapel was acquired by the Federation of Synagogues and consecrated as the Philpot Street Great Synagogue, to provide a permanent base for the Shalom VeEmeth (‘Peace and Truth’) congregation that had previously assembled in a converted warehouse in Old Castle Street. This conversion was carried out by Lewis Kazak, a builder of Belvedere, under the supervision of the Federation’s architect Lewis Solomon, who also designed the Ark. Severe bomb damage was inflicted in 1940, yet the congregation persevered in a smaller structure raised within the ruined carcase of the synagogue. Consecrated in 1943, this temporary synagogue contained a central <em>bimah</em> and an ‘improvised Ark’. The site was subsequently cleared for hospital expansion.[^9] </p>\n\n<p>On the west side of Philpot Street, the southern boundary of the London Hospital estate skirts around Porchester House, a four-storey block of flats on the Hawkins estate, designed in 1936 by H. Lee & E. F. Dickens for J. Cohen, and built in 1951. This block stands south-east of a complex of nurses’ residential blocks of 1969–76. One of these, Dawson House to the north on Philpot Street, occupies the site of a school and a pub. </p>\n\n<p><strong>Wycliffe Chapel Charity School</strong> was built as a Sunday school in 1833. It was rebuilt in 1878 to designs by the local architect John Hudson, increasing its capacity to 800 children. The School Board used the building as a temporary school from 1895, despite repeated complaints over inadequate conditions. Three separate classes for more than 200 children were crowded into a single first-floor room, as the dark, fusty ground-floor classroom was not fit for purpose and the second-floor classroom was used for storage. The playground was a ‘long asphalted passage’, leading to the graveyard between the Wycliffe Chapel and the Mildmay Mission on the east side of Philpot Street.[^10] In 1910 the school was converted to be another synagogue belonging to the Federation of Synagogues. A formal opening took place in the following January, when the building was consecrated as the <strong>Philpot Street Sephardish Synagogue</strong>. Plans from 1951 indicate that the Ark was on the south wall, bounded by seating for 200 worshippers and a three-sided women’s gallery. The synagogue continued in use until around 1957, when it amalgamated with the East London Central Synagogue in Nelson Street.[^11] The<strong> Earl St Vincent public house</strong> was built at 41 Philpot Street in 1823–4, occupying the south-west corner of the crossing with Walden Street. The lot had been taken by Joseph Tickell, the local brewer who was well-connected as a governor of the hospital and Past Master of the Brewers’ Company. The public house was a modest three-storey building with a bar and parlour on the ground floor and a first-floor club room. It was replaced in 1908 when an eighty-year lease of the site was granted to Hyman Finegold. He had Dorothy House built for his family, a large three-storey residence with a two-storey bay window to Philpot Street.[^12] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Royal London Hospital Archives (RLHA), RLHLH/A/5/16, pp.170–1,177–8; RLHLH/A/5/17, pp.35–6,95–9,135</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 12 May 1823: <em>Public Ledger and Daily Advertiser</em>, 15 May 1823: <em>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB) sub</em> Jervis: RLHA, RLHLH/S/1/3: <em>Names of Streets and Places in the Administrative County of London</em>, 1955, p.586: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), THCS/3/98: Jane Cox, <em>Old East Enders: A History of the Tower Hamlets</em>, 2013, p.74</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: THLHLA, THCS/P/003/98; P10928: <em>Public Ledger and Daily Advertiser</em>, 4 April 1822: <em>Jewish Chronicle</em>, 9 May 1890, p.2</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: London School of Economics/British Library of Political and Economic Science, BOOTH/B/350, p.109: Max Eisen, ‘Christian Missions to the Jews in North America and Britain’, <em>Jewish Social Studies</em>, vol. 10/1, Jan 1948, p.55: <em>The Builder</em>, 9 Sept 1893, p.192: Todd M. Endelman, <em>Radical Assimilation in Jewish History, 1656–1945</em>, 1960, pp.167–8: T. F. T. Baker and C. R. Elrington (eds), <em>A History of the County of Middlesex</em>: vol.8,<em> Islington and Stoke Newington Parishes</em>, 1985, pp.115–7: <em>ODNB</em></p>\n\n<p>[^5]: <em>East London Observer (ELO)</em>, 23 Feb 1901: RLHA, RLHLH/P/2/46</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: Howard Colvin, <em>A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1660–1840</em>, pp.431–2,554: Andrew Reed and Charles Reed (eds), <em>Memoirs of the Life and Philanthropic Labours of Andrew Reed</em>, third edn 1866, pp.108–10,161: <em>ODNB sub</em> Reed: Historic England Archives (HEA), Survey of London notes, Box FA/054</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: Charles Booth, <em>Life and Labour of the People in London, Third Series: Religious Influences</em>, 1902, p.32: <em>ELO</em>, 25 Oct 1873; 1 Nov 1873: <em>The Times</em>, 31 May 1904: Lambeth Palace Library, Jackson 50, f.103: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), DL/A/C/MS/19224/614; N/C/40/014; N/C/040/023: Ordnance Survey map 1873: <em>ODNB sub </em>Plumbe: RLHA, RLHLH/A/5/18, p.355: Patrick McDonagh, <em>Idiocy: A Cultural History</em>, 2008, p.209</p>\n\n<p>[^8]: Isabella (Mrs Basil) Holmes, <em>The London Burial Grounds: Notes on their history from the earliest times to the present day</em>, 1896, p.300: <em>The Times</em>, 31 May 1904: HEA, Survey of London notes, Box FA/054</p>\n\n<p>[^9]: RLHA, RLHCF/E/2/2: <em>Sheffield Evening Telegraph</em>, 17 June 1912: <em>ELO</em>, 12 Sept 1908; 16 Feb 1907; 8 July 1911: <em>Salisbury Times</em>, 2 Oct 1908: London Bomb Damage Maps: <em>Jewish Chronicle</em>, 18 Sept 1908; 29 June 1923; 1 Jan 1943: London County Council Minutes, 31 July 1906, p.408; 20 Nov 1906, p.1225: Sharman Kadish, <em>The Synagogues of Britain and Ireland</em>, 2011, p.141: Census</p>\n\n<p>[^10]: LMA, ED/PS/12/P25/1–19</p>\n\n<p>[^11]: LMA, GLC/AR/BR/22/BA/073923: Bridget Cherry, Charles O'Brien and Nikolaus Pevsner, <em>The Buildings of England, London 5: East</em>, pp.440–1: <em>ELO</em>, 9 Nov 1878: <em>The Globe</em>, 19 Aug 1833: RIBA, <em>Directory of British Architects, 1834–1914</em>: RLHA, RLHLH/S/1/4: OS 1958: <em>Jewish Chronicle</em>, 6 Jan 1911</p>\n\n<p>[^12]: RLHA, RLHLH/S/3/9; RLHLH/A/5/16, p.2: <em>Cambridge Chronicle and Journal</em>, 6 Feb 1841</p>\n",
"created": "2020-02-17",
"last_edited": "2020-11-03"
},
{
"id": 130,
"title": "Historic England list description for 2-16 Walden Street",
"author": {
"id": 11,
"username": "amyspencer"
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"properties": {
"b_number": "2",
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"street": "Walden Street",
"address": "2 Walden Street",
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"search_str": "2 Walden Street"
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"body": "<p>Excerpt from Historic England list entry for 2-16 Walden Street (listed at Grade II):</p>\n\n<p>Terrace of 8 houses. Early C19. Yellow stock brick. Number 2 with slate mansard roof and dormer. 2 windows each. Round-arched entrances approached by steps; doorways have fanlights cornice heads and 6 panelled doors. Number 2 has a stuccoed flat arch entrance surround with a narrow moulded cornice, 6 panelled door with top panels converted to glazing. Gauged brick flat arches to recessed sashes, semi-basement sashes with cambered arches. Parapets. Interiors believed to retain some original features.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Historic England, National Heritage List for England, list entry number: 1065749 (online: https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1065749, accessed 26 August 2016).</p>\n",
"created": "2016-08-26",
"last_edited": "2020-02-17"
},
{
"id": 1012,
"title": "2–16 Walden Street",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
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"properties": {
"b_number": "2",
"b_name": "",
"street": "Walden Street",
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"count": 4,
"search_str": "2 Walden Street"
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"body": "<p>Walden Street<strong> </strong>was known as Suffolk Street till 1875. Its south side retains a terrace of eight houses from the first phase of development on the hospital’s estate at Nos 2–16, offered on building leases between 1815 and 1821. Ninety-one-year leases for Nos 12–18 were granted to William Davidson, Francis Davidson, John Ewans, and Elizabeth and Sarah Tweedy in 1816, followed in 1817 by leases to Ambrose Allison, David Harland, William Watson and Francis Smith for Nos 4–10. Henry Cook took No. 2 in 1821, agreeing to complete that small house.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Royal London Hospital Archives, RLHLH/S/1/3</p>\n",
"created": "2020-02-17",
"last_edited": "2020-02-17"
},
{
"id": 1013,
"title": "18–26 Walden Street",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
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"properties": {
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"street": "Walden Street",
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"body": "<p>Early nineteenth-century houses at 18–26 Walden Street were cleared after bomb damage in the Second World War. The site was acquired for redevelopment by the London Development Agency, which had plans for a bioenterprises centre for Queen Mary University of London. After resistance from the Spitalfields Trust over the prospective demolition of 33–43 Turner Street and 19–25 Varden Street, the site of Nos 18–26 was sold with a construction brief to the Network Housing Group to provide affordable housing. Four terraced houses faced with yellow London stock bricks and partially weatherboarded at the rear were built in 2011–12 to designs by Ettwein Bridges Architects with Airey Miller Partnership as consulting engineers and Tulley De’Ath as structural engineers.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Tower Hamlets planning applications online: www.ebarch.com, The Telegraph, 17 Aug 2019: Evening Standard, 16 July 2003: www.thespitalfieldstrust.com/project/turner-varden-streets-london</p>\n",
"created": "2020-02-17",
"last_edited": "2020-02-17"
}
]
}