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"id": 1132,
"title": "31–35 St Mark Street",
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"body": "<p>Almost nothing of the early Victorian Tenter Ground estate survives, the exception being the former Scarborough Arms public house and two adjacent former shophouses at 31–35 St Mark Street, the houses rebuilt in 1993, but retaining their original form in a three-storey plain stock-brick group that is unified by a cornice. The pub was up and running by 1851, and was managed by landlords of German origin for much of the rest of the nineteenth century. It closed in 2011 and was converted to be ten flats in a project by Scarborough House Ltd with Clements & Porter Architects. Both the adjoining shophouses were run by William Chandler in 1860, as a grocery and a bakery. In the early 1930s No. 31 was a chandler’s shop, and No. 33 still a bakery, run by Mrs Ada Cohen.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 4 Sept 1851, p.1: Post Office Directories: <a href=\"https://pubwiki.co.uk/LondonPubs/Whitechapel/ScarboroughArms.shtml\">pubwiki.co.uk/LondonPubs/Whitechapel/ScarboroughArms.shtml</a>: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, Building Control files 23983–4: Tower Hamlets planning applications online </p>\n",
"created": "2020-08-04",
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"id": 90,
"title": "George Yard Buildings",
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"body": "<p>After a round of slum clearances, a model lodging house was built around 1875 in George Yard on the site of New Court and a former timber yard. It was located just before the western corner of George Yard and Wentworth St.</p>\n\n<p>In 1890, the dwellings were converted to lodging for the students living and working at the Toynbee Hall settlement. It was first renamed Balliol House and then Charles Booth House.</p>\n\n<p>George Yard Buildings were demolished in January 1973 along with neighbouring St. George's House, both being replaced by Sunley House, itself under demolition in November 2016 as part of the Toynbee Hall estate redevelopment.</p>\n",
"created": "2016-07-17",
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"id": 801,
"title": "Sunley House",
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"body": "<p>Sunley House, a red brick three- and four-storey block, was opened in 1976 on the site of Charles Booth House and St George’s House (see below). It was part of a scheme of redevelopment by Toynbee Hall, which included <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/377/detail/\">Attlee House</a> on Wentworth Street, opened in 1971, and was in a similarly ‘respectful but dull’ manner, also by David Maney & Partners, architects. Its deep north section linked via a staircase tower to a shallow white-tiled lower office block behind the Toynbee Theatre. Sunley House incorporated a vehicle entry through to Toynbee Hall, a goods lift, a basement car park, eighteen flats for the elderly, and the Special Families Centre for the Mentally Handicapped, consisting of an office, and two activities room of varying sizes.[^1] It was demolished in 2016 for the comprehensive <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/379/detail/#the-regeneration-of-toynbee-hall-and-its-estate-2013-19\">Toynbee Hall</a> and London Square redevelopment, and a block of flats named 'Broadway' is currently (December 2018) being built on the site.</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Tower Hamlets planning applications online: Asa Briggs and Anne Macartney, <em>Toynbee Hall: The First Hundred Years</em>, London 1984, p. 171: Bridget Cherry, Charles O’Brien, Nikolaus Pevsner, eds. <em>The Buildings of England: London 5 East</em>, London 2005, p.398: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, L/THL/D/1/3/1</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2018-12-14",
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"id": 395,
"title": "Florian Beigel, Philip Christou and ARU's Conversion of Central House (2012)",
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"body": "<p>Robert Harbison, former professor of architecture at London Metropolitan University, in conversation with Sarah Milne, Survey of London (31 May 2017):</p>\n\n<p>\"The architecture department only moved to this location in 2012. It was on Holloway Road as long as I was teaching at the Cass. I haven't had any experience of reporting to work in Whitechapel but I have been to Central House a fair number of times. I think it worked well and it certainly was pleasant to experience as an outsider. It was converted by Florian Beigel, Philip Christou and ARU in an interesting way, but now it has been sold and is not going to function as a school anymore. So it turns out to have been an extremely short-lived but very inventive use of a sixties office building. It was a relatively cheap conversion that flaunted its ad hoc qualities, bold in the way that it thought of the spaces and used them. Spaces were often indeterminate, and flexible in their function. ARU has been an imaginative architectural practice and this example of their work deserves to be recorded as fully as possible before it disappears sometime in the summer. They made fresh and lively spaces out of unpromising material.”</p>\n",
"created": "2017-06-13",
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"id": 88,
"title": "Site of Goulston Street Graffiti",
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"b_name": "Arcadia Court, formerly 90 to 222 Wentworth Dwellings",
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"body": "<p>During the Jack the Ripper murders of 1888, one of the few pieces of evidence was discovered in the doorway of the Wentworth Dwellings on 30 Sept September 1888. A bloodied piece of Catherine Eddowes' apron was discovered in the doorway of 108-119 Wentworth Dwellings. A police constable also noticed writing on the wall nearby. He transcribed the writing into his notebook and called for advice on what to do next. Superintendent Thomas Arnold explained what happened following this:</p>\n\n<p>\"I beg to report that on the morning of 30th Sept. last my attention was called to some writing on the wall of the entrance to some dwellings No.108 Goulston Street Whitechapel which consisted of the following words \"The Jews are not [the word 'not' deleted] the men that will not be blamed for nothing\", and knowing that in consequence of a suspicion having fallen upon a Jew named 'John Pizer' alias 'Leather Apron' having committed a murder in Hanbury Street a short time previously a strong feeling ['ag' deleted] existed against the Jews generally and as the buildings upon which the writing was found was situated in the midst of a locality inhabited principally by that sect. I was apprehensive that if the writing were left it would be the means of causing a riot and therefore considered it desirable that it should be removed having in view the fact that it was in such a position that it would have been rubbed by the shoulders of persons passing in & out of the building. Had only a portion of the writing been removed the context would have remained. An Inspector was present by my directions with a sponge for the purpose of removing the writing when the Commissioner arrived on the scene.\" [^1]</p>\n\n<p>Arnold did not think the graffiti was necessarily relevant to the case (as it might have been pre-existing) and given the heightened anxiety in the neighbourhood, he ordered the offensive (and rather confusing) words to be removed.</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: The National Archives (TNA), HO 144/221/A49301C, ff.197-8, Supt Arnold's report, 6 November 1888</p>\n",
"created": "2016-07-17",
"last_edited": "2021-05-04"
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"id": 340,
"title": "26 Osborn Street",
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"body": "<p>By the 1840s George and Henry Fulcher had a distillery on the site of 26–28 Osborn Street. After war damage No. 26 was rebuilt with a red-brick front in 1949–50. [^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives, P93/MRY1/090; MR/S/BS/008: Post Office Directories: Ordnance Survey maps: District Surveyors Returns: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, Building Control file 14722: Tower Hamlets planning applications</p>\n",
"created": "2017-03-31",
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"title": "Old Castle Street's early history",
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"body": "<p>Old Castle Street began as two interconnected but distinct places that existed by the sixteenth century – Castle Street, which ran south from Wentworth Street, and Moses and Aaron Alley, later Castle Alley, which ran north from the High Street. They met in the middle via a short, sharp dogleg. Confusingly, the names were sometimes used promiscuously for both parts of the street. Late nineteenth-century widening of Castle Alley softened the junction and the whole street became Old Castle Street in 1912. The dogleg was further smoothed when Herbert House replaced Old Castle Street School and the north end was widened in the mid-1930s. Even so, the street’s origins are still discernible in a slight chicane midway along its length.</p>\n\n<p>The origins of the name Moses and Aaron Alley are uncertain. In 1589 John Moses, a London armourer, took a 25-year lease of land and houses with twenty-one occupants on the north side of the High Street from John Glascocke who had ‘lately purchased’ the property from John Myllian (Millen), the gardener who held the Woodlands property before it was acquired by William Megges in 1577.[^1] Hereafter the alley was often known simply as Moses Alley, as in 1617 when the copyhold held by Glascocke had been surrendered successively by him and Myles Banks (d. 1625), a citizen cutler, to Samuel Arnold, a citizen haberdasher, who then leased tenements, apparently small houses on the west side of the alley, to George Longe, of Hammersmith, and Benjamin Garfield, a citizen dyer. Thomas Collins, a citizen carpenter, held ground in Moses Alley by 1657 on which he may have built at least two houses by 1659.[^2] However, around this time trade tokens were issued from ‘the Moses and Aaron’ and by the 1670s the name Moses and Aaron Alley was in use. By this time Castle Street had more than fifty houses, all but four with three or fewer hearths, and nearly 150 residents. It extended south and parallel to Moses and Aaron Alley as far as the backs of High Street yards and was comparatively regularly built up with the backs of houses on its west side facing Moses and Aaron Alley, otherwise built up with small cottages, many having just a single hearth.[^3]</p>\n\n<p>In his will of 1671, one William Browne left property on Moses and Aaron Alley, which included small houses, described as ‘house over a cellar’, and his own house, The Castle, on the west side of Castle Street near its north end, presumably an inn. By 1704 its ‘great yard’ on the north side of what became Three Tun Alley and still held by Browne’s family was lined with other houses and sheds. A site with similarly small houses at the south end of Moses and Aaron Alley, previously held by Samuel Arnold, had its copyhold bequeathed in 1714, from Richard Ellis to his grandson Ellis Summers.[^4]</p>\n\n<p>Warrens of tiny houses spread into narrow courts off (Old) Castle Street in the early eighteenth century and there was much rebuilding into the second half of the century under William Newland, the developer of New Castle Street, and his successors. E. P. Medows was a landlord, as he was further east, and the ubiquitous Thomas Barnes and his partner John Cass built more around 1800 as overcrowding intensified. The area became a locus of poverty and disease and was often cited in John Liddle’s reports. A row of ten two-storey houses on the east side of Castle Alley survived into the 1880s with a novel and unedifying layout. Their backs were hard up against the backs and privies of houses on New Castle Street so the entrances from Castle Alley were via porch-cum-privy outshuts.[^5]</p>\n\n<p>Commercial and industrial enterprises had taken root alongside the poor housing. The innovative gunmaker Henry Nock (1741–1804), inventor of the seven-barrelled ‘Nock gun’, populariser of the double-barrelled shotgun, gunmaker-in-ordinary to George III and supplier of arms during the Napoleonic Wars, had workshops, latterly substantial, off the south end of the west side of Old Castle Street from 1779 till his death.[^6] Different parts of these premises were run in an increasingly modest fashion up to 1893 by Nock’s nephew, Samuel Nock, and four generations of the Squires family of gun-barrel makers: Thomas Squires (d. 1836); his nephew John Squires (1793–); John’s son James (d. 1895); and grandsons John (1845–1893) and William (1851–1916), who died in the workhouse.[^7]</p>\n\n<p>A short-lived and obscure enterprise, but significant because of its early date, was the East London Gas-light Company, established under the chairmanship of the builder Henry Peto in 1814–15 when the gas industry was still unregulated. This was on the west side of Castle Alley extending back to Goulston Square. A warehouse was adapted and the company expanded into adjoining premises by 1817. But it had departed by 1821 and its Goulston Square building was subdivided by 1825, one half as a warehouse for John Burnell, the horn merchant who had become the owner of the Goulston estate.[^8]</p>\n\n<p>The biggest venture was brewing. There was a brewery on the east side of Castle Street by the 1740s, but a much larger enterprise was the King’s Arms brewhouse, begun in 1747 by Edward Jones on the west side of Castle Street, adjoining the former Castle which had become the King’s Arms. The brewery expanded and a malthouse was added in 1775 under Thomas Comyn (1715–79), who was in occupation from 1756 and who also ran the King’s Arms on Lombard Street in the City, and had interests in trade with New Orleans, plantations in Florida (to which he had ‘lately imported a cargo of negroes’ in 1769) and Jamaica, where, having twice been bankrupted, he died.[^9]</p>\n\n<p>In 1780 the King’s Arms brewery was acquired from Comyn’s trustees by the partnership of Joseph Williams (until 1793) and Henry Tickell (1753–1803), a Quaker from Cumberland who also had premises at 42 Mansell Street. Henry Tickell patented a method – the ‘refrigerator’ – for chilling the wort for making beer in 1801, and his sons Joseph (1783–1841) and Samuel (1784–1819) went into partnership with their mother, Dorothy (1756–1812), in 1809. Samuel withdrew from the business through ill health in 1818 and by 1822, when Joseph was Master of the Brewers’ Company, Tickell & Co. were the eleventh-largest brewers of porter in London, producing 24,000 barrels that year.[^10] Joseph Tickell remained in business on Old Castle Street till 1837 by when the brewery occupied a 200ft frontage and a yard that stretched back to the houses in Goulston Street.[^11] He then sold to Arthur Manners, John A. Furze and Charles Marshall, partners who allegedly paid more than £64,000 for the heavily mortgaged property. A dispute arose in 1847 when Manners sued Furze for setting up a rival business – St George’s Brewery – and soliciting their former customers.[^12] The Old Castle Street business now included sixty-five tied pubs in the City, East London and Essex. Manners continued, sometimes in partnership with Frederic Wells (d. 1860), up to his death in 1863. The brewery and forty-four remaining pubs were sold a year later to meet debts.[^13] The buyers were Truman, Hanbury & Buxton of Brick Lane. Their interest was presumably the pubs, as in 1866–7 they offered for sale the brewery’s fittings and its ‘large and lofty main buildings’, seen as suitable for manufacturing or even ‘conversion into dwellings for the labouring classes’.[^14] </p>\n\n<p>Into the 1890s Castle Alley, reached by a narrow doorway through 125 Whitechapel High Street, had a cut-off character noted by George Duckworth, one of Charles Booth’s researchers: ‘This street is quiet and used as a place of resort by the dwellers in the common lodging houses. By custom women sit on the west side of the pavement.’[^15] It had acquired notoriety in 1889 when Alice McKenzie, one of Jack the Ripper’s victims, was found outside David King & Son’s builders’ yard.</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, P/SLC/1/17/1</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), ACC/0401/048; Q/HAL/303–4</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: The National Archives (TNA), E179/143/370</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: Hearth Tax Returns 1666, online: TNA, E179/143/370: Ancestry, London wills: LMA, MS9172/107/125; MR/LV/05/026</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: LMA, Land Tax returns (LT): John Rocque's map of London, 1746: Richard Horwood's maps of London, 1799 and 1813: Ordnance Survey map, 1873</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: LT: Horwood: William Greener, <em>The Gun or a Treatise on the Various Descriptions of Small Arms</em>, 1835, pp.6–7,109 </p>\n\n<p>[^7]: Post Office Directories (POD): LT: Ancestry</p>\n\n<p>[^8]: LT: <em>Morning Chronicle</em>, 17 Feb 1819, p.1: LMA, B/RGLC/001: John Britton, <em>The Picture of London 1822</em>, 1822, p.309: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 11 Oct 1832, p.1: <em>Morning Post</em>, 15 Dec 1843, p.4: <em>The Law Reports for the Year 1844</em>: vol.22, ns13, pt1, <em>Chancery and Bankruptcy</em>, 1844, pp.244–6</p>\n\n<p>[^9]: <em>Public Advertiser</em>, 3 April 1771: LT: Rocque: TNA, PROB11/1053/147: <em>London Gazette</em>, 15–18 Aug 1772: <em>London Chronicle</em>, 3–6 April 1773, p.322: <em>London Evening Post</em>, 13–16 June 1778: ed. K. H. Ledward, <em>Journals of the Board of Trade and Plantations</em>: vol.13, Jan 1768–Dec 1775, 1937, pp.63–71</p>\n\n<p>[^10]: Peter Matthias, <em>The Brewing Industry in England, 1700-1830</em>, 1959, p.75: Ancestry: LT: POD: www.brewershall.co.uk/past-masters/</p>\n\n<p>[^11]: LMA, SC/PM/ST/01/002; B/THB/G/060: LT</p>\n\n<p>[^12]: <em>London Daily News</em>, 30 March 1847, pp.5–6: <em>The Times</em>, 30 March 1847, p.7</p>\n\n<p>[^13]: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 31 March 1848. p.1; 11 Aug 1864, p.8: <em>London Gazette</em>, 28 July 1863, p.3810: ed. G. W. Hemming, <em>The Law Reports: Chancery Appeal Cases</em>, vol.1: 1865–6, 1866, pp.48–57</p>\n\n<p>[^14]: LMA, B/THB/G/060: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 21 June 1866, p.8: <em>London Daily News</em>, 22 July 1867, p.7</p>\n\n<p>[^15]: London School of Economics, British Library of Political and Economic Science, Booth Archive, B351</p>\n",
"created": "2019-08-02",
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"body": "<p>Following the Elementary Education Act of 1870, the new School Board for London acquired the former Tickell brewery site on the west side of Old Castle Street for £11,500. Here the Board built its first school, opened as Old Castle Street School in July 1873. It was a measure of the perceived shortfall in education provision and poverty in this district – ‘one of the poorest in Whitechapel’ – that Old Castle Street was at the front of the queue. When the members of the Board visited the district at 11 o’clock on a weekday morning, they found the children ‘swarming the streets like locausts’.[^1] In 1871 the Census recorded 942 people living in Old Castle Street, Castle Alley, and neighbouring New Castle Street and Place, of whom 303 were children aged twelve or under.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>The school’s architect was Ernest Jones Biven (1814–87), who had once styled himself a civil engineer and who spent his later years in Dresden. He was chosen in a limited competition whose other competitors were T. W. Aldwinckle, Tarring and Son, Habershon and Brock, and Edward Robins.[^3] </p>\n\n<p>The first plan for a school to accommodate around 1,200 children was for a reverse F layout, open to the west for three separate playgrounds for girls, boys and infants, a competition requirement. Biven substantially revised this at the request of the Board, which wanted the school to occupy a smaller footprint. A more compact double-courtyard layout enclosed the three playgrounds and included covered sheds for each. Three-storey ranges enclosing the southern courtyard housed classrooms for boys (west and north) and girls (east and north), infants below juniors on the first floor and seniors on the second, some rooms fitted with sliding screens for subdivision as required. Single-storey wings extended to the north with additional rooms for infants. The south range housed the caretaker and other ancillary accommodation below a first-floor committee room with a canted bay overlooking the playgrounds, and a second-floor top-lit art room, another competition requirement. The school was built by John High of Clapton at a cost of £9,755. Gas lighting was by Mays of Holborn. Like most of the earliest Board schools, this was a plain stock-brick building, with Suffolk red-brick courses and gauged window heads to relieve severity. A second-floor bell topped the view from Castle Alley.[^4]</p>\n\n<p>Abraham Levy, formerly of the Jews’ Free School, was appointed headmaster in 1874. This appointment reflected local demography, but it provoked heated discussion at the Board; the recommendations of the Rev. John Rodgers, rector of the Charterhouse, and the architect Thomas Chatfeild Clarke swung the vote. There was teaching in Hebrew, and school hours were adjusted on Fridays to accommodate the majority Jewish children. Inspectors reported considerable success over the next thirty years in a school whose pupils often did not have English as a first language.[^5]</p>\n\n<p>The site freed up to the north by the more compact plan was not built on and became a boys’ playground. Changes over the years were minor. A common complaint about early Board Schools was that their staircases were too steep and dark. A canted staircase block was added at the centre of the north side of the south courtyard around 1880, as Biven had intended. E. R. Robson added a brighter staircase in 1889 and there were other small alterations in the 1890s.[^6]</p>\n\n<p>When the London County Council took over from the Board in 1904 there were 1,349 children at the school. By 1910, norms in school design having radically changed, Old Castle Street was found to be beyond remodelling and closure was proposed shortly before the building of a new school in Vallance Road in 1913–15. Old Castle Street School continued in use after the First World War as a continuation school for employed teenagers until 1934 when the school-leaving age rose to fifteen.[^7]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: E. R. Robson, <em>School Architecture</em>, 1874, pp.292–3: <em>The Builder</em>, 19 July 1873, pp.561–2: Hugh B. Philpot, <em>London at School: The Story of the School Board, 1870–1904</em>, 1904, p.39</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Census</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: Ancestry: <em>Civil Engineer and Architects’ Journal</em>, July 1841, p.235: <em>Irish Builder</em>, 1 June 1872, p.159</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: Robson, pp.294–5: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), LCC/AR/SCH/141: <em>Building News</em>, 26 July 1872, p.61: <em>The Architect</em>, 16 Nov 1872, p.275; 12 April 1873, p.199; 19 July 1873, p.35</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: <em>Jewish Chronicle</em>, 23 July 1874, p.273; 31 July 1874, pp.286–7: O. J. Simon, <em>Faith and Experience</em>, 1895, p.144: London School Board Minutes, 22 July 1874, pp.891–2: LMA, LCC/EO/PS/1204</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: LMA, LCC/AR/SCH/141; EO/PS/12/04/01, /11: <em>The Architect</em>, 20 July 1878, p.40: <em>Heating and Ventilation</em>, April 1899, p.xix: <em>Final Report of the School Board for London, 1870–1904</em>, 1904, pp.33,44</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: London County Council Minutes, 20 Dec 1904, p.3296; 22 November 1910, p.1095: Post Office Directories: The National Archives, ED21/35338</p>\n",
"created": "2019-08-02",
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"id": 606,
"title": "The Barnetts, Toynbee and Balliol House",
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"body": "<p>East End historian and guide David Charnick on the work of the Barnetts.</p>\n\n<p>Well, this site here, currently demolished, was, as you say occupied by some red-brick buildings but before then, this is where Balliol House stood which used to be George Yard dwellings. We just passed the Canon Barnett School. Samuel Barnett, with his wife Henrietta, they were the force behind the establishment of Toynbee Hall in 1884. He came to the area in 1872 to become vicar of St. Jude's Church which has long since been demolished, that's approximately across the street from where we're standing now, so just to the south of Toynbee Hall.</p>\n\n<p>Samuel Barnett was a major figure in the area in terms of philanthropy and relief. One of his areas was housing. He was one of the people behind the East End Dwellings Company whose first block of tenements was in Aldgate. This was what was called model dwellings or we would call social housing. The house that used to occupy the space here was originally George Yard Dwellings which was philanthropic housing.</p>\n\n<p>[There was a] church was just across the way from where we're standing now so just to the south of Toynbee Hall. Oxford University was behind Toynbee Hall but a lot of the work was provided by volunteers. These were, as I mentioned, students who would take a year after their study. They would come here and stay for the year. They would engage themselves in outreach locally through what we would call adult education. They [organised] free courses for local people to do, and a variety of things.</p>\n\n<p>The outreach was provided here by volunteers as I say, and they were students of Oxford University and therefore able to offer a variety of teaching and perhaps most interestingly, they had groups here that they would take on visits to overseas. There was a basket maker from Spitalfields who was on one of these trips to Italy, and he ended up being Cambridge University's first professor of Italian which is quite a leap forward from being a basket maker. There was a huge impact locally from Toynbee Hall.</p>\n\n<p>Oxford University were behind it, yes, but there would have been various sources of revenue. Philanthropists in Victorian times, many of them had limited means. They may have had some means but largely limited. Samuel Barnett himself, he was just a Church of England vicar so he had no particular wealth behind him. Just a social vision as indeed did his wife Henrietta, in fact they met at a birthday party for Octavia Hill who was herself a major philanthropist and was behind a scheme for model dwellings or they say social housing as we would call it now.</p>\n\n<p>David Charnick (www.charnowalks.co.uk) was speaking to Shahed Saleem on 23.02.18. The text has been edited for print.</p>\n",
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"id": 210,
"title": "A few historical facts about the Bell",
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"body": "<p>The earliest date I have for this pub is 1838, when a pub in Petticoat Lane called The Bell (which I think must be this one) was insured with the Sun Fire Office by Arthur Manners, John Furze and Charles Marshall, brewers of Old Castle Street, Whitechapel. By 1842 the pub was listed as The Bell in <em>Robson's Directory</em>, with the first known licencee named as J. Bremer. In later years the pub was tied to the Truman's Brewery of Brick Lane. It was acquired in 1997 by the Thorley Taverns pub group and renamed the Market Trader, with the name reverting to The Bell in 2010.</p>\n",
"created": "2016-12-14",
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{
"id": 1074,
"title": "14 Chamber Street",
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"body": "<p>From at least 1930 the Co-operative Wholesale Society leased premises for a garage from the London and North Eastern Railway Company at what was then known as 15 or 14–15 Chamber Street and Arch 53/54. This was occupied by the ‘Secretary, CWS’ in 1935 and was still in use as a CWS garage in 1968.[^1] It is presently a carwash.</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, L/SMB/C/1/3, Metropolitan Borough of Stepney Valuation List, 1935, p.39.</p>\n",
"created": "2020-05-19",
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"title": "44–50 Leman Street",
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"body": "<p>In front of Black Horse Yard stood a row of four early shophouses. That to the north was held by 1721 and into the 1740s by Thomas Spooner, the author of <em>A Compendious Treatise of the Diseases of the Skin; from the slightest itching Humour in particular Parts only to the most inveterate Itch, stubborn Scabbiness, and confirmed Leprosie</em> (4th edn, 1721) and <em>A short account of the itch</em> (6th edn, 1728). The group of shops was rebuilt in the early nineteenth century and came to house workshops. Late nineteenth-century occupants included a shoemaker, a clockmaker, and a whitesmith, many of those resident were of German extraction. There was also a long-running ladies’ school in the charge of Elizabeth Bass. By 1880, John Miller, the carman at the stabling behind, had Nos 44–46 as his offices. After bomb damage, Nos 46–50 were replaced around 1950 by a utilitarian single-storey store and office built by and for J. Jennings & Sons. The whole site, including the yard, was redeveloped as a five-storey office block in 1988–9 by Rockfort Land to designs by C. A. Cornish Associates. The deep-plan concrete-framed building is clad in red and yellow stock bricks in a somewhat playful Postmodern manner, a symmetrical composition of primary shapes. Windows that can be read as Serliana, with arched heads, are interspersed among rectilinear tripartitite windows, descending in number from the top and bottom storeys so as to highlight a central first-floor door and balcony.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives, Land Tax Returns; Tower Hamlets Commissioners of Sewers ratebooks: Post Office Directories: The National Archives, IR58/84830/4787: Ordnance Survey maps: Tower Hamlets Loal History Library and Archives, P21880; Building Control file 222259: Tower Hamlets planning applications online: <em>Financial Times</em>, 27 June 1988, p. ii</p>\n",
"created": "2020-05-06",
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"title": "1–8 St Mark Street",
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"body": "<p>The clearance by the agents of Edward Hawkins of three Alie Street houses around 1815 permitted the formation of Alie Place, a short access road leading to the Tenter Ground, now the north end of St Mark Street. Two four-storey stock-brick buildings (1 and 2 St Mark Street) went up around 1824 to flank the north end of the new opening towards Alie Street, bearing channelled-stucco lower storeys and first-floor relieving arches, with their entrances on Alie Place. A counterpart pair (5 and 8 St Mark Street), a storey lower and probably built in 1828–9 as 1 and 2 Tenter Ground, faced what is now North Tenter Street. </p>\n\n<p>No. 1, to the north-east, was for long occupied by a cigar manufacturer, Maurice Newman, and remained in commercial use by a trunk and packing-case manufacturer in the 1860s. No. 2, north-west, was first occupied by William Henry Graves, a surgeon and District Medical Officer, whose lease passed to his successor John Liddle, and then to Alfred Turner, a solicitor, later in the century. All likely used the forerunner of the low range to the rear that is 4 St Mark Street as a surgery or offices. Beyond at No. 8, to the south-west, the Plumbe family, arrowroot agents and perhaps first occupants, were resident for several decades. No. 5 was used as a ladies’ school until at least the 1860s. By the 1890s, a shopfront had been inserted at No. 1, which now accommodated one of the area’s principal makers of Passover cakes. Nos 2, 5, 6 and 8 were at this time occupied, respectively by a wholesale clothier, a butcher, a rabbi (Abraham Goldstein), and a gasfitter.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>The single-storey range between Nos 2 and 8 (Nos 4 and 6) was piecemeal development made outwardly homogenous in 1900–1 by Marks Specterman, a bootmaker, employing H. Wall & Co., builders.[^2] In 1938–9 the front shop (No. 2) was taken by D. S. Badwal & Co., ‘indian herb merchants’, with No. 4 to the rear made a café run by Millie Greenwald. These premises were united in the 1940s for the café, now run by Giuseppe Grandini. From 1950 the establishment was in the hands of Salehbhai Jafferji (1907–1987), born in Zanzibar, who lodged Indian merchant seamen above the café, which came to be known as Halal Restaurant by the 1960s. Owned and run since 1981 by Usman Narangali, a former merchant seaman from Kerala who had worked his way up from the kitchen, and then by his son, Mahaboob Narangali, it lays plausible claim to being East London’s oldest continuing Indian restaurant.[^3] </p>\n\n<p>No. 8, to the rear, long housed a corner shop, called City Food Store until 2017 when the space was converted to use as a barber’s shop. Across St Mark Street, No. 1 had been turned to use as a restaurant by 1935, held by H. Borenstein and later styled Fredson’s Café. Following shoring to prevent collapse, that whole property was rebuilt in pastiche form in the late 1980s as 28 Alie Street, offices with a two-storey and attic four-bay rear wing that replaced a single-storey shop and two-storey workshop. No. 5 was retained and repaired.[^4]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, P/FWP/3/1–2: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 14 June 1834, p.4: <em>Sun (London)</em>, 10 Feb 1840, p.3: Ancestry: Post Office Directories (POD): London School of Economics/Brisith Library of Political and Economic Sciences, BOOTH/B/351, p.59: Census</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: London County Council Minutes, 22 May 1900, p.748; 19 July 1904, p.1516: Ordnance Survey maps: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), District Surveyors Returns</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: POD: electoral registers: Ancestry: spitalfieldslife.com/2012/03/14/at-the-halal-restaurant/: www.thebetterindia.com/238392/london-halal-restaurant-usman-abubacke-owner-kerala-nri-chicken-tikka-masala-vindaloo-naan-poppadum-chutney-vid01/?noamp=mobile</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: POD: LMA, Collage 116896–7, 119988, 167475: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2020-08-04",
"last_edited": "2020-10-01"
},
{
"id": 832,
"title": "Animation of the Boar's Head playhouse stage",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
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"body": "<p>The Boar's Head playhouse was built in 1599 within the yard of the Boar's Head inn, just to the south of the site of United Standard House. This animation, link below, was created to assess the likely height of the stage, and shows the general disposition of the stage within the yard. </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.ortelia.com/BoarsHead.html\">http://www.ortelia.com/BoarsHead.html</a></p>\n",
"created": "2019-02-21",
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},
{
"id": 1004,
"title": "22–34 New Road",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
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"body": "<p>The row of shophouses on New Road between Varden Street and Walden Street (Nos 22–34) was formed from about 1812 when the London Hospital gave leases to Isaac Bird for Nos 24–26 and George Goldring for Nos 28–32. Henry Cook took No. 34, along with 2 Walden Street, in 1821. These similar three-storey houses were claimed to have ‘genteel’ residents; No. 28 was furnished in 1819 with ‘lofty four-post mahogany bedsteads’, card tables, and carpets from Brussels and Kidderminster.[^1] By the 1840s the row had started to attract shops and Walter Burrows (senior), a surgeon-dentist, practised at No. 24 from 1844. In the 1850s the house also contained a studio for his wife Eliza Burrows, a professional photographer. The rest of the row drifted into commercial use by the 1860s, when a cigar manufacturer, milliner, furrier and greengrocer were in occupation. At the Varden Street corner, No. 22 was rebuilt on a lease to Fred Schirmer around 1910 for Harris Finegold, a Russia-born warehouseman, to designs by Ernest H. Abbott, who enlivened a red-brick front with quoins and key-blocked gauged-brick window heads. Nos 28–30 were partially refronted by J. G. Oatley, the hospital’s surveyor, in the early twentieth century.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: <em>Public Ledger and Daily Advertiser</em>, 14 May 1819</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Royal London Hospital Archives, RLHLH/A/5/14, p.329: RLHLH/5/5/1: RLHLH/S/3/5: Post Office Directories: www.rps100heroines.org/historical-heroines-voting/?contest=photo-detail&photo_id=64806480: ‘East End Photographers’, <em>East London History Society Newsletter</em>, vol. 3/6, Spring 2010, pp. 16–19: Census: <em>Jewish Chronicle</em>, 24 July 1914, p. 1</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2020-02-17",
"last_edited": "2020-07-20"
},
{
"id": 1134,
"title": "From St Mark’s Church (demolished) to Central Squarea",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
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"b_number": "27-29",
"b_name": "Central Square",
"street": "St Mark Street",
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"body": "<p>The Church of St Mark, Whitechapel, preceded much of the Tenter Ground’s housing, and thus had the effect of rooting development. Construction began in February 1838 and was nearly complete by the end of the year. The church was consecrated on 30 May 1839. The Metropolis Churches Fund, established by Bishop Charles James Blomfield in 1836, initiated and funded the building. This was an early project by the Fund, which went on to build extensively in east London, especially in Bethnal Green, though not elsewhere in Whitechapel. In keeping with the Fund’s mission to provide church space and pastoral care for poor Londoners, St Mark’s had free seatings and a resident clergyman. It was not until 1841 that the parish of St Mark’s, broadly coterminous with Goodman’s Fields, was created out of that of St Mary Matfelon. In the same year St Mark’s National School was established on Royal Mint Street.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>St Mark’s Church was one of the first designs from the office of Thomas Henry Wyatt (1807–1880) and David Brandon (1813–1897). The modest brick building in a pre-Ecclesiological Gothic Revival style was given energy by a tall west tower crowned by a fine octagonal lantern. The main entrance, flanked by two smaller doors for access to gallery staircases, opened to a plain interior that was galleried around three sides to accommodate sittings for 800. A small rectangular chancel gained five stained-glass lancets by William Warrington in 1857. William Alexander Longmore oversaw the removal of the north and south galleries in 1874–5, to improve acoustics while also implying less than full houses.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>St Mark’s was among the poorest and most pastorally challenging parishes in London. It attracted reformers and was a stepping-stone for a number of early Christian socialist disciples of Frederick Denison Maurice. The first among these, incumbent from 1852 to 1856, was (John) Llewelyn Davies (1826–1916), a theologian associated with the co-operative movement. His friend Robert Hebert Quick (1831–1891) joined him as an unpaid curate in 1855 and went on to become an influential educationist. The Rev. David James Vaughan (1825–1905), with a similar outlook, was Davies’s successor to 1860. The parish’s population and their difficulties were eloquently described by the Rev. Charles Voysey (1828–1912), the theistic father of the architect, C. F. A. Voysey (1857–1941), who was a curate at St Mark’s from 1861 to 1863. He was dismissed having preached a sermon against eternal punishment to which a wealthy member of the congregation took exception. The Rev. Brooke Lambert followed on from 1865 to 1871 when, on the basis of thorough investigations, he published <em>Pauperism: seven sermons preached at St. Mark’s, Whitechapel, and one preached before the university, Oxford, with a preface on the work and position of clergy in poor districts</em>. Parish work necessarily focussed on social and welfare matters. By the end of the nineteenth century, the district’s large Jewish population was being served by converted Jews, including the Rev. Michael Rosenthal, a former rabbi. </p>\n\n<p>St Mark’s closed after the First World War, having struggled for decades to maintain a steady congregation. In 1926 its parish united with that of St Paul’s Dock Street. The building was demolished in 1927 and the site was sold off.[^3] </p>\n\n<p>It was acquired and redeveloped in 1927–8 by D. Stanton & Sons Ltd, salvage dealers, who put up a three-storey concrete- and steel-framed warehouse to designs by Moore-Smith & Colbeck. The site was again redeveloped in 1995–6 as Central Square (27–29 St Mark Street and 6 East Tenter Street), a block of twenty-nine flats in three and four storeys in a weak neo-Georgian manner, stock brick with lower-storey channelled rustication. </p>\n\n<p>St Mark’s vicarage, a three-storey house that was attached to the south side of the church at 29 St Mark Street, survived as offices to the salvage warehouse. It was rebuilt in the 1990s as part of Central Square, pastiche including hood-moulds applied to rustication.[^4]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: <em>Globe</em>, 5 Feb 1838, p.3; 22 Nov 1838, p.3: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 31 May 1839, p.3: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, LC14367, Jean Olwen Maynard, ‘History of the parish of English Martyrs Tower Hill, vol.2: 1870–1886’, <em>c.</em>2005, p.24: Gordon Barnes, <em>Stepney Churches: An Historical Account</em>, 1967, pp.81–2</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Ordnance Survey maps (OS): <em>The Builder</em>, 21 Nov 1857, p.679: Maynard, ‘English Martyrs’, vol.2, p.24</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: Charles Voysey, <em>A Corner in the Kingdom of God, 1861–1863</em>, 1905, p.48: <em>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography sub </em>Davies, Lambert, Quick, Vaughan, and Voysey: Barnes, <em>Stepney Churches</em>, pp.81–2: www.stgitehistory.org.uk/stmarkwhitechapel.html</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: OS: London Metropolitan Archives, District Surveyors Returns: Goad insurance maps: Bridget Cherry, Charles O’Brien and Nikolaus Pevsner, <em>The Buildings of England, London 5: East</em>, 2005, p.433: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n",
"created": "2020-08-04",
"last_edited": "2020-10-13"
},
{
"id": 1089,
"title": "John Jacobs",
"author": {
"id": 307,
"username": "richard2"
},
"feature": {
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"properties": {
"b_number": "44",
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"street": "Alie Street",
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"body": "<p>As mentioned John Jacobs lived here with his family.</p><p>He moved into the property in approx 1855 and lived there with his family until 1894 when he retired and moved to Stoke Newington. <br></p><p>He ran his barber's shop from the ground floor and he and his wife Theresa had fourteen children whilst living there, twelve of which lived past childhood.</p><p><br></p>",
"created": "2020-07-21",
"last_edited": "2020-07-23"
},
{
"id": 1088,
"title": "The Freedmans - a family of Jewish tailors",
"author": {
"id": 305,
"username": "caroline2"
},
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"properties": {
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"street": "New Road",
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"body": "<p>The Freedman Family, Polish Jews who had been living in the Russian Empire, lived here between at least 1891 and 1901 (according to census records). The father, Barnett Freedman, was a tailor, and is variously listed in census records as a master tailor and a military tailor. His wife Bloomah (also called Ester) had nine children, most of whom also worked in the tailoring trade. The children were all born in the East End, while the parents were Russian subjects. The oldest child, Samuel, was born around 1868 when his parents were both 22, so the family must have moved to London sometime in the mid to late 1860s. Before living at New Road they resided around the corner on Old Montague Street, and some time after Barnett's death in 1902 and the 1911 census, his widow and younger children moved to Hackney where they lived on Richmond Road.</p>",
"created": "2020-07-13",
"last_edited": "2020-07-23"
},
{
"id": 74,
"title": "24-26 Whitechapel Road",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
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"search_str": "24 Whitechapel Road"
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"tags": [
"Amos Eaton",
"Buck & Hickman",
"Fasham Venables",
"Henry Hyman Collins"
]
},
"body": "<p>A timber-framed and jettied three-storey pair here, probably dating from around 1570, was gutted by fire on 20 August 1893. For reconstruction the landlord, Fasham Venables, employed Henry Hyman Collins as surveyor and Amos Eaton & Co. as builder, the last based, like Venables’s linendrapers’ firm, on Whitechapel High Street. The old front walls were retained for the sake of the upper-storey projection, but Arthur Crow, the District Surveyor, objected and took the matter to court, arguing that the work constituted rebuilding so the projection had to be sacrificed. He prevailed and work with set-back brick front walls was completed in March 1894. Venables held the freehold of Nos 20–26 in the early twentieth century; it was acquired by Buck & Hickman in 1961. Textile use at No. 24 began around 1920. [^1] A scheme for Alternative Developments Ltd by Rivington Street Studio Architects, taken forward by Whitechapel Road Developments with Modus Workspace Ltd as the principal contractor, included refurbishment of Nos 24–30, long vacant. In the event Nos 24–26 were replaced in replica form in 2017–18.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: District Surveyors Returns: The National Archives, IR58/84803/2083–5: British Library, Crace Port.16.22: London Metropolitan Archives, GLC/AR/BR/22/006237: Post Office Directories: Tower Hamlets Local History Library & Archives, Buck & Hickman Ltd, ‘Directors’ Reports and Accounts, 1950–1967’</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n",
"created": "2016-06-27",
"last_edited": "2020-08-20"
},
{
"id": 537,
"title": "Redevelopment Proposal (1986–8)",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
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"properties": {
"b_number": "59-63",
"b_name": "Central House, London Metropolitan University",
"street": "Whitechapel High Street",
"address": "Central House, 59-63 Whitechapel High Street",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
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"body": "<p>By the mid-1980s, local textile and fashion entrepreneur Roy Sandhu was using a number of properties around Gardiner’s Corner for his business ‘Roy Manufacturing’. However, having acquired the freehold for Central House and with the rag trade on the wane, in 1986 Sandhu turned his attention to property development. He commissioned Wapping-based architect Ian Ritchie to daringly reimagine a site that stretched all the way from Commercial Road to St Mary’s Gardens (now Altab Ali Park), taking in Central House and allowing for the closure of White Church Lane. The speculative scheme tested the appetite for a new monolithic banking centre located just outside the City, presenting a potential rival to Canary Wharf.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>The proposal consisted of a semi-cylindrical office tower of sixty storeys, taller than any other tower in Europe at the time and inflected with High-Tech nuance. Dealing floors clad in translucent glass were to be punctuated by open garden levels at strategic intervals. A four-storey mixed-use podium at the base of the tower was intended as a concession to the urban context, so too was the creation of new parkland behind the tower, envisioned to extend and upgrade the facilities of St Mary’s Gardens. Sandhu’s proposal was widely reported, at least in part on account of the businessman’s rags-to-riches story and bold ambition. ‘Roy’s Corner’, as the scheme was mockingly referred to, was not well received by Tower Hamlets Council nor by local residents. Criticism focussed on the tower’s high proportion of office space, its potential impact on the rag trade, and its unprecedented scale. An unfavourable political climate, precipitated by the change from Labour-led local council to a Liberal one, ensured the controversial scheme was shelved. Despite such strength of opposition, the proposal was resurrected in 1988 with only a slight reduction in its height. To the incredulity of critics, Ritchie claimed that ‘the tower will be hardly visible from street level until you look upwards and then it will be like gazing into the 21st century.’[^2] The scheme failed once more but Ritchie was not mistaken with regard to the future of Aldgate.[^3]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archive (THLHLA), cuttings 022, <em>Estates Times</em>, 11 April 1986; <em>London Standard</em>, 26 March 1986</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: THLHLA, cuttings 022, <em>East London Advertiser</em>, 6 August 1988</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: <em>Architects Journal (AJ)</em>, 19 March 1986; THLHLA, cuttings 022, <em>The Guardian</em>, 17 March 1986; <a href=\"http://www.ianritchiearchitects.co.uk/projects/central_house_office_tower/\">http://www.ianritchiearchitects.co.uk/projects/central_house_office_tower/</a> Accessed 6 Nov 2017; THLHLA, cuttings 022, <em>London Standard</em>, 26 March 1986; <em>New Society</em>, 13 Jun 1986; THLHLA, cuttings 022, <em>East London Advertiser</em>, 7 Nov 1986</p>\n",
"created": "2018-01-02",
"last_edited": "2020-10-03"
}
]
}