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"id": 680,
"title": "42–46 Fieldgate Street",
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"address": "Maedah Grill, 42 Fieldgate Street (with 100 Greenfield Road)",
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"body": "<p>This site takes in what had been 26–46 Fieldgate Street, a humble row much of which originated with the builder John Langley in 1790. The earlier King’s Arms public house (at what became No. 32) was rebuilt by Abraham Davis in 1891–2. It came to be known as a place where Jewish workers and anarchists met. By 1871 the Ebenezer Hall had adjoined to its east at No. 34. There the Salvation Army’s first 'War Cry' was printed in 1879.[^1] Further east Nos 36–46 were rebuilt as dwellings in 1902–4 by Davis Brothers (Israel Davis alone after 1902), working with J. H. Newman & William Jacques, the London Hospital’s surveyors.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>All the buildings on Fieldgate Street between Greenfield Road and Settles Street were cleared in the 1960s, anticipating a factory by way of extension of the Plumber’s Row industrial area. A three-storey scheme of 1964–5 for S. B. & N. Landau Ltd by Newman, Levinson & Partners was abandoned. New plans by Joseph Mendleson and Partners for Abbey Made Ltd came forward in 1978 proposing office use. This was opposed by the GLC on zoning grounds and the project was carried through as a factory in 1981–2 for S. Lipmann with John Willmott (London) Ltd, builders. The four-storey brick-faced corner block was converted to office use in the early 1990s. As 42 Fieldgate Street (formerly 100 Greenfield Road), in 2018 it houses a restaurant (Maedah Grill), the Qurtubah Institute, an adult-education centre teaching Arabic and Islamic Studies, Ibrahim College and MPL Estates Ltd. Extension to Settles Street had been abandoned in 1981, and that corner remained undeveloped until 2003–4 when 44–46 Fieldgate Street was built. This is a red-brick block of nine flats by Bahara Designs Ltd, alternatively Bahara Building Consultants, called Mohmed Apartments after the developer, Saeed Yusuf Mohmed. It might be labelled neo-Davis Brothers as it takes strong stylistic cues from the local tenements of a century earlier. More flats were provided by infill of the intervening space for Mohmed’s MPL Estates Ltd in 2018. Designs of 2011 by David Kroll were taken forward by 1618 Architects Ltd. Taller redevelopment of the early 1980s block to the west is intended to follow.[^3]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), District Surveyor's Returns (DSR): Goad insurance maps, 1890 and 1899: <em>Jewish Chronicle</em>, 17 June 1898, p. 29: Post Office Directories</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Royal London Hospital Archives, RLHLH/A/9/411, p. 178; RLHLH/S/1/4: DSR</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: LMA, GLC/AR/BR/34/003956: Ordnance Survey maps: Goad, 1953 and 1968: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, Building Control files 40644,40646: Tower Hamlets planning applications online: Historic England Archives, NMR 21763/23: information kindly supplied by David Kroll</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2018-07-02",
"last_edited": "2019-05-17"
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{
"id": 58,
"title": "8 and 10 White Church Lane",
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"body": "<p>This pair was built in 1852 by Jabez Single of New Road as houses with shops that were first occupied by Mark Berry, a zinc and tinplate worker, and James Fullerton Barber, a printer. Painted brick with gauged-brick flat-arched window heads, No. 10 was part rebuilt in 1886, and retains the south console from a shopfront of 1894. It was much altered and extended to the rear for a bedding factory that was later a silk-screen and joiners’ workshops. [^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: District Surveyors Returns: Post Office Directories: Goad maps</p>\n",
"created": "2016-06-22",
"last_edited": "2016-07-27"
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{
"id": 698,
"title": "129 Whitechapel High Street",
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"body": "<p>These modest shop-houses are survivors from the late eighteenth to mid nineteenth century, albeit heavily altered when combined into one building in 2007–8 when the owner, S. Reiss, occupant of the shop, converted the upper floors of Nos 128 and 129 into five flats served by a single staircase, to the designs of Clements & Porter, architects.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>No. 129<strong> </strong>is a more substantial building of uncertain origins, probably early nineteenth century though extensively altered in 1876.[^2] From <em>c.</em>1829 until 1875 it was a wholesale ironmongers, Thomas Elton (previously at the diminutive No. 125), then Elton and Joyce continued from 1841 by Joshua Joyce who built extensive stores in the yard and those of Nos 127 and 128. He remained in occupation, with C.T. Blackman, a surgeon, on the upper floors, till the copyhold of the building was acquired in 1872 near the expiry of Joyce’s lease by Brooke Bond, the start of major expansion of this Manchester tea dealers in Whitechapel, which eventually occupied several large buildings in Goulston, Old Castle and Tyne Streets. Brooke Bond rebuilt the upper floors with a double mansard attic on the deep building, using it as offices, and rebuilt the rear stores as warehousing, elaborating the frontage with rusticated quoins and vaguely Mannerist embellishments to the windows in 1909-10 during major works to its Castle Alley property, probably to the designs of William Dunk (1843-1924), their warehouse architect. The top floor was destroyed in the war. The building was acquired by National Westminster Bank in 1951 pending reinstatement of their premises next door at No. 130 and the basement, ground and first floors were used from 1952 as a branch, after alteration by Mansfield & Neil Ltd to the designs of the Bank’s in-house architect, S.G. Lawrence, and the top floor was rebuilt in replica in 1956-7 by W.J. Cooper (Barnsbury) Ltd to the designs of F.G. Frizzell, architect.[^3] After the new bank at No. 130 reopened in 1959, No. 129 was altered back to a shop with a shopfront by Howfronts of Ilford and became S. Reiss menswear, founded in 1929 by Sam Reiss (1903-95), formerly in Brick Lane and Bishopsgate (a shop taken over by his nephew whose son David went on to found the global clothing brand Reiss). Reiss removed next door to No. 128 in 1988.[^4]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Tower Hamlets planning applications online (THP): Tower Hamlets Local History Library & Archives (THLHLA), B/ELL/2/40</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: London Metropolitan Archives, District Surveyor's Returns</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: THLHLA, Building control file 15891 location 47</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: Post Office Directories: THP: <a href=\"https://melchettmike.wordpress.com/2009/03/27/sam-reiss-zl-1903-1995/\">https://melchettmike.wordpress.com/2009/03/27/sam-reiss-zl-1903-1995/</a></p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2018-07-06",
"last_edited": "2019-07-29"
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"id": 65,
"title": "Former St George's Brewery, 33 Commercial Road",
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"body": "<p>The imposing early-Victorian brick range that stands askew behind Commercial Road east of White Church Lane was built by John A. Furze in 1846–7 as St George’s Brewery. Furze had been based on Old Castle Street in partnership with Charles Marshall in the 1830s at a brewery founded there in 1823 by Joseph Ticknell. His surveyor–architect for the new brewery was Charles Humphreys. The building was aligned square to White Church Lane and faced a yard to its south that was obliterated when Commercial Road was extended in 1869–70. This was a model brewery, featured in the <em>Illustrated London News</em> where it was praised for its quiet efficiency.</p>\n\n<p>It was given an internal frame of cast iron, ornamentally detailed columns interlocking with T-section girders and lower-level brick jack arches, to carry great weights and conduct heat. The building was divided into three unequal sections by brick cross-walls, for brewing to the east and cooling and fermenting to the west, separated by malt and hop stores in the bay between. This division was and is articulated externally, with a dentilled cornice to the west, a finely detailed guilloche Portland stone string course and a stepped gable to the dividing bay, and chamfered yellow-brick quoining to the three eastern brewing bays, above which there was a huge iron water tank. A separate steam-engine house stood beyond to the east. In the early 1850s the brewery was extended westwards to take in the Fir Tree Public House on Church Lane, but that gain was soon taken away by the extension of Commercial Road. Through the Victorian period Furze & Co. prospered as one of East London’s major purveyors of beer.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>Walter Furze sold up to Taylor Walker & Co., Limehouse brewers, in 1900–1. They maintained St George’s beer house facing Commercial Road, but closed the brewery and sold the freehold to John Walker & Sons Ltd of Kilmarnock (Johnnie Walker) for use as bonded whisky stores and a bottling plant. This soon came to be known as St George’s Bond. The main building was converted to house a distillery on the ground and first floors, with storage, bottling, labelling and packing above under a new roof with steel girders inserted at upper levels. There were also alterations to two bays of the west section for a lower mezzanine level, now removed. A row of houses on the south side of Assam Street was pulled down around 1910 and that site redeveloped for a bonded bottling warehouse. This may have been begun in 1913 via Davis & Emanuel, architects, but it appears not to have been completed until 1919–20 when Walter Laurence & Son Ltd were the builders. Numerous further alterations included adaptation of part of the main building as an air-raid shelter in 1939.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>Johnnie Walker continued here as part of Distillers Company until the early 1970s when the Amalgamated Investment and Property Company acquired the site and planned its redevelopment for offices. Their scheme fell foul of the spot-listing of the 1840s range and rag-trade use followed.[^3] For a time the building was squatted. Graffiti of the last years before adaptive reconstruction included figures by Stik in the reveal of an arch in the old brewery’s east wall at ground-floor level that have been retained.</p>\n\n<p>Development proposals in 2006 mooted a 35-storey tower. This was refused and plans for Broadstone Ltd working with Burland TM Architects were revised to gain permissions in 2010. The project, largely student housing in 346 rooms, was seen through as Assam Place in 2012–14 for ADPL (Alternative Developments) and Mace with HKR Architects. A zinc- and brick-clad 18-storey tower, this height permitted as part of an ‘emerging cluster’, was inserted to the north-east where there had been bottle-storage and garage buildings. The listed 1840s range was adapted for office and other use, with western parts at lower levels open to view in a bar called The Warehouse. The Assam Street warehouse became student rooms. Single-storey retail and office spaces on the Commercial Road flank a student entrance, early twentieth-century facades retained. There are simple bare timber-panel facings to inserted staircases and partitions. The developers had indicated that London Metropolitan University students were in mind, but the complex was in due course taken by the HULT International Business School to be an undergraduate campus. The buildings are also now known as Hult Tower and The Studios, intervening space as Education Square.[^4]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: District Surveyors Returns: <em>Illustrated London News</em>, 18 Dec. 1847, p. 408</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: District Surveyors Returns: London Metropolitan Archives, O/064/034: The National Archives, IR58/84806/2385–2400; IR58/84809/2644–6] </p>\n\n<p>[^3]: <em>East London Advertiser</em>, 14 March 1975: Post Office Directories </p>\n\n<p>[^4]: TH planning: information kindly supplied by Maude Fahy</p>\n",
"created": "2016-06-24",
"last_edited": "2021-05-04"
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{
"id": 431,
"title": "103 Whitechapel Road",
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"body": "<p>No. 103 Whitechapel Road is a single-bay, three-storey and attic building with a gambrel roof that may date in large measure to 1848 when George Furby, the resident ironmonger and hardware merchant, was obliged to rebuild after a fire. There was further rebuilding in 1921–2. A flat conversion in 2005–7 was carried out by Hutton Enterprises acting as architectural consultants for Ajay and Arwin Taheam of Zeco Ltd. The shop has been home to the Pie Factory since 2012, a halal establishment serving traditional British pies. [^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: District Surveyors Returns: Post Office Directories: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n",
"created": "2017-08-02",
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{
"id": 75,
"title": "28-30 Whitechapel Road",
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"body": "<p>Two eighteenth-century houses on the site of Nos 28–30 had a yard that turned east to extend to what is now Plumber's Row. There was a sugarhouse there from around 1736, first run by John Brissault, then by James Lewis Turquand from about 1765. It passed to George Wolrath Holzmeyer in 1779, and then in 1799 to William Wilde, who, it appears, had by 1805 built a new sugarhouse on a larger and deeper rectangular footprint on the site that was later that of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry’s back workshop where a vault survives, possibly connected with the sugarhouse. John Henry Wagentrieber ran this sugarhouse by 1812 up to about 1827 after which it may have been demolished.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>On the roadside a replacement pair of shophouses was built in 1846 for John Turner, by Little and Sons, local builders at Size Yard. The first occupants of the shops were William Platt, a cabinet maker, and William Hooper, a butcher. In the early years of the twentieth century Morris Datzkovsky & Co., wine merchants, and William Minn, ironmonger, were here. Buck & Hickman Ltd, toolmakers, had No. 30 by 1928. The premises were listed in 1973, but had fallen into a state of dilapidation by 1980, No. 30 gutted internally and shored up at the front by 1991. The owner, K. S. Sidhu of Kay Textiles and Kewal Investments, agreed a refurbishment scheme, his architect being Peter Black of Scott Brownrigg & Turner (later the Barlow Black Partnership). In the event Black oversaw complete rebuilding in 1997. [^2]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives, M/93/037, pp.160–5,263–4; M/93/038, pp.244–51; THCS/294–424; Land Tax returns: British Library, Crace portfolio 16.22: information kindly supplied by Bryan Mawer: Richard Horwood's maps, 1799 and 1813: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, Map 233</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: District Surveyors Returns: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, Building Control Files 41849, 41851 and 42717: Tower Hamlets Planning</p>\n",
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"title": "The Great Synagogue seen in 1977",
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"body": "<p>The Great Synagogue surrounded by cleared sites now occupied by the East London Mosque, London Muslim Centre and Maryam Centre, from a digitised colour slide in the collection of the Tower Hamlets Archives:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/758992683557715968\">https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/758992683557715968</a></p>\n",
"created": "2016-12-19",
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"body": "<p>Buck & Hickman, saw and tool makers, had this corner site from 1860–1. Matthew Buck, a Sheffield sawmaker, had come to London by 1825. In 1827 his daughter, Ann Buck (1806–95), married John Roe Hickman, said to have been a printer. In 1835–6 the couple took premises in (White) Church Lane, on the east side where the block called Naylor West now stands, from where they traded as Buck & Hickman, sawmakers, perhaps retaining Ann’s surname because the Buck family had established its name at saw- and tool-making premises in Newgate Street, Tottenham Court Road and Lambeth Marsh. John Roe Hickman died in 1847 and a son of the same name moved the saw and tool-making business to larger premises on the Whitechapel Road and behind along Union (Adler) Street that included a steam grindery. The company won government contracts and expanded further, nearby and with engineering works in Vallance Road in the 1880s, supplying tools to many east London manufacturers. [^1]</p>\n\n<p>Hickman redeveloped the Whitechapel Road corner in 1887 for shops, offices, warehousing and a keeper’s apartment, and built a tool warehouse along Union Street in 1897 by when the business had moved into the mass-production of machine tools. In 1904 the second John Roe Hickman died, the chairmanship passing to a third. Whitechapel became the head office of a firm with outlets in several other cities. During the First World War the Buckman Engineering Centre was established in the Adler Street premises in collaboration with government ministries to train ex-servicemen. Charles George Twallin, a son-in-law with training in banking and finance, became Managing Director when the third John Roe Hickman died in 1921 and ran the firm up to 1963. Much of the rest of the Whitechapel Road block up to the Bell Foundry, was taken and redeveloped by Buck & Hickman in the interwar period. High-explosive and flying bombs landed on Adler Street in September 1940 and 1944 and fire bombing on 29 December 1940 caused extensive damage on Whitechapel Road. The corner was redeveloped with the extant five-storey brick-faced and steel-framed office range in 1958–60, to plans by Browett, Taylor & Co. (R. E. J. Chew, architect), with Holloway Brothers (London) Ltd as builders [^2] </p>\n\n<p>Buck & Hickman left Whitechapel in 1974. Five years later Town & City Properties gained permission to use their road-front buildings for offices. The Whitechapel Road corner building, latterly called Cityside, fell vacant and refurbishment began in 2016 for Britel Fund Trustees Ltd, representing a consortium of owners (Bridges Ventures Hotel Property Ltd, Huynh Doc Vu and Trinh Hang Vu, and Kewal Investments Ltd). Plans by DSDHA include additional storeys to the office building with new hotel accommodation in the rear yard extending up to the Bell Foundry’s workshop. [^3]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Ancestry: Census: Post Office Directories: Tower Hamlets Local History Library & Archives, ‘Buck & Hickman Ltd: the history and development’, 1952</p>\n\n<p>[^2]:<em> The Builder</em>, 28 March 1887, p. 490: District Surveyors Returns: The Naional Archives, IR58/84803/2075: Post Office Directories: Goad maps: Tower Hamlets Local History Library & Archives, ‘Buck & Hickman Ltd: the history and development’, 1952’; Buck & Hickman Ltd, ‘Directors’ Reports and Accounts, 1950–1967’; Building Control File 42763</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: Tower Hamlets Local History Library & Archives: Tower Hamlets Planning </p>\n",
"created": "2016-06-27",
"last_edited": "2017-05-03"
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{
"id": 218,
"title": "Jewish burial ground in 1975",
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"body": "<p>A digitised colour slide from Tower Hamlets Archives: </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/794465350108807168\">https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/794465350108807168</a></p>\n",
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"title": "Sylheti settlement on Whitechapel Road",
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"body": "<p>In fieldwork carried out in 2011-12 twenty-one interviewees explained the need to preserve the identification of Whitechapel Road with the Sylheti community as a reaction to the gentrification process.</p>\n\n<p>Saba (53) was preoccupied with the possible loss of individual cultural identity and the uprootedness of a society that is more and more like a market in which nothing prevents the stronger from dominating the weaker: \"I am worried about an oncoming blending of local culture, as other multinational chains follow Starbucks into the area and attempt to gentrify it with their bland corporate décor and homogenous facades. We must defend our area and culture from taking over\".</p>\n\n<p>Puja (34) said: \"I see Shoreditch, about a mile from here, that every venue has the same hipster formula applied. There's no place for identity anymore\".</p>\n\n<p>Abida (26) claimed: \"It feels like the East-End becomes a playground for the rich and Japanese. We are worried that property prices soar pushing us, the original residents, out. We’d better sell inside.\"</p>\n\n<p>As of 2002, indirect collaborations succeeded in strengthening the Sylheti presence on Whitechapel Road. Collective behaviour thus attracted Sylheti newcomers. The area designated as Sylheti territory was marked by its own market prices, strengthening the community members' sense of place, and improving their ability to cope with local challenges.</p>\n\n<p>This is an extract from a paper titled 'A decision not to decide: A new challenge for planning', published in <em>European Planning Studies.</em></p>\n",
"created": "2017-02-28",
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{
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"title": "27A Commercial Road",
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"body": "<p>27a Commercial Road was built in 1876–8 by A. P. Wootton as a speculation. The commercial premises first housed Hyam Goldstein’s cap factory, then Aaram Bagel's boot factory, Burstein Isaacs & Co.'s cigarette factory and then tea packing.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>The premises were redeveloped in 1936–7 with Nos 29–33 Church Lane, with George Coles as architect and Hudson Brothers as builders for M. Freedman, a gown manufacturer. Surprisingly, the façade of the 1870s was retained. </p>\n\n<p>A scheme for redevelopment of Nos 29–37 and 27–27a Commercial Road was prepared in 2012, approved in 2014 and refined in 2016. Initiated by Reef Estates Aldgate Ltd, it proposes a 270-bedroom hotel in a 21-storey tower to be operated by Motel One, a German firm. The architects are Stock Woolstencroft.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Metropolitan Board of Works Minutes, 4 Jan. 1878, p.6: District Surveyors Returns: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, Building Control file 40299: Post Office Directories: The National Archives, IR58/84809/2656</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Tower Hamlets Planning</p>\n",
"created": "2016-06-20",
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"title": "Late Victorian schools and other developments north of Little Alie Street",
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"body": "<p>Irish and German settlement in the Little Alie Street area generally gave way to a Jewish population in the late nineteenth century, with tailoring predominant by way of employment.[^1]On the south side of Buckle Street’s east end the Half Moon and Punchbowl pub and six houses were cleared to make way for a branch of the voluntary-aided <strong>Jews’ Infants’ School</strong>, which was built by Harris & Wardrop in 1888 and opened in March 1889 to provide education for children aged three to seven. The institution had its origins in 1841 on Houndsditch. It branched to Commercial Street in Spitalfields in 1856–8 and the Buckle Street establishment was another extension, replacing a smaller facility on East Tenter Street. The substantial Buckle Street school, which had a part-covered rear playground with a detached range of WCs, allowed an additional 1,000 children to receive religious and secular instruction. It was plausibly claimed as being among the largest infants’ schools in England.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>The Jews’ Infants’ School was widely admired for its progressive approach. Inspectors lauded the teaching, ‘children {are} not only taught but also educated’.[^3] The headmistress, Miss Pizer, had by 1912 structured teaching on Froebelian methods, emphasizing ‘natural’ play, storytelling and self-expression. The spaciousness of the building permitted free movement, and a dado of green linoleum was for infants to learn through drawing. One visitor reported that the parquet floor allowed the children to ‘romp to their hearts’ content without making too much noise’.[^4] The school continued until it suffered bomb damage in the Blitz. The empty building was acquired by a Jewish sweet-making firm in 1954. It was replaced by a four-storey warehouse around 1960.[^5] </p>\n\n<p>Another significant educational initiative of the same period in this locality was the <strong>Whitechapel Craft School</strong>, opened in January 1891 by J. D. Sedding, at 27 Alie Street, the early five-bay house to the east of the German school, which had previously seen use as a cigar factory. This school had its origins in links made at Toynbee Hall and through C. R. Ashbee’s Guild of Handicraft. Hubert Llewellyn Smith led the project and acted as Secretary, the governing committee included Ernest Gimson. The first-floor front room was used as both a drawing school and a workshop for carving, modelling and metalwork. The back room was a museum. Upper floors were ‘manual workshops’. Men and ‘lads’ with backgrounds in building and furnishing trades were encouraged to develop their approaches to design through the educational methods of both Froebel and Pestalozzi. The school gained LCC support in 1894 and moved to a church on Globe Road in 1896.[^6]After the development of Commercial Road’s newly formed southern frontage in the mid 1870s, Buckle Street and Plough Street were more generally redeveloped. The Man in the Moon public house was rebuilt and enlarged in view of the new road in 1877–8. Several old houses were replaced by blocks of five- and six-storey dwellings in 1882–3, including Buckle Street Buildings, on the north side to the east, and Plough Street Buildings at the junction’s north-west corner. When two large shops were advertised for let on Plough Street in 1881, they were said to be located in ‘a neighbourhood surrounded by Model Dwellings’.[^7] On inspection by John Liddle, the Medical Officer for Health, in 1883, Plough Street Buildings comprised eighty-three rooms above ground-floor shops. Seventy-nine of the rooms were inhabited by 178 people, of whom eighty-seven were children, ‘the lower order of foreigners, and very dirty’.[^8] The closure of a ‘Whitechapel Fever Den’ in an old house on Plough Street in 1885 reinforced fears of insanitary conditions and overcrowding in the new buildings, but the tone of reports calmed and by 1897 overcrowding was said to have abated to a reasonable level.[^9] </p>\n\n<p>In 1893–4 Nathaniel and Raphael (Ralph) Davis built a block of six four-storey houses with shops and top-floor workshops on the south side of Alie Street returning to the east side of Rupert Street. The west end of the south side of Buckle Street (Nos 24–26) was redeveloped in 1899 as houses and workshops, with a synagogue formed at No. 26.[^10]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Census: <em>East London Observer (ELO)</em>, 2 June 1888, p.3</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: <em>The Builder</em>, 16 Nov 1861, pp.784–5: <em>Globe</em>, 6 March 1889, p.4: <em>London Daily News</em>, 7 March 1889, p.7: <em>Jewish Chronicle (JC)</em>, 26 May 1893, p.2; 10 Jan 1896, p.18; 23 Oct 1896, p.17; 13 Nov 1896, p.2: <em>Truth</em>, 10 Jan 1895, p.8: <em>Morning Post</em>, 21 Jan 1897, p.3: London Metropolitan Archives, District Surveyors Returns (DSR)</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: <em>JC</em>, 23 Oct 1896, p.17; 24 April 1896, p.15</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: <em>Pall Mall Gazette</em>, 28 Dec 1912, p.12: <em>ELO</em>, 14 Sept 1912, p.3</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: Post Office Directories: Ordnance Survey maps (OS): The National Archives (TNA), ED21/57365: <em>JC</em>, 11 March 1955: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: TNA, ED27/3238: fairfaxcholmeley.com/east-end-and-toynbee/the-craft-school-1890-1915/</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: <em>ELO</em>, 26 Nov 1881, p.8; 14 Nov 1891, p.4: <em>Daily Telegraph & Courier (London)</em>, 27 June 1881, p.8: DSR: OS</p>\n\n<p>[^8]: <em>The Builder</em>, 16 June 1883, p.833: <em>Globe</em>, 8 June 1883, p.3</p>\n\n<p>[^9]: <em>ELO</em>, 20 June 1885, p.3: <em>Tower Hamlets Independent and East End Local Advertiser</em>, 25 Dec 1897, p.7</p>\n\n<p>[^10]: DSR</p>\n",
"created": "2020-07-31",
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"id": 627,
"title": "Nos 136–146 (including 135 New Road)",
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"body": "<p>A large house on the site of 136–138 Whitechapel Road was built around 1770 (following a 61-year lease of 1763 to Thomas Pearce and John Lamb) on what had been open ground for William Menish, an innovative chemist who was here until around 1810. In 1776 Menish was accused, but acquitted, of creating at the New Road corner, ‘a nusance, in erecting an elaboratory and making spirits of hartshorn’.[^1] Menish was followed by John Burnell, a horn manufacturer, who also succeeded Menish at a mill and workshops on the north side of Whitechapel Road further west. There was a large yard to the rear that came to be used by stone masons. Thomas Kincey, a wheelwright and carriage-maker, was at the New Road corner (formed in 1754-6) by 1780.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>Menish’s house on the site of Nos 136–138 was refronted and altered on its east side in 1826–7 by the formation of the short three-storey and gambrel row of shophouses that stands at Nos 138–146. This was presumably a speculation on the part of the owner, John Burnell, who became a magistrate, possibly involving Isaac Bird, a property developer who was present round the corner on New Road. The group was probably brick-faced originally, with first-floor relieving arches above the entrances of the houses at Nos 138 and 140, and a recessed quadrant corner. The corner property appears to have been a public house from the outset, possibly a replacement of a predecessor. It was later known as the Earl of Aberdeen public house which continued here up to the 1920s. First occupants at No. 138 in the 1830s were Francis Arnold, a tailor, followed by Edmund Baker, a dyer and scourer. From about 1840 No. 140 housed Thomas and Robert Martyn, Devonian linendrapers, later also carpet and furniture dealers, who spread to Nos 136 and 138 in 1846. This unification might provide the date for the harmonization of the façade by rendering and architraves, even unto the bizarrely singular fluted pilaster between Nos 136 and 138. Robert Martyn built a carpet warehouse behind Nos 138–140 in the 1850s.[^3]</p>\n\n<p>In the early twentieth century No. 136 housed a photographer’s studio, for Hermer Hyman Polsky and others. It lost its upper storeys as a result of bomb damage. Arthur Dubosky had the carpet warehouse refitted as a restaurant in 1927 and N. Davis Ltd, hosiers, took Nos 138–146 in 1929 and formed a unified menswear shop with extensive alterations carried out by George Barker, a New Road builder. The warehouse/restaurant came down in the 1950s, but Davis continued here into the 1990s, with basement fitting rooms and upper-storey workrooms sandwiching the shop, which had a corner island vitrine display unit that survived till 2015. The block was refurbished and converted in 2013–15 to form nine flats above separate shop units in a project by ERS Investments Ltd overseen by Form Architecture Ltd (Lewis Cook, job architect). Plans of 2007 proposed reconstructing the façade of No. 136 in the form it had up to 1940, but these were revised for a pastiche façade that attempts a unity with Nos 138–146 that had not previously existed. Nos 138–142 is now known as Corner House, and the corner shop (Nos 144–146) has been a branch of Ambala, the Asian sweetshop franchise, since 2015.[^4]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: <em>Lloyd’s Evening Post</em>, 8 July 1776: <em>General Advertiser and Morning Intelligencer</em>, 30 March 1779</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: The National Archives, C13/2777/49: London Metropolitan Archvies (LMA), MS119136/516/1065824; Land Tax returns; Tower Hamlets Commissioners of Sewers ratebooks (THCS): Post Office Directories (POD)</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 5 March 1839, p. 3: LMA, THCS; MS11936/511/1074143; MBO/Plans/184; District Surveyors Returns (DSR): POD: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), P07273: information kindly supplied by Simon Martyn</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: LMA, GLC/AR/BR/07/3962; DSR: POD: THLHLA, Building Control files 41920–1, 87590: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n",
"created": "2018-04-24",
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"properties": {
"b_number": "39-47",
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"address": "Frazer House, 39-47 Alie Street (including 32-38 Leman Street)",
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"body": "<p>In 2014, I rehearsed a play for The Yard Theatre at Frazer House. The Yard had been granted free access to the building to develop their arts projects since they are a registered charity. We had great experiences working in this space. As a former office building, the space had lots of different rooms and offered a lot of flexibility.</p>\n",
"created": "2016-06-20",
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{
"id": 700,
"title": "Oceanair House, 133–137 Whitechapel High Street",
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"body": "<p>The corner building with Goulston Street is atypical for Whitechapel, a tentatively snazzy deco-moderne shop and offices, built in 1937-8 in reinforced concrete by the London Ferro-Concrete Co. Ltd, with Crittall metal windows, the first floor faced in Portland stone, the rest in pinky-brown brick. The client was Cardigan Estates Ltd of Leeds, a subsidiary of Prices Tailors Ltd, Philip S. B. Nicolle was the company architect. Established in Leeds before the First World War, this firm bought and redeveloped many High Street sites around England in similar fashion in the 1930s. When built it towered over the High Street at seven storeys, the top floor set back with a roof terrace. There was a four-storey wing to the rear on the site of the warehouse of the former Nos 133–134.</p>\n\n<p>The building was reduced, following severe damage by a high-explosive bomb on 9 Sept 1940, to part-three, part-four floors.[^1] The occupants of the shop until the 1950s was Price’s retail tailoring business, the Fifty Shilling Tailors. John Collier Ltd took over all the Fifty Shilling Tailors when Henry Price retired in 1954, restoring Cardigan House to its former height c.1955, and they remained in the shop till c.1992.[^2] Later use included the Aldgate Exchange, a Thorley Taverns pub, from 1997 to 2014.[^3]</p>\n\n<p>The upper floors of Nos 133-137 were used as offices, known as Cardigan House till at least 1959 and by 1967 had become Oceanair House. Most of the offices were used by rag-trade companies, but with greater variety from the 1960s including the Merchant Navy and Airline Officers’ Association and the London Board for Shechita.[^4] By 1994 it had become offices and the student union of London Guildhall University, continuing after merger with the University of North London as London Metropolitan University in 2002, when minor extensions were made to the upper floors to the designs of Trehearne, architects, until 2010. Following its acquisition in 2013 by CBRE Global Investors, Oceanair House was renovated to the designs of Morrow & Lorraine, architects, and the building, including the shop, let to The Office Group, offering ‘design-led flexible offices’, meeting rooms and break-out spaces.[^5]</p>\n\n<p>Cardigan House had replaced several buildings at 133-137 Whitechapel High Street. Nos 133–4, occupying the site of Jonathan Fullers’ property, was a substantial late-Regency-style house of four storeys, the first-floor windows set in a blind arcade, built in 1842–3 by Merry & Co., wholesale cheesemongers, on the site of the previous No. 133, which they had occupied since 1830, and No. 134. To the rear a warehouse occupied the full depth of the site. </p>\n\n<p>Their successor from 1877, Warren & Bodle, later Warren & Co. and Warren Sons & Co., wholesale provision merchants, acquired the freehold of Nos 135 and 136 in 1885, demolishing them for access to the substantial yard, adding loopholes to the warehouse and building a single-storey office building and entrance gates on the frontage at No. 136.[^6] </p>\n\n<p>The final building demolished to build Cardigan House was a middling eighteenth-century shop-house, No. 137, formerly attached at the west to the Angel and Crown inn and No. 136 to the east, but standing alone since the 1880s demolitions either side. Its final iteration from the 1890s to demolition was as dining rooms, its flank wall a vast advertising hoarding facing the Underground entrance.[^7] The two houses to the west, Nos 138 and 139, had been demolished in widening Goulston Street in 1883 and occupied the site of the Rummer/Angel and Crown. No. 138 linendrapers and bootmakers till the mid-century then coffee rooms till demolition. No. 139 at the corner was occupied in the 1780s by Joseph Cuff, cheesemonger, later to expand into No. 115, and when sold in 1793 was described as ‘a commodious freehold dwelling house and grocer’s shop, warehouse etc’, by another grocer, and remained in similar use to the 1870s.[^8] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: The National Archives (TNA), WORK 50/5: Bridget Cherry, Charles O’Brien and Nikolaus Pevsner, <em>The Buildings of England, London 5: East</em>, 2005, p.427</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), District Surveyor's Returns: Post Office Directories (POD): <em>Sevenoaks Chronicle</em>, 19 Feb 1937, p. 13: <em>Daily Herald</em>, 5 Nov 1938, p. 12: Katrina Honeyman, <em>Well-Suited: A History of the Leeds Clothing Industry, 1850–1990</em>, London, pp. 294-5</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: Tower Hamlets planning applications online (THP): information Stephen R. Harris</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: <em>The Europa Yearbook</em>, vol I, part ii, 1966, p. 1039: POD</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: THP:<em>Guardian</em>, 11 Oct 1994 p. B29: <em>Sunday Times</em>, 15 Sept 2002, p. 30: London Metropolitan University Archives</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: TNA, IR58/84815/3236 -7: <em>The Builder</em>, 28 Feb 1885, p. 323</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: TNA, IR58/84815/3238-9: POD: LMA, Land Tax returns (LT): <em>The Builder</em>, 28 June, 1902</p>\n\n<p>[^8]: POD: LT: Metropolitan Board of Workds Minutes, 25 May 1883, p. 864</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
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"body": "<p>Over time, the hospital was increasingly inundated with patients arriving from the local area and remoter parishes such as West Ham. Since the completion of the wing extensions of 1830–42, the volume of patients had more than doubled. By the 1860s, more than 30,000 people were treated as inpatients and outpatients each year. Overcrowding was not confined to the wards, as medical officers and nurses endured cramped conditions with little promise of rest. Due to prolonged shifts and a lack of dormitories, nurses were frequently seen to be ‘overcome with sleep’ and the matron insisted that her staff could not be increased without additional sleeping accommodation. By 1862 the situation had become untenable and a report on overcrowding pronounced ‘a very serious defect in the arrangements of the London Hospital’.[^43] </p>\n\n<p>The hospital turned to its surveyor, Charles Barry Jr, to prepare plans for an extension to the outpatients’ department. Acting as hospital surveyor from 1858, Barry approached his responsibilities in an efficient manner from offices in Sackville Street, proposing to attend committee meetings for an extra charge in addition to a nominal salary and commission rate. Barry designed a long single-storey building that would run parallel to the existing surgical and physicians’ outpatients’ departments housed in the west wing. Yet plans for this extension were stalled as the House Committee contemplated a solution for the longer term. The matter was delegated to a building committee, which promoted substantial alterations and argued that ‘the entire system is one of undue pressure, subversive of sanitary arrangements, inconvenient to the professional staff, (and) unfair towards the patients and the servants of the hospital’.[^44] </p>\n\n<p>The proposed solution was to build a three-storey wing with a basement and an attic, extending west parallel to Whitechapel Road. Barry’s plan promised room for about seventy beds, with separate wards allocated for children, obstetric cases, and Jewish patients. The hospital had received a series of requests for the reinstatement of separate Jewish wards since their closure, but was limited by the pressure on hospital spaces. The wing extension enabled the hospital to arrange Jewish patients in separate wards on one floor, near to a kosher kitchen.[^45] The new wing was divided roughly into two parts. A three-storey maisonette with bedrooms and servants’ quarters was carved from the west end of the wing for the house governor, a resident officer who managed the daily workings of the hospital and its expenditure. Each floor of the east side of the building comprised a central corridor flanked by wards or offices. The basement secured a new surgical outpatients’ department, with an extensive waiting hall to make the customary ‘lengthened detention’ less onerous, and a consulting room flanked by rooms for dressing injuries. An attic dormitory for night nurses addressed fears that a lack of supervision compromised their efficiency and ‘quality’. The intermediate floors were given over to wards, with the exception of a new committee room and secretary’s office positioned on the ground floor.[^46]</p>\n\n<p>The exterior of the west wing reflected its disjointed plan. On the north elevation facing Whitechapel Road, a projecting bay capped with a pediment marked the junction between the wards and the house governor’s residence. The west elevation had a raised entrance porch to the house governor’s maisonette, which overlooked a private walled garden at the south. A significant innovation in the new wing was the construction of a narrow tower to contain sanitary facilities, specifically a water tank at its peak and water closets below. At Barry’s insistence, the building was constructed with fireproof concrete floors and staircases. The House Committee initially hesitated over the additional expense, yet was persuaded by the surveyor’s warnings that the hospital could be criticized for failing to introduce fireproof floors, which also possessed soundproof and ‘verminproof’ qualities.[^47]</p>\n\n<p>The new wing was constructed in 1864–6 by Hill & Keddell, contractors based in Whitechapel Road. It was financed partly by charitable donations, including substantial gifts from local businesses and the brewer Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, chairman of the House Committee. Many of the hospital’s staff and supporters were recognized in the naming of the wards: one was named ‘Buxton’, and ‘Davis’ commemorated the present and former vice-presidents. A ward was named ‘Blizard’ in memory of the hospital’s eminent surgeon. The foundation stone was laid in July 1864 in a ceremony that saw Whitechapel awash with crowds and decorated with bunting. The building was bestowed with the first name of the new bride of the Prince of Wales, an association intended to inspire ‘respectful admiration’.[^48] Its opening was not accompanied by such celebration; formal inauguration had to be abandoned due to another outbreak of cholera. In July 1866, patients were moved into the new wing to provide space for cholera patients.[^49] </p>\n\n<p>The completion of the Alexandra Wing allowed various improvements to be effected elsewhere in the hospital, as rooms were modified and reassigned. These alterations were also carried out by Hill & Keddell and continued until 1868. In the basement, an ophthalmic ward was set up and the medical outpatients’ department extended into rooms formerly occupied by its surgical counterpart. On the ground floor, the entrance vestibule was extended and a large receiving room added at its west. Bedrooms, sitting rooms and offices were provided to improve conditions for the medical officers and their pupils.[^50]</p>\n\n<p>Rowland Plumbe and Joseph George Oatley oversaw various alterations to the Alexandra Wing in the twentieth century, including the formation of a coroner’s court in the basement and a single-storey extension at the west. An endowment by James Hora, a vice-president of the hospital, led to the opening of the Marie Celeste maternity department in 1905. Due to persistent pressure on vacant space for hospital expansion, the house governor’s private garden was not destined to survive. By 1960 it had been converted into an ambulance station, with a covered parking bay and ramped entrance into the hospital. This in turn was short-lived, as the Alexandra Wing and the adjoining ambulance station were cleared for redevelopment in 1974.[^51]</p>\n\n<p>[^43]: RLHA, RLHLH/A/5/31, pp. 110, 200; RLHLH/A/5/32, p. 30; <em>General State of the London Hospital </em>(London: School Press Gower’s Walk, 1854), p. 8: Ward visitors and Mrs Nelson, matron, cited by Clark-Kennedy, <em>London Pride</em>, p. 110. </p>\n\n<p>[^44]: RLHA, RLHLH/A/5/31, p. 200; RLHLH/A/5/32, pp. 30, 257–8. </p>\n\n<p>[^45]: <em>Jewish Chronicle</em>, 23 June 1905, pp. 14–15: RLHA, RLHLH/A/5/31, pp. 30, 110, 481. </p>\n\n<p>[^46]: RLHA, RLHLH/A/5/32, p. 30. </p>\n\n<p>[^47]: RLHA, RLHLH/A/5/32, pp. 30, 143–4. </p>\n\n<p>[^48]: RLHA, RLHLH/A/5/32, p. 104. </p>\n\n<p>[^49]: RLHA, RLHLH/A/5/33, p. 46–7; RLHLH/A/5/32, p. 78: <em>Medical News</em>, 9 July 1864, p. 61. </p>\n\n<p>[^50]: RLHA, RLHLH/A/5/33, pp. 128, 164, 197. </p>\n\n<p>[^51]: <em>London Daily News</em>, 19 July 1905: Goad Maps.</p>\n",
"created": "2019-04-29",
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{
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"body": "<p>Block K had been destroyed in the Blitz and the site was cleared and left vacant for many years. Eventually it was replaced by a new block designed by Niall McLaughlin, and named Darbishire Place in honour of the architect who designed the original estate. The block was a finalist in the Stirling Prize 2015.</p>\n",
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},
{
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"title": "135 and 137 Whitechapel Road",
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"body": "<p>This is a four-storey showroom–workroom block of 1932–4, erected for W. Abbott with W. Silk & Sons Ltd as builders. A. Samuels & Sons Ltd, silk merchants, was the first occupant. The ground-floor shop now houses Islamic Relief, a charity shop. For earlier buildings here see the adjacent site to the east.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: District Surveyors Returns: Post Office Directories</p>\n",
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{
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"body": "<p>Christopher Clarke (1613–72), a Warden of the Drapers’ Company, acquired property in Whitechapel including what is now 131–145 Whitechapel Road (minus the public house at 133) which he obtained in 1659 from the Parliamentary Commissioners responsible for selling forfeited estates. This land was bequeathed to the Drapers’ Company and managed as part of their Clarke’s Trust. At its west end was King David’s Alley, the public house that later became the (Old) Blue Anchor (No. 133) having been the David and Harp in the eighteenth century. In 1717 Robert Phipps, a citizen plasterer, was granted a 61-year lease undertaking to rebuild sixteen small tenements, probably including those on King’s Arms Court or Cart and House Yard. The King’s Arms public house was on the site of No. 145 up to the 1750s. The specification did not mention brick, suggesting that these humble houses were probably timber built. The yard was cleared and the frontage at Nos 135–145 redeveloped again in 1759 by Thomas Kinlyside, a Spitalfields carpenter, on new 61-year leases, this time in brick as a row of six good-sized but unequal three- and four-storey houses that appear always to have incorporated shops. Early tenants included James Langham, a currier, Stephen Hicks, a coach harness maker, Aaron Anderson, an indigo blue manufacturer, William Roper, a pattern or last maker, and John Stackard, a leatherseller. Around 1820 Joseph Cordingley built a floorcloth painting room behind Nos 135–137. Two shophouses at 147–149 Whitechapel Road with cottages at what was 1–3 St Mary Street were an outlying piece of Spencer Phillips property. [^1]</p>\n\n<p>The Limciecz or St Mary Street Synagogue stood behind No. 147. Present by 1890 it was affiliated to the Federation of Synagogues from 1894 when it had 55 members. David Applebaum, the chazan (cantor), was at the centre of the ‘circumcision scandal’ of 1902–5, when a series of deaths led to the regulation of mohelim (ritual circumcisers). Galleried and top-lit, the shul or chevra, partially rebuilt in 1911, had a return frontage at 3 St Mary Street. These premises and the rest of Kinlyside’s terrace of 1759 (Nos 139–145) were cleared after Second World War bomb damage. A petrol station was formed in 1953–4, and rebuilt with a canopy over the forecourt in 1991.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Drapers’ Company Archives, S44/1–2; S52; S59–61; S66–72: London Metropolitan Archives, Q/HAL/289; Land Tax returns; E/PHI/400–406</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: District Surveyors Returns: Goad maps: The National Archives, IR58/84805/2287: <a href=\"http://www.jewishgen.org/JCR-UK/london/EE_st-mary/index.htm\">http://www.jewishgen.org/JCR-UK/london/EE_st-mary/index.htm</a>: Daniel Appleby, <em>Service and Scandal</em>, 2013: Tower Hamlets planning</p>\n",
"created": "2017-08-07",
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{
"id": 48,
"title": "29-33 White Church Lane",
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"body": "<p>Fishel K. Abrahamson converted a house at No. 29 to be a synagogue in 1895–6. </p>\n\n<p>Nos 29–33 Church Lane and 27a Commercial Road were redeveloped together in 1936–7, with George Coles as architect and Hudson Brothers as builders for M. Freedman, a gown manufacturer. There was a faint echo of Coles’s Art Deco skills in the façade fenestration of the factory and showroom block.[^1] The site was cleared in 2016.</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: District Surveyors Returns: Post Office Directories: Ordnance Survey 1873: The National Archives, IR58/84809/2656.</p>\n",
"created": "2016-06-20",
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}