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"id": 1044,
"title": "38–44 Alie Street",
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"body": "<p>This group of four small houses was very likely a product of Samuel Hawkins’ speculations in the 1720s along with 30–36 Alie Street to the west. With only slightly lower storey heights in three storeys and attics, they are not immediately seen as greatly different to their neighbours at Nos 30–36. However, they lacked space to the rear, where they backed onto the premises of the Black Horse Inn, and there was no garden access to the Tenter Ground. With just one room per storey, each wider than deep, these were always significantly humbler dwellings. They originally had blind windows above their entrances, which were directly in front of winder staircases, and away from shared party-wall chimneystacks. The houses did have forecourts like those further west, but these were built on in 1873, when Richard Harry Heather, an accountant on Little Alie Street, had small single-storey shops built. These left access to the original front doors open, but those intervening spaces had been incorporated into the shops by 1896 when basements were dug out at Nos 42–44. Through much of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the residents and businesses here were largely Jewish, the buildings behind the shops variously used as workshops and dwellings. Alterations and partial rebuildings occurred sporadically, not infrequently in response to fire. By the 1970s Nos 38–42 had been rendered, their fronts painted white. Otherwise dilapidated, the group was refurbished with No. 36 in 1987–8 to create office accommodation. A further upgrade was undertaken by Hunter and Partners Ltd, architects, in 1993 and in 2000 the group was again converted to be flats, shopfronts exchanged for rusticated walls. The attics had been reshaped in gambrel form, and the front walls much rebuilt, with windows where there had been blind openings.[^1]</p>\n\n<p><strong>No. 38:</strong> Robert Wright was here by 1733, followed by John Pidgeon in the 1740s. John Pollack, a tailor, was resident from the 1840s to ’60s. From the 1880s to the 1940s the building housed a tobacconist, with a spell as a haberdashers. From 1959 to the 1980s it was offices for a motor finance group.</p>\n\n<p><strong>No. 40:</strong> From 1734 to his death in 1742 Captain Clere Talbott paid tax on this house, though he was probably sometimes in Jamaica. By the 1840s this was another tailor’s house. More unusually, it was occupied by an undertaker, James Bernardin, from 1870 until around 1890 before passing through use by a hairdresser, a café, a ladies’ tailor, and kosher poulterers, with rag-trade businesses dominant from 1946.</p>\n\n<p><strong>No. 42:</strong> This was the house held by Strickland Holden, the carpenter-surveyor, here by 1733 to 1736. He had been born in Greenwich, the son of a joiner, Thomas Holden, who was active on the other side of Alie Street. After moving away from Whitechapel, Strickland Holden collaborated with Robert Morris in Holborn in 1744, and designed a Palladian school in Clerkenwell in 1759–60. Eleazar Magnes, a merchant, was present around 1800 and the property saw tobacconist and newsagent use from the 1840s until about 1900. After that it served as a chandler’s shop, a workshop for an electrical and mechanical engineer, an ironmonger’s and then again as a tobacconist’s. By 1975 it was occupied by Miss Karen, wholesale ladies’ fashions. </p>\n\n<p><strong>No. 44:</strong> John Pettit (d. 1736) had this house by 1733, followed in the 1740s by Richard Towle. Samuel Barnett was the occupant around 1810. By 1851 it was leased by William Jones, a shaver born in Jamaica, then from about 1855 to 1894 it was occupied by John Jacobs, a barber, who lived with his wife Theresa and fourteen children in the three rooms above the shop. Brief spells as a woollen drapers and a printers followed, then from 1921 No. 44 was a general shop run by the Hoffmann family, and thereafter a greengrocer’s. From around 1950 to the early 1970s F. Shaffer Ltd, sewing-machine dealers, were here.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Metropolitan Board of Works Minutes, 7 Nov 1873, p. 438: <em>Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper</em>, 17 Oct 1897, p. 18: <em>London Daily News</em>, 12 Oct 1897, p. 8: <em>Globe</em>, 11 Sept 1901, p. 3: Ordnance Survey maps: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), District Surveyors' Returns (DSR); Collage 116946: Tower Hamlets planning applications online: Bridget Cherry <em>et al</em>, <em>Buildings of England, London 5: East</em>, 2005, p. 434</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Ancestry: <em>London Evening Post</em>, 13–15 Sept 1744: <a href=\"http://www.londonlives.org/browse.jsp?div=GLCCMC25106MC251060208\">www.londonlives.org/browse.jsp?div=GLCCMC25106MC251060208</a>: Philip Temple (ed.), <em>Survey of London</em>, vol. 46: <em>South and East Clerkenwell</em>, 2008, pp. 108, 122: LMA, Land Tax Returns; DSR; CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/424/732487; 457/862916: Goad insurance maps: Post Office Directories: Census</p>\n",
"created": "2020-05-06",
"last_edited": "2020-08-20"
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"id": 1125,
"title": "62 Chamber Street (De Mazenod House)",
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"body": "<p>All but the west end of the site of Tower Hill Roman Catholic School and its playground was redeveloped by the Oblates in 1985–7 as the plain brick-faced five-storey back part of Juno Court, an office block at 24 Prescot Street that has been a hotel since 2005. As part of the same project, for all of which Hamilton Associates were the architects, a small four-storey community centre, English Martyrs’ Club, followed to the west on Chamber Street in the late 1980s, reintroducing some of the postmodern fidgetiness that characterises the Prescot Street façade, though here in brick. The centre was converted to residential use in 2011–12 to be a retreat for visiting Catholics and renamed De Mazenod House in honour of Eugène de Mazenod, the founder of the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Interview with Father Oliver Barry, 23 March 2018,surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/1296/detail/: Tower Hamlets planning applications online </p>\n",
"created": "2020-08-04",
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"id": 693,
"title": "74 Whitechapel High Street",
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"body": "<p>The premises on the northwest corner of the High Street and Osborn Street are a rebuilding of 1828-9, by William Monk, horse slaughterer, following a fire on 15 June 1827 that burnt out the large shoe warehouse on the site that included what had been 1 Osborn Street.[^1] The site, on the corner of what was until the 1780s known as Dirty Lane, an extension from Brick Lane to Whitechapel High Street, was occupied in the early eighteenth century by a building known ‘by the sign of the Seven Stars’ and occupied by a haberdasher and vendor of quack medicines, John Denne, in the 1730s. [^2] Since rebuilding in 1828-9 it has housed, essentially, just four businesses. From 1829 to 1899 it was a carpet and bed-linen warehouse (Richard Fawcett 1830-52, in partnership with relatives named Paddon in the 1850s, taken over by Thomas Paddon (1834-1918) from 1859 to 1899).[^3] The building may have been altered in 1860-1 to the designs of Andrew Wilson, architect (1815-72), perhaps integrating and rebuilding what had been No. 1 Osborn Street to the rear, which has some characteristic features of a warehouse. [^4] From 1900 to c. 2000 it was a stationers, for most of the twentieth century a branch of W. Straker Ltd, ‘cheap stationers’, founded in Ludgate Hill in 1863, taken over by Rymans c. 1970.[^5] It became Khushbu Grill House halal restaurant and takeaway c. 2001, the upper parts, entered from Osborn Street, converted that year from storage (previously variously residential and office use, including a dental surgery in the early twentieth century) to studio flats [^6]. </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), Land Tax returns (LT): LMA, CLSD/154/08</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Hearth Tax returns (HT) 1666 and 1674-5: Four Shillings in the Pound Aid assessment, 1693-4: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, P/HLC/1/14/1: LT: <em>London Daily Post</em>, 28 Jan 1738</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: LT: Census: Ancestry, electoral registers; wills and probate: <em>Public Ledger and Daily Advertiser</em>, 28 April 1831, p. 1; <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 23 Nov 1835, p. 1; <em>East London Observer</em>, 21 Jan 1899, p. 4</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: Census: LT: <em>Builder</em>, 8 Dec 1860, p. 792</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: LMA, District Surveyor's Returns (DSR): Post Office Directories (POD)</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: POD: DSR: Tower Hamlets planning applications online: LT: Census: <em>Public Ledger and Daily Advertiser</em>, 28 April 1831, p. 1: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 23 Nov 1835, p. 1: <em>Evening Standard</em>, 28 Jan 1899, p. 2: <a href=\"www.wstraker.com/our-heritage/\">www.wstraker.com/our-heritage/</a></p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2018-07-05",
"last_edited": "2021-03-30"
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{
"id": 1123,
"title": "Chamber Street - introduction and general history to 1970",
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"body": "<p>Chamber Street is easily overlooked. In so far as it is noticed, it is perhaps best known as a vehicular rat-run. With a railway bridge creating a dark underpass at its west end, it also suffers a reputation for harbouring illicit activity, some of an unusual tenor – £7,500 worth of corned beef was stolen from a trailer parked on the street in 1968.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>Chamber Street was laid out around 1680 at the same time as other roads in the development of Sir William Leman’s Goodman’s Fields estate. It was narrower than the estate’s other westerly streets, apparently always intended to be secondary. With Sir Thomas Chamber as developer, it was soon lined with two-storey and garret houses, modest in comparison to those of Mansell Street, Prescot Street and Leman Street. Swallows Garden and Abel’s Court or Buildings opened off the south side, supplying links to the increasingly densely populated and disreputable Rosemary Lane. By the end of the eighteenth century there were also enclosed courts, Yeoman’s Yard to the north and Fryer’s Court (later Bond’s Buildings) to the south. Gunmaking concentrated in the street’s houses, alongside other domestic industry. Sugar refining dominated the street’s east end from the 1840s, and railways intruded to the west in 1851–3 and more extensively on the south side in 1892–3. Tower Hill School, a Roman Catholic establishment linked to English Martyrs’ Church, was built on the north side to the west in 1870–2 and demolished in 1985. The oldest surviving building on the street is a single-storey garage of 1920–1. The Co-operative Wholesale Society redeveloped the east end of the north side in the 1930s and ’50s. Elsewhere a miscellaneous crop of undistinguished buildings has risen up since the 1970s.</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p><em>General history: 1680 to 1970</em></p>\n\n<p>Chamber Street was named after Sir Thomas Chamber, who by 1685 held lands intended for development across the south part of Goodman’s Fields. As on Prescot Street, Chamber employed William Chapman, a carpenter, to build along Chamber Street in the late 1680s. At the same time Chamber was developing another Chamber Street, in Shadwell, also involving Chapman. William Ogbourne, another carpenter, was an early resident of Whitechapel’s Chamber Street. Two of fifty-seven houses were unfinished in 1693–4 when Thomas King had a large holding, as yet unbuilt. Moses Kendall (d. 1699), a bricklayer, held six houses and Nathaniel Whithill had the largest house, with a rental value of £30 as against £19 for the next largest (William Julian’s), no others being valued at more than £10. There were some indications of wealth. In 1693 John Ezar was living in the house of Henry Simcox at ‘the Shears’, having allegedly had thirty-one guineas, eighteen broad pieces of gold, and 250 pounds of silver stolen from him by Elizabeth Clarke.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>By the 1730s, the street appears to have been more or less fully built-up with sixty-four property holders taxed, evenly split north and south. At the end of the eighteenth century there were more than eighty properties, forty-some on each side of the street. </p>\n\n<p>Chamber Street’s houses of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries tended to be of just two storeys with garrets, opening straight onto the street, with short yards to the rear. Some had no more than three rooms, being of one-room plan. A number were larger, with six rooms. Some rose three full storeys, and there were a few broad plots.[^3] </p>\n\n<p>The west end of the largely residential street, which always cranked northwards towards Goodman’s Yard, may have been somewhat more industrial and commercial, but it seems there was a general mix. To the west of Abel’s Buildings, which passage survives near Chamber Street's east end on the south side as a curious cut through under a hotel, a large yard that opened off Rosemary Lane and backed on to Chamber Street was built for the Board of Ordnance in the 1680s to store waggons. It was adapted to be a timber yard that pertained to Ogbourne and others through the eighteenth century. A large tobacco warehouse was noted in 1736 and Petersburg hemp was being stored on the street in 1744. By 1750 William Dukes (d. 1760) had a cooperage on the south side. George Sambrooke (d. 1773), of Wanstead, had property on both sides that included warehouses and carriage houses.[^4] </p>\n\n<p>Chamber Street had four licensed victuallers by 1730, including at the Custom House and the Clothworkers’ Arms. In the 1770s, there were just two public houses, the Duke’s Head, on the north side to the west at the corner where the road cranked. It continued to trade until it was cleared for the Haydon Square railway spur in the early 1850s. The Red Lion was at the Leman Street end of the street on the south side. By 1838, the site had been purchased from Whitbread and Co., probably for the building of a sugarhouse, and the pub had relocated to No. 31, to the west on the south side where substantial three-storey premises extended to link to an arch under the newly built London and Blackwall Railway, the widening of which in 1892–3 displaced the pub.[^5] </p>\n\n<p>Gunmakers were widespread across Goodman’s Fields till the nineteenth century. There was a particular concentration on Chamber Street. The prevalence of gun making in the wider locality antedates the development of Goodman’s Fields, the Minories and East Smithfield having been established as a centre of the trade by the mid seventeenth century. Proximity to the Board of Ordnance at the Tower of London, a source of contracts, underpinned this settlement. The comparatively modest houses of Chamber Street were accessible to those engaged in what was a small-scale domestic industry in which many individuals specialised in aspects of production such as making gun stocks, locks or cases. Workshops would have been in the houses or their yards, and the finished stock-in-trade was dispersed in sheds across the district. Gunmaking was certainly present on Chamber Street by the 1720s, and grew increasingly prevalent through the rest of the eighteenth century. Joseph Loder, a gun-stock maker and Master of the Gunmakers’ Company in 1784, was resident in the 1770s, as was Charles Chambers, a gunmaker and Master of the company in 1798. Cornelius Radley, a gunmaker, smith and chandler, was close by on Swallows Garden. The trade was not entirely male. Elizabeth Barnett made gun stocks in partnership with Edward Elliot at 25 Chamber Street, on the south side, in the 1780s. From the 1790s, Samuel Pritchett, twice Master of the company in the early nineteenth century, had a large house and workshop at No. 59, on the site that would later become that of Tower Hill School, where he was followed by his son, Richard Ellis Pritchett, who supplied the East India Company and the Board of Ordnance. His son, Robert Taylor Pritchett, moved to Prescot Street in the 1860s.[^6] </p>\n\n<p>Among numerous other gun makers on Chamber Street in the decades either side of 1800, James Yeomans (1768–1839) was notable. He was at Nos 45–46 by 1792, opposite Samuel Pritchett on the south side, and kept his stock in a shed behind 5 Magdalen Row (later 21 Prescot Street), in the service yard that had been formed with Magdalen Row in 1778–81, which later became known as Yeomans’ Yard. Yeomans profited from the French Wars and invested in property. By the 1830s, he lived in gentility in Plaistow, with a view of the Thames and large walled gardens. At the time of his death, his estate included 65–73 Chamber Street, embracing the entrance to the service yard, 1 Magdalen Row (later 17 Prescot Street) and two houses at the east end of the north side of Prescot Street, as well as buildings on Gower’s Walk. Beyond Whitechapel, he also had property in Stepney, Hoxton and Essex.[^7] Elizabeth Yeomans, his widow, and his son, also James, continued in the gunmaking trade on Chamber Street, operating from Nos 67–68 and keeping adjoining freeholds. They were suppliers to the Confederate Army in the American Civil War. The loss of a quantity of the firm’s guns in attempts to break the blockade of Confederate ports caused the business to fail in 1864.[^8] The Yeomans’ freehold estate was sold in 1866. It included fourteen houses at 60–73 Chamber Street, a three-storey warehouse behind Nos 68–69, and another store behind No. 73 at 1 Magdalen Passage.[^9]</p>\n\n<p>By 1881, only two gun makers were left still living on Chamber Street, where once there had been dozens. The London and Blackwall Railway Company had taken ownership of properties on the street’s south side in the late 1830s when its viaduct went up just to the south (see p.xx). Houses came down at the west end and others lost their rear yards. The viaduct’s arches were let in what was a well-connected location, convenient for warehousing. Stringer and Daniell, export oil merchants and Italian warehousemen, were present in the 1840s and ’50s, and there were firms of carmen, such as Seward Brothers and Travers Brothers, based on Chamber Street in the 1860s and ’70s. The proportion of those resident in the houses who were in railway and dock work steadily increased.[^10]</p>\n\n<p>Extension of the railway to a depot at Haydon Square in 1851–3 caused the clearance of fifteen houses at the west end of Chamber Street which was henceforward bridged for another massive viaduct. The impact of trains aside, this did not improve living conditions. ‘Mark Matfellon’ complained in 1858 that the west end of Chamber Street was ‘adorned on both sides with open urinals’, and that buildings in front of the older arches were ‘of the most shabby character and in some places little better than huts’; others had ‘their upper stories taken off and then roughly roofed over with felt or zinc’.[^11] </p>\n\n<p>The east end of Chamber Street was little more salubrious by this time. James Gadesden & Son, sugar refiners here, became Wainwright and Gadesden and under Augustus William Gadesden (1816–1901) built substantially on both sides of Chamber Street in 1847–8 and 1850 with additional frontages to Leman Street, including for an eight-storey six-bay sugarhouse at what later became No. 116. To its south, on the corner at what became 118 Leman Street and 94 Chamber Street, part of the refinery was replaced in 1879 by a large warehouse, built by Merritt & Ashby, possibly a speculation by Michael McSheehan following that of 1877–8 by the same parties further north on the opposite side of Leman Street. In seven storeys it was as tall as the sugarhouse, having five bays to Leman Street with central loopholes, and seven bays to Chamber Street with an entrance in a big architrave. It appears to have stood empty until 1885 when the Co-operative Wholesale Society took a lease of the warehouse, the adjacent sugarhouse, and an early four-bay, three-storey house at 93 Chamber Street. The Duke of Marlborough had the freehold of this large corner property around 1910.[^12] </p>\n\n<p>Chamber Street’s houses had declined in number, though there were still more than fifty standing in the 1870s. Living conditions deteriorated, with corresponding increase in the number of families in occupation. There was creeping social depravation, but all too typical desperation was not at all new in the later decades of the nineteenth century. </p>\n\n<p>In 1836, twenty-four asylum-seeking German refugees had been recorded living in two rooms on Chamber Street. Having been expelled from Switzerland to France under suspicion of political activity associated with ‘Baron Von Eib’ (Zacharias Uldinger von Dörzbach), a Jewish activist suspected of the murder of a Prussian student in Zurich, this group was forcibly transferred to London, despite protestations of innocence and requests to be sent to the USA.[^13] </p>\n\n<p>Thirty years later, Mary Cocklin’s three-week-old son died of malnutrition at 6 Chamber Street, his mother’s milk said to be ‘no better than water, owing to the privation which she was undergoing’.[^14] In 1874, Eliza Hewlett, aged forty-two, was found mute sitting in a ‘public dusthole’ in Chamber Street, having discharged herself from Lambeth Workhouse and without living relations. She died soon after, the cause of death recorded as ‘apoplexy from exposure and destitution’.[^15] A free lodging house for destitute men was established on the south side at No. 26 in the 1870s, becoming the Dock Labourers’ Mission in the 1880s. Overcrowding, especially in unregulated lodging houses was a regular concern. An article of 1891 titled ‘Waiting for Cholera’, noted an unregistered Chamber Street lodging house run by ‘Fabien London’, a Russian Jew, with nineteen living in five rooms.[^16] </p>\n\n<p>The London and Blackwall railway line was widened on its north side in 1892–3, displacing another eleven buildings on Chamber Street’s south side, including the Red Lion and the Dock Labourers’ Mission, and the tiny dwellings of Bond’s Buildings. Only eight houses (Nos 6–13), seemingly still small late seventeenth- or eighteenth-century buildings, were left standing on that side of the street. Another thirty-two mostly early houses (Nos 62–93) on the north side came to be largely inhabited by tailors. On what had been the Yeomans’ property, Nos 60 and 61 had come down around 1870 for Tower Hill School. Nos 62 and 63 were early buildings that survived into the 1930s, as did Nos 64 and 65, which appear to have been rebuilt in the late 1860s. Nos 66–70 were rebuilt in 1882 and 1893 and Nos 80–82 in 1908–9. Nos 71–73 were early houses that were casualties of Second World War bombing and Nos 66–70 were cleared in the 1960s. The CWS redeveloped everything east of Magdalen Passage on the north side of Chamber Street in the 1930s and 1950s.[^17]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Interview with Father Oliver Barry, 23 March 2018: <em>The People</em>, 1 Nov 1964, p.1: <em>Sunday Mirror</em>, 25 Feb 1968, p.2</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: British History Online, Four Shillings in the Pound Assessments, 1693–4: The National Archives (TNA), C5/148/42: Ancestry: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), cuttings 022, <em>London Gazette</em>, 14–18 Sept 1693</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), Land Tax Returns (LT); LMA/4673/D/01/004/002: Richard Horwood's maps of London, 1792–1819</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: LT: TNA, C5/148/42; PROB11/992/376; PROB11/852/217: <em>London Daily Post and General Advertiser</em>, 1 July 1736, p.2: <em>Daily Advertiser</em>, 25 Dec 1744, p.2: Horwood</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: LMA, LT; MR/LV/05/026: Post Office Directories (POD): <em>Whitehall Evening Post</em>, 23–26 Aug 1760, p.2: <em>Daily Advertiser</em>, 24 Feb 1774, p.4; 10 June 1774, p.2; 7 Sept 1775, p.4; 16 Oct 1775, p.2; <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 21 April 1823, p.4; 4 Nov 1824, p.4; 16 July 1838, p.3; 8 March 1843, p.4; 23 May 1854, p.12</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: <em>Daily Post</em>, 18 Nov 1725, p.2: LMA, LT; CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/273/410290; /279/420487; /278/422245; /287/433948; /452/858072; /462/881162; /466/904914; /464/891842; /464/901456: <em>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography sub</em> Pritchett: POD: <em>East London Observer (ELO)</em>, 5 Dec 1863, p.3: John Causer, ‘Gun Makers of the East End’, East London History Society Newsletter, winter 2017, pp.4–6: Derek Morris, ‘Gun Makers and Gunpowder in the East End’, East London Historical Society Newsletter, Spring/Summer 2018, pp.4-7: surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/1309/detail/: Derek Morris, <em>Whitechapel, 1600–1800</em>, 2011, pp.62–4</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: LMA, LT; CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/385/598225: TNA, PROB11/1918/113: <em>Morning Chronicle</em>, 1 March 1798, p.4: <em>Globe</em>, 15 March 1826, p.3; 9 March 1839, p.4: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 30 Aug 1833, p.1: <em>Norwich Mercury</em>, 16 March 1839, p.3</p>\n\n<p>[^8]: TNA, C16/314/Y9; PROB11/2141/262: POD: <em>Express</em>, 7 March 1864, p.3: Stephen Tuffnell, <em>Made in Britain: Nation and Emigration in Nineteenth-Century America</em>, 2020, p.107</p>\n\n<p>[^9]: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 24 June 1861, p.3; 7 Oct 1864, p.8; 6 July 1866, p.1: <em>Express</em>, 26 March 1864, p.3</p>\n\n<p>[^10]: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 16 July 1838, p.3; 21 Nov 1840, p.4; 10 June 1841, p.1; 25 March 1842, p.1; 17 June 1852, p.8: <em>Morning Post</em>, 20 Feb 1849, p.8: <em>ELO</em>, 11 Aug 1860, p.1; 27 Nov 1875, p.3; 8 June 1878, p.7: <em>Sun (London)</em>, 11 Aug 1868, p.7: Census: LMA, District Surveyors Returns (DSR)</p>\n\n<p>[^11]: <em>ELO</em>, 6 March 1858, p.3; 23 Jan 1869, p.6: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 21 Oct 1851, p.8</p>\n\n<p>[^12]: Ancestry: POD: Ordnance Survey maps (OS): DSR: Bryan Mawer, sugar-refiners database: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 13 Feb 1850, p.1: <em>ELO</em>, 18 Jan 1862, p.3; 25 Jan 1862, p.3: <em>London Evening Standard</em>, 10 June 1884, p.7; 29 July 1884, p.8: Goad insurance maps, 1889: TNA, IR58/84831/4810–11</p>\n\n<p>[^13]: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 15 Aug 1823, p.1; 31 Aug 1836, p.2: Heinrich Escher, <em>Politische Annalen der eidgenössischen Vororte Zürich und Bern, 1834–1836</em>, 1839, vol.2, p.219: Census: OS</p>\n\n<p>[^14]: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 29 Jan 1866, p.2; 1 Feb 1866, p.8</p>\n\n<p>[^15]: <em>Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper</em>, 25 Jan 1874, p.12</p>\n\n<p>[^16]: <em>Manchester Evening News</em>, 10 Sept 1891, p.3: <em>ELO</em>, 27 Jan 1906, p.3: POD</p>\n\n<p>[^17]: Horwood: DSR: OS: Census: <em>ELO</em>, 9 Dec 1882, p.3: English Martyrs’ Church (EMC), plans of 62–65 Chamber Street, Reginald Adams, 5 June 1934: <em>Estates Gazette</em>, 30 Nov 1935, p.916: surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/1294/detail/#: forum.casebook.org/filedata/fetch?id=663787&s=e681eba1870a92efb96648fa40e90dab</p>\n",
"created": "2020-08-04",
"last_edited": "2020-09-15"
},
{
"id": 1038,
"title": "Wool + Tailor Building, 10–12 Alie Street, including 20–22 North Tenter Street",
"author": {
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"username": "surveyoflondon"
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"body": "<p>In the eighteenth century this was the site of the westernmost of three large broad-fronted mansions with ample gardens backing onto the Tenter Ground. Behind a 39ft front, the ground floor of the house, as described in 1814, had ‘a capacious noble entrance hall, an elegant dining room, communicating with a back room by a pair of double folding doors, and one other room’; here was space enough to entertain sixty it had been said in 1772. The first floor included ‘a large handsome drawing room’, a library, a small sitting room, and a bedroom. A further eight bedrooms lay across the second and attic floors. Service rooms and quarters were in the basement. A laundry 55ft long had been noted and to the rear there was a ‘large piece of ground, wherein is a detached building, containing sundry offices, and over it a handsomely finished sitting room with a dome’.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>The earliest recorded occupant of this house is Edward Cooksey (d. 1751), a Blackwell Hall cloth factor who was resident by 1733. He departed around 1741 and the Rev. Joseph Denham, minister of the Presbyterian chapel on Alie Street’s north side, was resident for a couple of years. Samuel Storke junior was living here by 1744, two doors west of his father. He inherited his father’s business trading with North America in 1746 and, a widower, married Mary Wilkes (1728–1808), the sister of the politician John Wilkes, a year before his own death in 1753. She in turn inherited, remained in this Alie Street house and soon married George Hayley (1723–1781), the chief clerk of the Storke business. Hayley grew in wealth and stature through continuing trade with the American colonies to become one of the City’s wealthiest merchants, MP for the City of London in 1774, soon after the firm’s involvement in the Boston Tea Party, and President of Lloyd’s of London. After his death, Mary Hayley ran the business from Alie Street until 1784 when she went to Boston to recover debts. By 1795, the house was held by the Goldsmid family business, run by George Goldsmid and Daniel Eliason in partnership up to 1813. The property was auctioned in 1814 and had come by the 1840s to house George Firmin, a manufacturing chemist. There was fire damage in the 1850s after which the house was subdivided into flats.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>It seems that this house was demolished in the 1870s and replaced with two five-storey warehouses that covered the whole site back to 20–22 North Tenter Street. A further storey was added in 1917 and more rebuilding followed.[^3] </p>\n\n<p>The site was cleared and in 1988 a six-storey office block with a polished brown-granite-clad front and a red-brick elevation to North Tenter Street was erected on behalf of Kay Wilhelmisen, a Danish developer. Known first as Jutland House, later as Michael’s House, in the 1990s it was occupied by Jyske, a Danish private bank. In 2018–19 the building was extensively refurbished, refronted and raised by two storeys to designs by GPAD London for Maurice Investments Ltd. Re-named Wool + Tailor, said to be a reference to local trades, the top floor accommodates a ‘business lounge amenity space’ above open office floors fashioned in a ‘media style’.[^4] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), LMA/4673/D/01/004/002: <em>Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser</em>, 23 March 1772, p. 7</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: The National Archives, PROB11/790/392: LMA, Land Tax Returns; District Surveyors' Returns (DSR): Ancestry: History of Parliament online, <em>sub</em> George Hayley: H. Bleackley, <em>Life of John Wilkes</em>, 1917, p. 21: E. Stackpole, <em>Whales & Destiny: The rivalry between America, France, and Britain for control of the southern whale fishery, 1785–1825</em>, 1972, p. 17: Post Office Directories: <em>Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser</em>, 23 March 1772, p. 7: <em>Guildhall Studies in London History</em>, vol. 1, 1973, p. 129: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Hayley: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, P/SLC/1/21/1: LMA, LMA/4673/D/01/004/002; CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/398/626077; /438/795013; /451/850874; /457/867723; /468/911758; /468/911759:</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: Ordnance Survey maps: Goad insurance maps: Metropolitan Board of Works Minutes, 9 Nov. 1877, p. 551; 16 Nov. 1877, p. 577: DSR</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: www.allsop.co.uk/office-lease/10-12-alie-street-london-e1/: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2020-05-06",
"last_edited": "2021-09-14"
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{
"id": 201,
"title": "Bike and battery shop",
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"id": 72,
"username": "eric"
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"properties": {
"b_number": "2",
"b_name": "Aldgate Tower",
"street": "Leman Street",
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"body": "<p>Not this building, but when I lived in Aldgate at the age of 11 or so (1947) there was a wide pavement here along which I would walk to get a bus to school. There were shops all along this side of Whitechapel High Street, and I was sent on errands on one or two occasions. I do not remember the shop by name, but it sold bits for bicycles and provided a battery-charging service.</p>\n\n<p>In our home nearby in Gower's Walk, we had an old radio, not mains-powered, but powered by a glass battery containing an acid of some sort and electrodes. I had to take the battery there and fetch it when charged.</p>\n\n<p>On another occasion I had broken a ratchet in the free-wheel cog of my first adult bicycle, and I went to see if they had a spare one. My father told me to ask for a 'pawl', which was its proper engineering name. The shopkeeper didn't know what I was talking about, and I remember him asking 'do you want a pulley, sonny?'</p>\n",
"created": "2016-11-28",
"last_edited": "2020-05-06"
},
{
"id": 948,
"title": "Aldgate Tower",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
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"properties": {
"b_number": "2",
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"street": "Leman Street",
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"body": "<p>The Greater London Council’s sale package for Gardiner’s Corner in 1978 required the refurbishment of 23–26 Whitechapel High Street, which included the eighteenth-century former Talbot Inn. But this did not happen. Instead the Sedgwick Group put up a four-storey office building on that site in 1982 above the basements that extended from the Sedgwick Centre eastwards. In 1986 the Group secured planning permission for a ten-storey building up to the Leman Street corner at No. 30, not acted upon but renewed twice in the 1990s. After Tishman Speyer’s acquisition of the Gardiner’s Corner properties in 2001, plans were significantly revised for what was dubbed Aldgate Union, the developers operating as TST Aldgate Holdings LLC. A wholly glass-faced project intended extension, recladding and refurbishment of the Sedgwick Centre (to be 1 Aldgate Union) and a linked seventeen-storey office tower to its east (2 Aldgate Union). Wilkinson Eyre Architects Ltd prepared designs, working with Ove Arup & Partners International Ltd as engineers. Remaining old buildings at Nos 27–30 were cleared around 2004 and in 2006–7 Tishman Speyer Properties revised the scheme in connection with plans for land further east (see below) and changes to road patterns that the developers perceived to be necessary. This backdrop was a reorganisation of the Gardiner’s Corner traffic system of the 1960s, or the Aldgate Gyratory as it had become. That was abandoned in 2008, Whitechapel High Street being made two-way again, with Braham Street freed up for the formation of a park that opened in 2010, its east end available for speculative development. The road link between the High Street and Leman Street was reopened. First work on the development site was a modest canopied entrance to Aldgate East Station at the Leman Street corner, up by 2006.</p>\n\n<p>Progress stalled as Tishman Speyer sold to the Royal Bank of Scotland which sold to Morgan Stanley Real Estate Funds. Aldgate Tower Developments Ltd was formed in 2011 to take the project onwards, continuing to work with Wilkinson Eyre and Arup. Refurbishment of the existing building was separated and the eighteen-storey office block that is Aldgate Tower was built in 2013–14 by Brookfield Multiplex, with Severfield as steelwork contractor. The presence of the basements of the 1980s below a concrete raft was a significant constructional constraint. There could be no concrete core, standard for most such towers, so steel framing and metal decking were adopted. The block’s sleek glassiness would seem more intrusive on Whitechapel High Street were it not for the more rebarbative forms of the contemporary Redrow block across the road. The entrance to Aldgate East Station aside, the building gives little to the street.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, Building Control file 26853: <em>Estates Gazette</em>, 29 May 2005: <em>Architects Journal Supplement</em>, 2015, pp.10–11: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n",
"created": "2019-08-15",
"last_edited": "2020-05-06"
},
{
"id": 1045,
"title": "early development at 2–14 Leman Street",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
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"b_number": "2",
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"body": "<p>The first late seventeenth-century building on the Red Lion Street site that became 2–4 Leman Street adjoined the south side of the Red Lion Inn. It may have survived until the mid-nineteenth century when it was replaced with two three-storey and attic houses of one-room plan. These were occupied by hairdressers, coffee rooms, and an ironmonger in following decades. Joseph Moshinsky, a tobacconist, redeveloped the site again in 1939. His utilitarian four-storey building accommodated a ground-floor shop with tailoring workshops and rag-trade wholesalers above. Nos 2–4 were cleared with 27–30 Whitechapel High Street around 2004 to make way for Aldgate Tower, 2 Leman Street, which went up across the wider site in 2013–14.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>Substantial livery stables at 6 Leman Street were accessed through an entryway under No. 8. Stables connected to the Red Lion Inn were on this site from at least the 1740s. After a rebuilding of the early 1840s, they were run by the Haylock family for several decades. A two-storey range ran behind Nos 8–10 parallel to another two-storey block with a wooden gallery. Nos 8–10 was a pair of eighteenth-century shophouses with two-room plans, of three storeys with cellars and gambrel roofs. In the 1850s and ’60s, No. 8 was occupied by Mark Joseph, a Dutch cheesemonger and provision dealer with a number of premises along Leman Street including No. 28. After alterations in 1871, hairdressers used No. 8 until the 1950s. No. 10 was the Star coffee rooms in the 1840s, remaining a café, then a fried-fish shop then a restaurant into the 1960s.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>No. 12 also gave access to a yard used as livery stables and engineer’s offices in the early nineteenth century. By 1874 the house and yard were leased to Browne & Eagle, who oversaw some rebuilding in 1911. It appears that No. 14 was united with No. 12 until around 1850–1, when a separate house was built on the site, returning to Nelson Street (later Beagle Street). Use by farriers, a veterinary surgeon and for a smithy followed. From the 1930s No. 14 was used for rag-trade manufacturing. Following war damage, the sites were not cleared until the 1960s to make way for the extension and widening of Braham Street in place of Beagle Street.[^3] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Richard Horwood's maps: Ordnance Survey (OS) maps: Goad insurance map, 1890: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), District Surveyors' Returns (DSR); Collage 118836: Post Office Directories (POD)</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Horwood: LMA, Land Tax Returns; Collage 118836: Goad 1890: OS: DSR: Census: POD</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: LMA, CLC/B/017/MS15627/024: OS: POD: DSR: Horwood: Census: Goad 1890: Bomb damage survey 1945</p>\n",
"created": "2020-05-06",
"last_edited": "2020-05-06"
},
{
"id": 1047,
"title": "Pennine House, 26–30 Leman Street",
"author": {
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"username": "surveyoflondon"
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"b_number": "28",
"b_name": "",
"street": "Leman Street",
"address": "Pennine House, 28 Leman Street",
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"count": 3,
"search_str": "Pennine House, 28 Leman Street"
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"body": "<p>A shophouse on the site of 26 Leman Street was connected to a sugarhouse on the south side of Camperdown Street until 1880, when it was taken over by Cohen Brothers, leather cutters. The freehold of Nos 26–30 was sold in 1885 along with that of other local buildings previously related to the sugar business. Rebuilding likely ensued such that Nos 28–30 were four storeys in height, with a taller corner shophouse at No. 26 that in 1901 housed a confectioners with sweets made on site by Italian migrants. These houses survived war damage and continued to be occupied until demolition in the 1980s. Pennine House, a seven-storey speculative office building, went up for M. and C. Sandhu in 1988 to designs by Abbott Howard, architects, that feature irregular chunky grey facets and flimsy red glazing bars. The demolition of Pennine House and its replacement with a twenty-one storey tower were approved in 2016. Designed by Nathaniel Lichfield & Partners, the intended building comprises commercial spaces on the ground to fourth floors and flats above.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Census: <em>The Builder</em>, 18 July 1885, p. 108: Post Office Directories: Goad insurance map 1890: Historic England Archvies, HELR72/2/3: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2020-05-06",
"last_edited": "2020-05-06"
},
{
"id": 1048,
"title": "Frazer House, 32–38 Leman Street",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
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"b_name": "Frazer House",
"street": "Alie Street",
"address": "Frazer House, 39-47 Alie Street (including 32-38 Leman Street)",
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"body": "<p>In the eighteenth century, the site of 32–38 Leman Street was occupied by four three- storey and attic shophouses. Nos 36–38 were rebuilt in 1852 for Joseph Mead, No. 38 curving around the corner to Alie Street with classical detailing. No. 36 saw use by an English butcher, a Dutch provision merchant, and a German printer; No. 38 accommodated a bakery until the First World War.[^1] Second World War damage precipitated demolition and use of the site as a car park. Proposals in the 1960s for the building of an eight-storey warehouse for wholesale trade fell away and in 1970 the owner, Robert Frazer, an insurance broker, erected a nine-storey warehouse-office block to designs by Thomas Saunders, architect. Tenants included shipping agents, button-hole machine manufacturers, and library suppliers. External alterations were made in 1991, and from 1997 to 2005 the ground floor was used as a pub run by the Old Monk Pub Company, succeeded since 2007 by White’s Strip Club.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Goad insurance map 1890: Census: Post Office Directories (POD): London Metropolitan Archives, District Surveyors' Returns; Collage 116965</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Historic England Archives, Britain from Above, EAW021447: Ordnance Survey maps: Bomb damage survey 1945: Tower Hamlets planning applications online: POD: <a href=\"https://www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/Article/2004/11/11/Turning-full-circle\">www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/Article/2004/11/11/Turning-full-circle</a></p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2020-05-06",
"last_edited": "2020-05-06"
},
{
"id": 1049,
"title": "Black Horse public house, 40–42 Leman Street ",
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"body": "<p>An inn named the Black Horse was established on this corner site soon after the formation of Leman Street in the 1680s. It had coach-houses and stables to the rear. From 1730 the inn was in the tenure of Robert Biggs, followed by other members of his long-standing Whitechapel family. In the 1750s it was the Black Horse and Trumpet, and then by the 1780s the Black Horse and French Horn. Usage reverted to the Black Horse in the nineteenth century when Barclay, Perkins & Co. held the property. The four-storey building dates to 1879, when rebuilding work was undertaken by John and Henry Cocks of Mile End Road. In 1881 Morris Barnett, from Shoreditch, ran and lived above the pub with his wife, ten daughters, two servants and a nurse maid.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>The Black Horse principally addresses Leman Street, with a short north elevation to Alie Street, where the ground floor extends beyond the main building line to form a podium. The pub is architecturally restrained, with plain stock-brick elevations with red-brick dressings, the closest thing to an external flourish being found above a passageway to the south, where there is a tripartite first-floor window in a segmental relieving arch. In the late nineteenth century, four entrances led to the main ground-floor bar arranged around a servery against the west wall. Partitions to snugs dodged slender cast-iron columns that gave structural support to allow for the glazed podium.[^2] Before 1900 the servery was reduced in size and positioned centrally, staircases also rearranged to enable better access to the first-floor dining room and create more bar space. By 1930, the servery had been further reconfigured, the snugs removed and the ground floor divided simply into a public bar and a saloon. The Black Horse is said to have been frequented by merchant seamen, with the upstairs room used for storing their personal items and cases gratis. After short spells as ‘Bar Bed’ and ‘The Zeppelin Shelter’, the Black Horse recovered its original moniker in 2013. Successive refurbishments have rendered the interior almost devoid of historic features, but the exterior remains largely that of 1879.[^3]The passageway under the southern bay of the Black Horse led to the inn’s stable yard, which extended to the south behind Nos 44–50. By 1800, the yard was occupied by a coach-master, Thomas Lewis, who was followed by funeral coach-masters, Giles & Son. John Miller, a bonded carman, leased the site from the mid-nineteenth century until 1911 and was responsible for rebuilding the two-storey stables in 1884. The premises were subsequently used as a builders’ yard by James Jennings and successors until they were sold in the 1980s and redeveloped with Nos 44–50.[^4]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: W. J. Hardy (ed.), <em>Middlesex County Records, Calendar of Sessions Books 1689–1709</em>, 1905, p. 50: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), MDR1748/2/28; Land Tax Returns; Tower Hamlets Commissioners of Sewers ratebooks (THCS); Disrtict Surveyors' Returns (DSR); ACC/2305/01/0878; CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/302/460192; /329/506434; /341/526572; /388/602097; <em>Public Advertiser, </em>7 Nov 1758, p. 4: Census: The National Archives, IR58/84830/4758</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: LMA, ACC/2305/01/0878</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: LMA, ACC/2305/01/0878: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, L/THL/D/2/30/88, 1929: www.merchant-navy.net/forum/merchant-navy-general-postings/13092-strange-life.html: Tower Hamlets planning applications online: <a href=\"http://www.stgitehistory.org.uk/lemanstreetdirectory1921.html\">www.stgitehistory.org.uk/lemanstreetdirectory1921.html</a>: pubology.co.uk/pubs/2170.html</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: Post Office Directories: THCS: DSR: Ordnance Survey maps: Goad insurance maps</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2020-05-06",
"last_edited": "2020-05-06"
},
{
"id": 1124,
"title": "Tower Hill Roman Catholic School (demolished)",
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"b_number": "62",
"b_name": "De Mazenod House, 62 Chamber Street",
"street": "Chamber Street",
"address": "De Mazenod House, 62 Chamber Street",
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"body": "<p>This school, built in 1870–2, stood on the north side of Chamber Street immediately east of the Haydon Square railway spur viaduct for more than a century. The Roman Catholic Oblates of Mary Immaculate had established a presence in this locality in 1850. They acquired houses at the west end of Prescot Street in 1865, behind which a temporary church, the forerunner of English Martyrs, went up in 1866. This was opened by Cardinal Manning and divided so that the Oblates, led by Father Robert Cooke, could use it to teach 400 children in shifts during the week. Education was a priority for the Oblates and Manning was concerned that the introduction of the Education Act of 1870 and the consequent building of board schools would increase godlessness among London’s children. Manning and Cooke were able to elicit funding from wealthy English Catholics to support the building of a permanent school.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>The brief for the building was ambitious, imagining a hall for young working men, an assembly place for the Total Abstinence Society, a reading room, and a parish library; it was hoped that a savings bank might be added in due course. The foundation stone was laid in June 1870 by Princess Marguerite of Orléans, a grand-daughter of King Louis Philippe. The school was designed by John Young, a Catholic architect and surveyor in the City for the Corporation of London, who affirmed that he had kept ‘within every limit of economy’. Merritt and Ashby were the builders. There were contributions from Princess Marguerite and weekly donations from 582 poor parishioners. But when the school opened in April 1872 the Oblates were ‘far far away from solvency’. </p>\n\n<p>Confined to a small urban site, Tower Hill School rose up compactly in triple-decker form. Behind a seven-bay front, each of three lower levels was a single large schoolroom, with infants on the basement, then girls and boys above, alongside a lending library. The top floor was a lofty parish room, called St Patrick’s Hall, with a capacity of 500.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>The school was also used for St Catherine’s Protectory, which continued the work of an industrial and night school for working girls deemed at risk. This had been established in 1869 in a house to the east at 87 Chamber Street, recently vacated by the Oblates. A group of four Catholic women moved in to devote themselves to working for the welfare of the local poor. Led by Frances Taylor and funded by Lady Georgiana Fullerton, these women supported the Oblates’ social work, running a Sunday School as well as the school for working girls. In 1872, the group became the Poor Servants of the Mother of God, an order founded by Taylor that was modelled on the self-supporting Little Servants of the Mother of God, who lived among and served the poor in rural Poland. The Poor Servants departed to west London in pursuit of self-sufficiency before the completion of the school building, passing their teaching responsibilities to the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception, a branch of the Holy Family of Bordeaux, affiliated to the Oblates since 1858, and formally amalgamated with their male counterparts since 1870. The new school enabled expansion and thus required more Sisters to support it. No. 87 Chamber Street became inadequate as residential accommodation and the Sisters moved their convent to Prescot Street, to No. 10 in 1880, thereafter to Whitechapel County Court, and thence to No. 24.[^3] </p>\n\n<p>The school’s circulation was twice improved. The main staircase was moved to the east end in 1899–1900 as a consequence of the widened railway’s proximity to the western bay, and external balconies were added in 1939, to permit internal movement that did not disturb classes. Four houses to the east (Nos 62–65) were cleared in 1935 to form a playground. In 1970, exactly a century after the foundation stone had been laid on Chamber Street, the school moved to more spacious new buildings in St Mark Street as English Martyrs’ School. The Chamber Street school building was refashioned to be a community centre and club, then demolished in 1985.[^4] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), Jean Olwen Maynard, ‘History of the parish of English Martyrs Tower Hill, vol.2: 1870–1886’, <em>c.</em>2005, pp.3–4: English Marytrs' Church (EMC), Codex Historicus</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: <em>London City Press</em>, 30 Nov 1867, p.6: <em>The Tablet</em>, 26 June 1869, p.122: <em>East London Observer (ELO)</em>, 25 June 1870, p.5; 15 June 1872, p.4: London Metropolitan Archives, District Surveyors Returns (DSR): EMC, Codex Historicus: THLHLA, Jean Olwen Maynard, ‘History of the parish of English Martyrs, vol.1, 1865–1870’, <em>c.</em>2005, p.54: surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/1296/detail/#</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: Anon., <em>The Sisters of the Mother of God Story</em>, 2012, pp.3,9–10: THLHLA, Maynard, ‘English Martyrs’, vol.1, pp.46–8,52–3; vol.2, pp.1-2,38,54: Georgiana Fullerton, <em>The Inner Life of Lady Georgiana Fullerton</em>, 1899, p.92: E. Leonard, <em>Frances Taylor, Mother Magdalen SMG. A Portrait 1832–1900</em>, 2005, pp.34–5: EMC, Codex Historicus; visitation returns, 1963: DSR: Post Office Directories</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: DSR: THLHLA, Maynard, ‘English Martyrs’, vol.2, pp.11–12,16: <em>ELO</em>, 3 Jan 1874: <em>Reynolds’s Newspaper</em>, 6 Dec 1891, p.1: EMC, miscellaneous papers, 23 July 1895; 1 Aug 1899; 1 Dec 1931; 7 Jan and 1 April 1935; 10 June 1939; plans 1972; Codex Historicus, p.20: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2020-08-04",
"last_edited": "2020-08-04"
},
{
"id": 1051,
"title": "52–58 Leman Street and 20–30 East Tenter Street",
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"tags": [
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"body": "<p>The red-brick tenements at 52–58 Leman Street and 20–30 East Tenter Street were constructed in 1901–2 to designs by the builder-developer brothers Nathaniel and Raphael (Ralph) Davis, both of whom had some architectural training. Built across Leman Street from Woolfray House, one of their earliest projects, these ten units, four to Leman Street, six to East Tenter Street, are typical of their later approach and local output in scale, style and materials. Ground-floor shops were eschewed in favour of upper-floor workshops. The tenements had been preceded by three large eighteenth-century shophouses to Leman Street. A warehouse to the rear, first present around 1800 and rebuilt as three-storeyed in 1848, was replaced by six short-lived houses around 1880.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: The National Archives, IR58/84830/4788: London Metropolitan Archives, District Surveyors' Returns: <em>The Builder</em>, 18 July 1885, p. 108: London County Council Minutes, 18 June 1901, p. 759; 21 Jan 1902, pp. 33–4; 18 March 1902, p. 458: Richard Horwood's maps: Ordnance Survey maps: Isobel Watson, ‘Rebuilding London: Abraham Davis and his brothers, 1881–1924’, <em>London Journal</em>, vol. 29/1, pp. 62–84</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2020-05-06",
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{
"id": 1053,
"title": "Capitol House, 60–62 Leman Street",
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"body": "<p>This late twentieth-century neo-Georgian office block replaced a pair of three-storey early nineteenth-century houses that succeeded an unequal early eighteenth-century pair that was unified in the 1760s and ’70s for the Rev. Daniel Noble, a Minister of the General Baptist congregation that moved from the Mill Yard chapel to the south side of Church Lane (where it became part of the Commercial Road) in 1763. He kept a well-regarded academy where Thomas Paine, the radical activist, briefly taught in 1766. The academy’s Leman Street situation was advertised as ‘very airy’, but it had closed by 1800 and rebuilding ensued. The early nineteenth-century houses were occupied by a number of manufacturers, with tenants who notably included Joseph Solomon Spyer and David Mocatta, associates of the Goldsmids, who were next door in the house on the site of No. 64. For a spell in the 1840s No. 62 housed George Smart, a ‘Professor of Dancing’. In 1884, No. 60 had a shopfront inserted and a back warehouse was reconstructed. Alterations of 1923 may have included an additional storey at No. 60, then in long-standing use as a hairdresser’s, but that had been removed by the 1970s. No. 62 was occupied by a doctor’s surgery for many decades.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>No. 62 gained Listed status in 1973 and an application to convert the pair into offices was approved. But proposals for a wholly new four-storey office block followed, first to designs produced by Michael Rayner & Partners in 1976, then by Elsom, Pack and Roberts Architects in 1980. These were not taken forward and a third scheme instigated by Demos Ciclitira Ltd, a currant-importing firm, with Keith Roberts and Associates as architects, was approved in 1986. The resultant stock-brick-faced office block was constructed by Mansell Ltd. Its artificial-stone pedimented doorcase, stringcourse at first-floor sill level, and precast cornice are reminiscent of the house at 66 Leman Street, presumably conscious pastiche.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives, Land Tax Returns; Tower Hamlets Commissioners of Sewers ratebooks; District Surveyors' Returns; CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/297/449928; Collage 118762–3: <em>The World</em>, 3 Oct 1792: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), 820.1, Folder 1: Nicholas Adolf Hans, <em>New Trends in Education in the Eighteenth Century</em>, 1951 (2001 edn), pp. 113–4: <em>Baptist Quarterly</em>, vol. 1/3, 1922, pp. 135–8: Post Office Directories </p>\n\n<p>[^2]: THLHLA, Building Control file 22300: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2020-05-07",
"last_edited": "2020-05-07"
},
{
"id": 1054,
"title": "64 Leman Street",
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"body": "<p>A three-storey mansion on this site, probably built around 1690, with basements, attics and a warehouse, was occupied from the 1730s by Joseph Phillimore (d. 1762), a clothier, and his son, John Phillimore, a wealthy City silk throwster who moved to the house at No. 66 in 1766. Around 1769 Aaron Goldsmid (d. 1782), an eminent Dutch-Jewish merchant and financier, took up residence, having migrated to London from Amsterdam around six years earlier, with his wife, Catherine de Vries, four sons and three daughters. The eldest son, George, became a partner in 1771 and the other three sons, Asher, Benjamin and Abraham, also became prominent and innovative financiers.[^1] The house hosted a number of spin-off family businesses and wider partnerships, and several other houses in the area were implicated with enterprises initiated by the Goldsmids in their ‘modest Leman Street days’.[^2] Benjamin and Abraham Goldsmid went into partnership in 1776, first as merchants, then as financiers who established themselves as the City’s first specialists in bill broking, working from this address until 1792 when they relocated to the City from where they played a critical role as loan contractors during the French wars. George Goldsmid carried on from Leman Street until his death in 1813, in partnership with his brother-in-law, Daniel Eliason.[^3] </p>\n\n<p>Thereafter Leman Street could no longer attract wealthy residents. For a few years in the 1820s, No. 64 was used as the Whitechapel Watch House, then, after the formation of the Metropolitan Police, it was converted in 1830 to be a police station and section house for H Division, covering Stepney. By 1849, the police had acquired new premises, adapting houses further south along Leman Street, and No. 64 was converted to use as a cigar and then a gun factory. For a short time at the end of the nineteenth century, the building temporarily rehoused the police while their station was rebuilt. It also accommodated various charities involved in local social and youth work, including the Metropolitan Association for Befriending Young Servants, which operated under the supervision of the Rev. Samuel and Henrietta Barnett. By 1910, the building was back in commercial use, occupied by Abraham Friedman, a cap and hat manufacturer. The early house was partially rebuilt in 1917 only to be demolished five years later.[^4] </p>\n\n<p>Its place was taken in 1922–4 by a neo-Georgian building. Originally of three storeys, this was erected by and for Israel Joseph (Joe) Galinski (1899–1973), the eldest son of (and no doubt working with) David Galinski (<em>c.</em>1873–1967), a Lithuanian immigrant who had established himself as a cow-keeper in Spitalfields and diversified into building and property speculation. By 1925 the Federation of Synagogues had taken the building to be its headquarters. It is possible that there was earlier involvement on the part of the Federation, and thereby of Digby Lewis Solomon, who followed in his father Lewis Solomon’s footsteps as the Federation’s architect and was running the family practice, Lewis Solomon and Son, by 1923. The five-bay Leman Street elevation mixes yellow-stock and red bricks on the upper floors under a projecting cornice. The ground floor, now painted white, was given especial prominence with four widely arched openings articulated by tiled pilasters beneath an entablature. Sometime after 1970, a further storey was added with matching brickwork.[^5] </p>\n\n<p>The Federation of Synagogues, which had been established in 1887, represented and supported numerous small synagogues, mostly located in Whitechapel and Spitalfields. This building allowed all the Federation’s functions to be centralised and housed under one roof for the first time. A lively place of debate and deliberation during a time of frequent amalgamations, the Federation’s offices continued here until 1974 when they moved to new purpose-built headquarters on Greatorex Street. No. 64 has since been used as offices by other organisations.[^6] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), Land Tax Returns (LT): Post Office Directories (POD): The National Archives (TNA), PROB11/873/92; PROB11/1093/362: W. P. W. Phillimore, ‘Some notes on Wresden, Uley’, <em>Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society</em>, vol. 11,1886–7, p. 290: <em>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography sub</em> Abraham Goldsmid</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: P. Emden, ‘The Brothers Goldsmid and the Financing of the Napoleonic Wars’, <em>Transactions (Jewish Historical Society of England)</em>, vol. 14, 1935, pp. 226–35 (230)</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: LMA, LT; Tower Hamlets Commissioners of Sewers ratebooks (THCS): POD: TNA, PROB11/1540/349: Emden, ‘Goldsmid’: Albert M. Hyamson, ‘An Anglo-Jewish Family’, <em>Transactions (Jewish Historical Society of England)</em>, vol. 17, 1951–2, pp. 1–10</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: POD: THCS: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, cuttings 340.1, commemorative brochure, pp. 37, 39; cuttings 340.2: <em>East London Advertiser</em>, 15 Dec 1967: Census: Goad insurance maps: TNA, IR58/84830/4794: LMA, Collage 118812; District Surveyors' Returns (DSR)</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: DSR: POD: <em>Jewish Chronicle</em>, 15 May 1925; 4 June 1926; 17 Feb 1967, p. 18: LMA, Collage 118732: Ancestry: Census</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: POD: LMA, Collage 118763: A. B. Levy,<em>East End Story</em>, 1948, p. 43: Geoffrey Alderman, <em>The Federation of Synagogues, 1887–1987</em>, 1987, pp. 69, 81</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2020-05-07",
"last_edited": "2020-05-07"
},
{
"id": 934,
"title": "Potts and Hunt, gun makers",
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"body": "<p>\"Another firm associated with Confederate Enfield purchases was Potts & Hunt of London. Like most gun makers, Potts & Hunt produced Enfield rifles on contract for whichever side had the money to afford them. The firm worked through Colt (as agent) to fill a Union contract for 4,000 Enfield rifles with 24 gauge (.58 caliber) 40” polished barrels, like the US Models for 65s/ each, and an additional 1,940 short rifles with saber bayonets at $25 each. These particular Enfield rifles were believed to be the only Civil War-era commercial Enfield rifles that left the factory in England with polished instead of blued barrels.</p>\n\n<p>Colt is fairly well known to most Civil War enthusiasts, so a little background on the gun-makers Potts & Hunt is in order. It begins with Martin Brander who was apprenticed to his father in the mid 1700s.Thomas Potts (the elder) was in turn apprenticed to Martin Brander in 1792. In 1827 Martin Brander died. Thomas Henry Potts (the elder) took over the firm and kept the name Brander & Potts. Potts was a contractor to the Honourable East India Co. from 1827 to 1842. Thomas Henry Potts (b. 1824) joined as an apprentice in the firm of Brander & Potts when it moved to Haydon Square, Minories. The elder Potts died soon thereafter in 1842 and the firm was managed by his mother Mary Ann Potts, who completed the remaining contracts. Thomas H Potts the younger was then turned over to the London gun-maker J E Barnett & Sons at age 18 to finish his apprenticeship. In 1846 Thomas H Potts was made a freeman. He went into business and changed the name of the firm in 1848 from Brander & Potts to T.H. Potts.<br>\n<br>\nThe T H Potts firm was unusual as it listed an address in the Minories (London), but also listed premises on Shadwell Street in Birmingham beginning in 1848. It was not unusual for Birmingham firms to have a London retail operation but it was not the norm for a well known London gun maker to have factories in both Birmingham and London gun quarters simultaneously. Potts was in the process of moving day-to-day operations of the firm to the Birmingham gun quarter. Private correspondence states that he made trips back to London only to conduct business there. In 1849 Thomas Potts was elected assistant in the Gun-makers Company of the London Trade Guild, so clearly the firm did business from their premises in London as well. However, Potts was at the time living full time in the Midlands and socializing with the gentry of the city. This is where he met his betrothed, Emma Phillips. Potts married Emma at Bourton on Dunsmore, Warwickshire, on April 2, 1850. Warwickshire is approximately twenty miles from Birmingham. Within a few months Emma's parents and brothers left for Canterbury, New Zealand.</p>\n\n<p><br>\nIn 1851 Thomas Potts had a display the Great Exhibition in London: According to the Official Catalogue:<br>\nExhibition # 207. POTTS, THOMAS HENRY, <br>\nHaydon Square, Minories - Inventor and Manufacturer. <br>\n1. A double-barrel gun (finished), with improved breeches, bolted triggers, etc.<br>\n2. Similar gun, in a bright (unfinished) state.<br>\n3. An instrument for drawing the breeches, applicable to all sorts of fire-arms.</p>\n\n<p><br>\nIn 1852, the London firm moved to 32-33 Leman Street [now 64-66 Leman Street] and had additional workshops at 27 Tenter Ground [now Albion Mills]. However, the day-to-day business became increasingly centered in Birmingham where Potts was residing. During late 1853 Potts apparently turned over most of the operations to Thomas Hunt, left for New Zealand and the firm traded as Potts & Hunt from 1853 to 1874. There is evidence in Potts’ surviving personal correspondence that he was involved in the formation of Birmingham Small Arms Company perhaps from its origins as Birmingham Small Arms Trade before he departed. Whatever the case, Potts returned to England only once in 1862 “…to sort out troubled business matters” involving BSA, according to his correspondence. BSA Co was run by committee up until September 1863, when they settled on a Chairman (John Goodman) and Board of Directions. However, Potts was not listed among the new Board of Directors or major shareholders after the reorganization of BSA in 1863 and he never returned to England again. This suggests the “troubled business matters” were resolved by Potts liquidating his shares.<br>\n<br>\nBack in England, it appears Thomas Hunt was involved with the firm of T.H. Potts as early as 1852. Even before the firm was renamed “Potts & Hunt” Thomas Hunt applied for two patents in 1852 and he listed premises at 32/33 Leman Street, the London address of T.H. Potts. Thomas Hunt also applied for patents for the improvement of sights in March 1853 and then another breech-loading design still using the same London address (32-33 Leman Street) in 1866.</p>\n\n<p><br>\nAccording to the London <em>Daily News</em> on October 23, 1854 there was a gas explosion at the Leman Street address of Potts & Hunt “the minie rifle maker” and a 65 year old night watchman named Robert Blake was killed in the tragic accident.</p>\n\n<p><br>\nLondoner Thomas Hunt was not found listed in the Birmingham directories as a gun maker. He does not appear to have had any direct connection to the Birmingham Small Arms Trade or BSA Co. T.H. Potts on the other hand, was listed on Shadwell Street in Birmingham from 1848 right up until he left for New Zealand in 1854. It appears from historical records and what can be pieced together that in the late 1840s Thomas Hunt began as an employee or gun maker for the T.H. Potts firm in London, perhaps so Potts could spend more time in Birmingham. Thomas Hunt may have already been well off as Potts since he most likely bought the firm from him after Potts left in 1853. Hunt continued to run the London and Birmingham operations but appears to have lived in London. Rather than remove the former proprietor’s name, Thomas Hunt may have merely added his own name to the masthead. At first glance the title “Potts & Hunt” suggests a partnership. This was not the case in the sense of the men sharing office space or even correspondence with each other. So why would Thomas Hunt not remove Potts’ name from the title of the firm? The Potts firm was considered one of the eminent gun makers in London dating back the Brander & Potts-era. Thomas Hunt no doubt wished to continue to be associated with the gun making legacy of Potts, who was half a world away. </p>\n\n<p><br>\nThe working relationships in the gun trade can be confusing. When Potts returned to Birmingham in 1862, there is no evidence that he traveled down to London to visit the firm still bearing his name, but he found the time to head off into the heath for some birdwatching. This strongly suggests his lack of any further financial interest in Potts & Hunt. Whatever remaining financial interest Potts may have had in the English Gun Trade seems to have been limited to his involvement with investments in Birmingham Small Arms Co. BSA Co is the only firm which he directly mentions in his personal correspondence. And after returning to New Zealand later in 1862, Potts never mentions BSA Co or returns to England again. We should conclude that after 1862, Thomas Henry Potts is no longer involved directly or indirectly in the English Gun Trade. He spends the rest of his days indulging his interest in ornithology and conservation in New Zealand.</p>\n\n<p><br>\nThe majorities of surviving Civil War-era Enfield rifles from Potts & Hunt are stamped “London” on the lock plate. There were at least some Enfield rifles made in Birmingham as there are cavalry carbines stamped “Potts & Hunt Birmingham.” It seems likely that the Birmingham factory supplied parts and components to the London factory to be “set up” or perhaps even provided finished guns. The Enfield rifles marked “Potts & Hunt London” may have commanded higher prices, if the Colt contracts are representative. Post-bellum, Potts & Hunt (Birmingham) produced 27,000 bolt action Chassepot rifles under contract from the French government. The contract was not affiliated with Birmingham Small Arms, supporting the lack of involvement by Potts & Hunt in that enterprise. The firm of Potts & Hunt is not recorded after 1874.\"</p>\n\n<p>Extract from Suppliers to the Confederacy: British Imported Arms and Accoutrements, Craig L Barry, David Burt, 2013</p>\n\n<p>Craig L Barry</p>\n\n<p>Columnist, <em>Civil War News</em></p>\n",
"created": "2019-06-19",
"last_edited": "2020-05-07"
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{
"id": 1055,
"title": "66 Leman Street",
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"body": "<p>This substantial house was built in 1766, likely by John Phillimore, the silk merchant, moving from No. 64. It replaced a house that in the 1730s had been occupied by Abraham Triquett, a Whitechapel parish overseer. Once comparatively towering in the vicinity, of four storeys, basements and attics, its well-proportioned façade, with first-floor sill-level stringcourse and bold cornice is especially distinguished by a fine pedimented Ionic doorcase, closely derived from Batty Langley’s pattern-book<em> The Builder’s Jewel</em> of 1751. The Ionic order recurred in pilasters in a spacious entrance hall. In the 1770s the house passed to William Hopkins, another silk throwster, who held it until 1810 by when there was a large warehouse to the rear. There followed several decades of use by Judah, Solomon and Abecis Aloof, Gibraltarian Jewish merchants.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>By 1844, William Scott, a gun and pistol maker from Birmingham, was the tenant, living in the house with his family. Scott altered the attic, perhaps refenestrating for workshop use, and erected a store loft for gun stocks in the back warehouse, where there was also workshop use. In 1852 Thomas Henry Potts junior, another gun maker, who had served an apprenticeship with nearby J. E. Barnett & Sons, transferred to No. 66 from the Minories, also taking No. 64. Potts had other premises in Birmingham, where he was based, and left Thomas Hunt, who became a partner, in charge of his Leman Street houses and a factory that backed onto East Tenter Street. After a destructive gas explosion in 1854, a new three-storey factory and warehouse went up across the back of No. 64 and part of No. 66. Potts & Hunt continued under Hunt, Potts having emigrated to New Zealand, and supplied the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. The firm appears to have ceased trading around 1874. A solitary housekeeper occupied the house in 1881.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>Within the decade, No. 66 was in use as a lodging house, accommodating over sixty working men, managed by a married couple and two servants and named the ‘Old Manor House’. It remained a working-men’s home until at least the 1930s, but had fallen into disuse by 1945. In the late 1960s the now derelict building was converted to office use with the attic floor removed in 1970.[^3]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: East Sussex Record Office, SAS/AB/1098: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), Land Tax Returns: The National Archives (TNA), C13/2186/27; C11/1288/11: Post Office Directories (POD): Electoral Registers: Richard Horwood's maps: A. Ben-Ur, ‘The Absorption of Outsiders: Gibraltarian and North Africans in London’s Portuguese Jewish Community’, in F. Francesconi, S. Mirvis, B. Smollett (eds), <em>The Sephardic Experience East and West: Essays in Honor of Jane S. Gerber</em>, 2018, pp. 255–78: Dan Cruickshank and Peter Wyld, <em>London: The Art of Georgian Building</em>, 1975, p. 113</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: P. Hawker, <em>Instructions to Young Sportsmen in All that Relates to Guns and </em>Shooting, 1844, p. 552: Census: POD: LMA, District Surveyors' Returns: <em>The Globe</em>, 4 Nov 1846, p. 3: C. L. Barry and D. Burt, ‘History of some larger London gunmakers’,<em> Suppliers to the Confederacy: British Imported Arms and Accoutrements</em>, 2013: <em>Stroud Journal</em>, 21 Oct 1854, p. 2: <em>Morning Post</em>, 24 March 1854, p. 7: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, P/GOH/1/3/1</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: Census: Goad insurance maps: <em>Report of the Medical Officer of Health for Stepney</em>, 1932, p .67: TNA, IR58/84830/4796: POD: Tower Hamlets planning applications online: LMA, Collage 118714; 118732</p>\n",
"created": "2020-05-07",
"last_edited": "2020-05-07"
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{
"id": 1056,
"title": "Albions Mills, 18 East Tenter Street",
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"b_number": "18",
"b_name": "Albion Mills",
"street": "East Tenter Street",
"address": "Albion Mills, 18 East Tenter Street",
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"body": "<p>The five-bay, four-storey, brick-faced warehouse at 18 East Tenter Street was built in 1905, replacing earlier factories on this site that were linked to the house at 66 Leman Street. The warehouse was built for Israel Hyman and Sons, rag merchants otherwise based on White Lion Street in Pentonville. The architect was Gilbert Henry Lovegrove (1878–1951), a biographer of Sir John Vanbrugh, the builder S. Goodall of Stoke Newington. By the 1940s the building was being used as a ladies’ clothing factory called Albion Mills, which name endures for subsequent use as offices.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives, District Surveyors' Returns: Post Office Directories: London County Council Minutes, 4 July 1905, p. 236: RIBA library, biography file: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n",
"created": "2020-05-07",
"last_edited": "2020-05-07"
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"id": 1057,
"title": "68 Leman Street",
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"body": "<p>This three-storey and attic building has undergone extensive remodelling, but in its scale and form it may be the last surviving representative of Leman Street’s first-phase development, notably retaining a steeply pitched tiled roof indicative of an early date. It appears to have been part of a house lived in by Jonathan Cordingly (d. 1729), a Clothworker, that was taken by Samuel Hawkins in the 1750s and combined with an adjacent house to the south. From around 1800 this house and address was again separate and occupied by John Howard, a furniture-maker and upholsterer. Refronting occurred and a shopfront was installed. From the 1830s occupants included bakers, a pastry cook and a confectioner. By 1865 James Scott Sequiera, a surgeon of local Portuguese Sephardic descent, was living here with his wife Maria Rosina Rackwitz. Their son, James Harry Sequiera (1865–1948), studied under Niels Finsen in Copenhagen before returning to oversee use of the Finsen lamp at the London Hospital. By 1910 Thomas Jones was resident at No. 68, the fascia advertising his services as a surgeon and accoucheur. The Leman Street elevation was painted white in 1946 and the building was fitted out for use as a restaurant in 1950. In the mid-1980s, the proprietors of a Greek taverna made external additions and internal alterations so brash as to have dismantling imposed, the work having been carried out without Listed Building Consent. The building was wholly converted to office use, the upper floors first in 1982, then the ground floor in 1988, with the shopfront removed and the façade reconstructed by Rowlinson Construction Ltd.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives, Land Tax Returns; Tower Hamlets Commissioners of Sewers ratebooks; District Surveyors' Returns: Post Office Directories: Ancestry: <em>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography sub </em>Sequiera: The National Archives, IR58/84830/4796: Tower Hamlets planning applications online: <em>Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission</em>, report LAC6/86, 2 April 1986: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, Building Control file 22304</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2020-05-07",
"last_edited": "2020-08-18"
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"id": 79,
"title": "Maddock tomb",
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"properties": {
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"b_name": "Altab Ali Park, including the site of the parish church of St Mary Matfelon",
"street": "Whitechapel Road",
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"body": "<p>This chest tomb for the Maddock family (timber merchants on Rosemary Lane, now Royal Mint Street) is a stout early nineteenth century monument of Portland stone with a marble armorial panel, a pyramidal top and an urn finial. It remains in situ at what was the south-east part of the parish churchyard – land to its east was the rectory garden. Some other surviving gravestones were recorded in 2011. [^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Historic England, GLHER MLO3933: Post Office Directories</p>\n",
"created": "2016-06-27",
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