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"title": "Whitechapel hay market",
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"body": "<p>From at least the 1660s until 1928, an enduring and divisive feature of Whitechapel High Street that spread to streets adjoining was the Whitechapel hay and straw market, one of the earliest recorded of London’s fodder markets, after those in Westminster (the Haymarket) and the City of London (West Smithfield), the former known by the mid sixteenth century, the latter older. The right to hold markets in Stepney resided with the Lord of the Manor of Stepney, granted by Charles II in 1664 specifying a weekly market at Ratcliff-cross.[^1] A hay market is reputed to have endured in Ratcliff until 1708, but according to Daniel Defoe, Whitechapel High Street was already in use as a hay market by 1665. While <em>A Journal of the Plague Year</em> is not the most reliable of sources, the Whitechapel portions are reckoned to be those most closely based on a first-hand account. Defoe claimed that during the Plague, owing to the scarcity of grass, ‘Hay in the Market just beyond <em>White-Chapel</em> Bars was sold at 4 l. <em>per </em>Load’.[^2] A more unimpeachable indication that the hay market was established in the High Street before the end of the seventeenth century is the taxation in 1693 of Isaac Blissett, a ‘barrowman’ living on the south side of Whitechapel High Street adjacent to Peacock Court (approximately opposite Old Castle Street), ‘for the Hay Market to the Lady of the Manor … Property assessed: Haymkt’.[^3]</p>\n\n<p>Hay was sold from large carts in the High Street. By tradition, a toll of 6<em>d.</em> per cart was collected, twopence of which was payable to the Lord of the Manor. This was codified by the Whitechapel High Street Paving Act of 1770 and the Whitechapel Improvement Act of 1853, which vested the paving commissioners’ powers in what became the markets committee of the parish Vestry. The usual market days, as was the case with the other main hay markets, were Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday.[^4] </p>\n\n<p>The market was confined in its early years to the High Street, described in the 1770s as a ‘fine wide street … the principal eastern entrance into London from the great Essex road … the south side of {which} is used for a hay market three times a week’.[^5] This south-side arrangement prevailed, certainly to the 1830s and probably until the opening of the Whitechapel to Bow tramway in 1870, whose lines ran on the north and south side of the street. Until then, discord between the hay salesmen and local authorities derived largely from untidy arrangements of the hay carts. </p>\n\n<p>The tram coincided with wider changes in transport and the hay and straw business, which saw a proliferation of hay salesmen in London from twenty-nine in 1833–4 to more than fifty in 1870. Surprisingly few were in Whitechapel, probably because it was an open market; Essex farmers could bring their hay directly to Whitechapel to sell. But by 1870 three or four Whitechapel hay salesmen, led by Gardner of Spread Eagle Yard and Gingell of Kent and Essex Yard, were in business in a major way, and were operating an effective cartel. By then Gingell already had a wharf in Shadwell, and a decade later Gardners had one in Limehouse, reflecting the expansion of their supply chain from traditional sources in the Essex countryside, as importing hay became cheaper.[^6]</p>\n\n<p>Business was still conducted with farmers in Essex and Hertfordshire, but those deals were concluded in the shires and the hay and straw transported by train, and collected by the dealers. Where once hay carts had rolled in, principally from Essex, many of the carts that took up position in Whitechapel High Street belonged to the dealers and were stored in their adjacent yards. In the early and mid nineteenth century many of the carts were two-wheelers that could be pulled by a single horse. By the later nineteenth century large four-wheel waggons were the norm.[^7]</p>\n\n<p>As early as 1782 the Whitechapel Paving Commissioners were complaining that hay carts ‘do frequently annoy, obstruct and endanger passengers in carriages and on horse back’. They produced a scheme for regularising the placing of the carts abreast in the street, in blocks of three to five carts, a system that was regularly ignored.[^8] With the advent of tramways and generally increasing traffic, calls for the removal of the market became frequent, strident and ultimately litigious. From 1870 regular efforts were made to remove the market, principally by local boards and vestries affected by delays traversing Whitechapel, but vested interests and the lack of an alternative site prevented change.[^9] </p>\n\n<p>There was some nostalgic affection for the market. In 1902, one William Stout reported that ‘Whitechapel High Street has long been noted for its Hay Market, which is the last relic of old English life in the neighbourhood, all else is foreign. In the whole length of the High Street, … there are no buildings worthy of notice from an architectural or any other point of view.’[^10] </p>\n\n<p>Matters came to a head on 27 May 1905 when officials of Stepney Borough Council, which had inherited the rights of the Whitechapel hay market commissioners, moved three carts of Gingell, Son, and Foskett, parked on the tramlines in the north part of Leman Street, to their Wentworth Street yard and there destroyed the loads of hay and straw. Gingell, Son and Foskett took the council to court for compensation and the establishment of their rights under ancient precedent to conduct the hay market anywhere within the parish of Whitechapel, which the council disputed on the grounds that some of the streets into which they wished to expand – Commercial Street, Leman Street in its present form, and Commercial Road, did not exist when the market was established. The council lost, on appeal and in the House of Lords, but in concluding this ‘peculiarly absurd case’ the Lords determined that the Whitechapel Improvement Act of 1853 did allow the council to move carts when they caused an obstruction.[^11] </p>\n\n<p>An opportunity to buy the manorial market rights arose in 1909, but a trenchant ratepayers’ campaign prevented the purchase.[^12] Three years later an attempt by the LCC to purchase the market also ran aground. The market rights were instead acquired by three of the principal hay and straw dealers – Gardner & Gardner, Gingell, Son and Foskett and Harvey & Willis. Congestion increased after the First World War, compounded by the location of a tram terminus. The LCC, wishing to relocate the tramlines to the centre of the street to accommodate increasing volumes of motor traffic, introduced a clause in the London County Council (General Powers) bill of 1927 to acquire the market rights. The fight had no doubt gone out of the hay salesmen, who agreed to accept the offer £18,000and not to oppose the bill, their market depleted by the very motor traffic that their carts were impeding: sales of hay had fallen from 22,500 loads in 1907–8 to 17,761 in 1910. The market ‘succumbed to the motor’ and closed in January 1928. The tramlines were duly relocated to the centre of the road in 1929.[^13] Gardners hung on in Spread Eagle Yard till 1931 and Gingells were wound up in 1935.</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Daniel Lysons, <em>The Environs of London</em>: vol. 3,<em> County of Middlesex</em>, 1795, pp.418–88: F. H. W. Sheppard (ed.), <em>Survey of London</em>: vol. 29,<em> St James Westminster, Part 1</em>, 1960, p.210: <em>A List of the Bye-Laws of the City of London, Unrepealed</em>, 1769, p.93: John Trusler, <em>The London Advisor and Guide</em>, 1790, p.186: Edward Walford, <em>Old and New London</em>, vol.4, 1897, pp.216–17: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), L/SMB/G/4/3/1: Derek Morris, <em>Whitechapel 1600–1800</em>, 2011, pp.71–8</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Daniel Defoe<em>, A Journal of the Plague Year</em>, 1722 (edn 1969), p.222: THLHLA, cuttings 652/12: Walter Thornbury, <em>Old and New London, </em>vol. 2, 1889, p.138: F. Bastian, ‘Defoe’s <em>Journal of the Plague Year</em> Reconsidered’, <em>The Review of English Studies</em>, vol. 16/62, May 1965, pp.151–73 (p.165)</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: British History Online, Four Shillings in the Pound Assessments, 1693–4: Ancestry</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: THLHLA, L/SMB/G/4/3/1: G. Laurence Gomme, <em>London in the Reign of Victoria (1837–97)</em>, 1898, pp.119–20: Post Office Directories (POD): <em>Tower Hamlets Independent and East end of London Advertiser (THIEELA)</em>, 30 Nov 1901, p.8</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: John Noorthouck, <em>A New History of London Including Westminster and Southwark</em>, 1773, p.664</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: POD: F. M. L. Thompson, ‘Horses and Hay in Britain, 1830–1918’, in F.M.L. Thompson (ed.), <em>Horses in European Economic History: a preliminary canter</em>, 1983, pp.50–72: Gomme, <em>London</em>, p.120: <em>East London Observer (ELO)</em>, 27 Aug 1881, p.5</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: THLHLA, cuttings 652/12; L/SMB/G/4/3/1: <em>The Globe</em>, 27 Sept 1881, p.3</p>\n\n<p>[^8]: THLHLA, L/SMB/G/4/3/4</p>\n\n<p>[^9]: <em>ELO</em>, 20 Aug 1870, p.5; 3 July 1875, p.5; 9 June 1877, p.7; 20 April 1878, p.3; 18 Jan 1879, p.5</p>\n\n<p>[^10]: <em>East London Advertiser</em>, 20 Dec 1902</p>\n\n<p>[^11]: THLHLA, L/SMB/G/4/3/1: <em>Morning Post</em>, 14 Aug 1906, p.4</p>\n\n<p>[^12]: THLHLA, L/SMB/G/4/3/1; THLHLA, L/SMB/G/4/3/4: <em>ELO</em>, 13 March 1909, p.7: <em>THIEELA</em>, 19 March 1909, p.5; 5 Feb 1910, p.8</p>\n\n<p>[^13]: <em>ELO</em>, 7 March 1925, p.3: 26 March 1927, p.3: <em>THIEELA</em>, 30 Nov 1901, p.8: THLHLA, 652/12: <em>Newcastle Journal</em>, 11 Aug 1927, p.8: Harold P. Clunn, <em>The Face of London: The Record of a Century’s Changes and Development</em>, 1937, pp.253,258</p>\n",
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"title": "Standon House, 21 Mansell Street",
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"body": "<p>Standon House was erected in 1982–4 by the Sedgwick Group as a kind of annexe to its larger development to the north on the Whitechapel High Street corner with Mansell Street. It is a seven-storey office block that follows its larger sibling in its architectural forms. Its clock onto Mansell Street was added around 1996 and there were car showrooms on the ground floor until after 2000.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Tower Hamlets planning applications online </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2020-05-06",
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"title": "39–47 Alie Street and Brownson's Court",
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"body": "<p>Behind five two-storey two-room plan eighteenth-century houses along Alie Street's north side immediately west of Leman Street was Brownson’s Court with seven small one-room plan houses, probably built in 1741 by Thomas Holden, a joiner, possibly working with his son, Strickland Holden, a surveyor–architect who lived on the other side of Alie Street. Occupants were mainly tradespeople. The lease of this compact estate was sold in 1831 and rebuilding appears to have ensued, of Nos 43–47 as three-storey shophouses, and of Brownson’s Court as a neater row of six still tiny dwellings. The larger houses flanking the court’s entrance housed cafés and refreshment rooms thereafter. The site was cleared after Second World War bomb damage and used as a car park until the building in 1970 of the office block called Frazer House.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives, MDR1740/4/864; District Surveyors' Returns; Collage 116965: Rocque's map: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 10 June 1831, p. 4: <em>The Times</em>, 14 April 1847, p. 12: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, L/THL/D/1/1/60: Goad insurance maps: Ordnance Survey maps: Census: Post Office Directories: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n",
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"title": "17–19 Alie Street",
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"body": "<p>This symmetrical pair of houses spans Half Moon Passage. Its origins probably lie with the speculative development of the larger frontage in the 1730s by William Kirkham, a bricklayer. The lower storeys were stuccoed and otherwise altered in work likely to be datable to the early nineteenth century. The houses are entered from the passage via opposed round-headed doorways and are laid out with two-room plans and central staircases directly behind the entrances. Slender column-on-vase balusters and narrow outer-wall light wells were recorded in 1981, as was plain panelling with a trim cornice, all possibly dateable to the early nineteenth century. The little-altered back elevation has a central blind bay above the passage. The pair constitutes the only remaining fabric contemporary with and related to the sugarhouses that once stood to the north. While in common ownership with them up to 1885 the Alie Street houses were let, while cottages to the rear were assigned to sugarhouse workers. Around 1840 and again around 1860, though not continuously, No. 17 was occupied by William Henry Crocker, a chronometer maker, and in the same period No. 19 housed Sophia Ashton, a dressmaker, living with her sister in an all-female household. Repairs in 1874 perhaps coincided with incorporation into sugarhouse use. In 1921 there were works that probably involved reconstruction of the upper parts of the front elevation. Use as a warehouse and office ensued, and then in 1982 conversion to full office use, in a refurbishment overseen by C. A. Cornish Associates, architects, for Central and City Properties Limited. Nearby buildings along Half Moon Passage to the rear were cleared at this time. In 2006 a further refurbishment was overseen by Ray Goodchild Architects for Texel Finance, who took up occupation.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, P/CRV/11; P/CRV/14: London Metropolitan Archives, Land Tax Returns; Collage 116908; District Surveyors' Returns: Tower Hamlets planning applications online: Ordnance Survey maps: Census: Post Office Directories: Dan Cruickshank, photo <em>c.</em>1970: Ananthi Velmurugan, ‘Half Moon Passage’, unpublished UCL MA report, 2015</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
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"id": 600,
"title": "A unique footprint",
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"body": "<p>Tucked away in the archive of the late Bristol sugar researcher Mr I. V. Hall at Bristol Archives is a simple plan, dated 1856, of the sugarhouse generally listed as 27 Great Alie Street.[^1] For the most part it was owned by the Craven and Bowman families and was built among the other refineries in Alie Street, Duncan Street and Buckle Street (where my 4xgt grandfather learnt his trade), all packed in around St George's German Lutheran Church.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>Owing to its unique shape, the footprint of the establishment, then named Craven & Co., is easily spotted on the Horwood map of the 1790s.[^3] Many London sugarhouses had accommodation for the owner, or the manager, as well as for some of the men (useful in case of fire at night). While the refinery itself was usually a series of large, tall, rectangular buildings, the owner/manager's dwelling varied both in shape and location. In this case the dwelling had a prominent semicircular dining room.</p>\n\n<p>The ground plan shows: the main refinery site 129ft x 143ft; centrally two adjoined refining buildings, the original about 40ft x 30ft, the new one about 40ft square; a raw-sugar warehouse and a smiths' shop; the owner's/manager's dwelling with semicircular dining room, drawing room and hall, along with sample room and counting house, all attached to the original refining building; about 20ft to the south two warehouses, and a scum house.[^4] Immediately south, and outside the main area, was a water tank, and south of that the four houses nos. 30, 31, 32, 33 on Great Alie Street, which are marked as belonging to the Craven estate and may have been occupied by workers.</p>\n\n<p>The sugarhouse would appear to have been built around 1785 and was still refining in 1865, though under different ownership. The 1851 census shows it employing 170 men.</p>\n\n<p>The sales notice in <em>The Times</em> in 1867 informs us that the refinery comprised a sugarhouse of six working floors, fill house and pan room, strongly timbered and supported by iron columns, two stoves, sugar warehouse, retort house, two chimneys, engine and boiler houses, yard, charcoal room, brewery, men's dwelling house, detached offices, manager's residence, three dwelling houses at 28 and 29 Great Alie Street and 16 Somerset Street, and a deep well giving a constant supply of pure water.[^5] But the end was in sight for sugar refining in the East End and the auctioneers wrote: 'The premises are well arranged as a sugar refinery, but the large area covered by the property, and the scarcity of freehold land in so central a situation, lead to the conclusion that, by the clearance of the site and the erection of warehouses or buildings suited to the modern requirements of trade, a very profitable return for the investment of capital would be ensured.'</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: BRO 36772 Box 6, Bristol Archives <a href=\"http://archives.bristol.gov.uk/\">http://archives.bristol.gov.uk/</a></p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Mawer, Sugar Refiners & Sugarbakers: <a href=\"www.mawer.clara.net\">www.mawer.clara.net</a></p>\n\n<p>[^3]: <a href=\"http://www.romanticlondon.org/horwoods-plan/#18/51.51385/-0.07253\">Horwood's Plan of London 1792-9</a></p>\n\n<p>[^4]: Mawer, Sugar Refiners & Sugarbakers: <a href=\"www.mawer.clara.net/refineries.html#crav\">www.mawer.clara.net/refineries.html#crav</a></p>\n\n<p>[^5]: <em>The Times</em>, 6 July 1867</p>\n",
"created": "2018-04-11",
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"body": "<p>A view of Alie Street Synagogue and adjoining buildings, now demolished, from a colour slide in Tower Local History Library and Archives:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/810801239424376832\">https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/810801239424376832</a></p>\n",
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"title": "From Buckle Street to Camperdown Street and sugar refining to a data centre",
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"body": "<p>Alie Street’s northern hinterland back to what is now Braham Street, all densely built up from the first years of the eighteenth century, was a place that long maintained an industrial and working-class character. What is now Camperdown Street was formed as the west end of Buckle Street, linking through to Half Moon Alley and named after Edward Buckley (1656–1730), a wealthy citizen brewer whose business was in Old Street and who had residences in St Giles Cripplegate, St Margaret’s Westminster, and Putney. He was one of several brewers to invest in Nicholas Barbon’s Fire Office around 1681, he acquired an estate in St Margaret’s in 1682 where he became entangled with Barbon’s development of Charles Street and Duke Street. He inherited both the brewery and the Whitechapel property from his father, also Edward Buckley, in 1683. He had bought the Whitechapel estate from Thomas Neale a year earlier, Neale having initiated and then backed out of developing what had been garden land. Some work might have started under Neale, but it was the younger Buckley who oversaw the laying out a grid of roads including Buckley (soon corrupted to Buckle) Street and Colchester Street (later Braham Street) and saw to it that the area was drained and built up by the 1690s. Buckley granted long leases, including of ninety-nine years, as to Timothy Salter, a Whitechapel bricklayer.</p>\n\n<p>In 1789 Buckley’s son, Edward Pery Buckley, sold the estate to James Green (anglicised from Laverdure), an enterprising Brick Lane bricklayer, who held the property jointly with Matthew Darby and William Darby, the sons of Vice Admiral George Darby (<em>c.</em>1720–1790). By the end of the 1790s, Buckle Street was known as Duncan Street, probably in homage to First Viscount Duncan (1731–1804), ennobled for his famous victory at the Battle of Camperdown in 1797. As Captain Adam Duncan he had from at least 1779 served alongside George Darby. The street was renumbered and renamed Camperdown Street in 1921. Further north on the present line of Braham Street, Quiet Row or Were Row was a short westwards continuation of Colchester Street that was renamed Nelson Street around 1810, then Beagle Street in 1893, and much enlarged as Braham Street when the Gardiner’s Corner gyratory system was formed in the 1960s.[^1]</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p><em>Sugarhouses and other early buildings</em></p>\n\n<p>A cluster of sugarhouses took shape around the west end of Buckle Street in the eighteenth century. The most significant of these refineries was on the west side of Half Moon Passage, standing free amid open space with a deep well and a good water supply. The site is now that of 6 Braham Street.Thomas Budgen (1705–1772), of a Surrey landed family yet apprenticed into the London sugar trade in 1719, appears to have established this sugarhouse in 1726 in which year he would have completed his apprenticeship. A year later he married Penelope Smith, the heiress of Daniel Smith (d. 1722), who had been Lieutenant Governor of the Island of Nevis. Budgen held onto West Indies sugar plantations until his death and amassed significant wealth. He commissioned a self-congratulatory portrait by Joseph Highmore in 1735, by when others were managing the Whitechapel sugarhouse. By the time Budgen became an MP in 1751 he had sold up and extricated himself from Whitechapel. From 1750 to 1784 the Half Moon Alley sugarhouse was owned by George Crosby, who ran it in a sequence of partnerships. Its local dominance seems indicated by the temporary renaming of Half Moon Passage as Crosby Passage during this period.[^2] John Craven acquired a lease from Crosby in 1787, then around 1800 purchased the copyhold of the land. By this date, if not long before, the sugarhouse had seven storeys. Attached to its east side since at least the 1740s was a large dwelling house that by the 1790s had three storeys and a prominent north-facing bow window. This property passed between the Craven and Bowman families until at least 1856. For a short time in the 1860s it was in the hands of Thomas Kirkpatrick and associates.[^3]The Cravens and Bowmans were closely linked through marriage and by other local ventures, entering into other partnerships at sugarhouses on Duncan Street and Nelson Street. Most of the south side of Duncan Street had been redeveloped by the 1790s as a three-storey refinery that was associated with the Cravens and Bowmans from at least 1806. These premises, which came to rise five storeys and to be known as Bowman’s Russia or Russian Sugar House, for reasons unknown, consisted of a fill house (in which semi-conical sugarloaf moulds were filled), a bastard house (bastard sugar being light-brown sugar), a scum fill house, a cooling room, and a filtering or clarifying room. They were destroyed by fire in December 1838.</p>\n\n<p>The buildings were replaced in the early 1840s by a row of nine modest two-storey houses. In 1881 Charles Wollrauch, an Alie Street builder–developer, put up a row of workshops to the rear behind small yards. He returned in 1886 to add steep attics, perhaps also for workshop use. The row housed families of mixed Jewish, German and English origins. Further east, three early houses were replaced around 1820 by a warehouse with an arched vault. By 1844 this building was partly in use by John Leigh of Leman Street as a gun factory. By 1900 it was Cunningham and De Fourier’s meat-paste factory. It came down in the 1960s and the houses followed around 1980.[^4]</p>\n\n<p>Opposite, on the north side of Duncan Street, there was a further sugarhouse, also present by the 1790s. Largely destroyed by fire in 1819 when it pertained to Craven and Shutte, it was rebuilt and, as described in 1834, it rose seven storeys with a three-storey warehouse adjacent. Yet another sugarhouse went up at the west end of what was soon to become Nelson Street around 1800. It was destroyed by fire in 1847 when it was held by Craven and Lucas.[^5] The oldest sugarhouse, that on the west side of Half Moon Passage, was sold in 1867 and converted for use as a gun factory, occupied until 1908 by John Edward Barnett & Sons, established local gun-makers who had prospered as suppliers of the Confederacy during the American Civil War. The attached large house was separately held and used as a hotel.</p>\n\n<p>To the north on the west side of Half Moon Passage, Joseph Geiger & Co. had established a cigar factory around 1840 in a move from Leman Street. This was taken over by Barnard Morris (1796–1880), a German immigrant, around 1847. A son, Philip Morris (1835–1873), launched cigarette brands under his name while the factory continued as B. Morris & Sons. It was rebuilt after a fire in 1882, to plans by John Hudson, and the premises extended further west almost to Mansell Street. Leopold Morris, Philip’s younger brother, established Philip Morris & Co. Ltd, which was incorporated in New York in 1902. The firm later became Philip Morris International, one of the world’s largest tobacco companies. The Half Moon Passage tobacco factory was rebuilt again in 1910 to plans by Deakin & Cameron, but within a decade it had closed. [^6]</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p><em>Camperdown House and 6 Braham Street</em></p>\n\n<p>The Jewish Lads’ Brigade was formed in 1895 on the model of the Boys’ Brigade with the aim of productively channelling the energies of teenage working-class Jewish boys, pursuing an agenda of ‘social work and social control’.[^7] In endeavouring to engage the children of poor immigrants in edifying leisure pursuits, the Jewish Lads’ Brigade was one of a number of youth groups that were said to have ‘unmistakeably coloured … the whole tone and character’ of Whitechapel.[^8] Its first decade saw expansion in both membership and curriculum so that, by 1910, the Brigade had outgrown its shared premises in Bucklersbury. </p>\n\n<p>Determining that purpose-built headquarters would best serve the Brigade’s needs, Max J. Bonn, a banker and philanthropist, commissioned Ernest Joseph, the architect of other Jewish youth clubs in London, to find a suitable site on which to build a spacious modern institute. Joseph recommended the acquisition of the Half Moon Passage site that Barnett & Sons had vacated in 1908 and set about designing a Jewish youth centre. Camperdown House was built in 1912–13 by Dove Brothers and W. Laurence & Son and opened by Viscount Milner. It was a large complex with a grandly classical façade to Half Moon Passage and a footprint roughly consistent with that of the preceding factory and hotel to provide spaces for physical recreation, meetings and other social activities. It proved to be a template for later Jewish social and sports clubs such as the Maccabi Centres. The main or front block housed a large common room and offices on the ground floor. The first floor accommodated games rooms, a library, committee room, dining rooms and more offices, while the second floor consisted of a small hall, a band room, dressing room and sitting rooms. To the rear a second block extended westwards, abutting factories but with its north and south elevations sufficiently freestanding to light a large barrel-vaulted auditorium with a capacity of 970. Two further halls, a rifle range, a gymnasium and other games rooms were in the basement. Taking the view that physical cleanliness encouraged moral purity, the Brigade ensured that ample washing and toilet facilities were spread throughout the building. Given its impressive size and facilities, Camperdown House was never intended solely for use by the Jewish Lads’ Brigade and rooms were let to a number of associated ventures, including the Lads’ Employment Committee, the Hutchison Club, and the Association for Jewish Youth.[^9] </p>\n\n<p>The First World War took a heavy toll on the membership and funds of the Brigade, and early optimism dissipated quickly. A proposal to convert the assembly hall into a large boxing venue was accepted at the third time of asking in 1933. The hall was also used for dances, as it had been previously, and to show films. The Auxiliary Fire Brigade requisitioned Camperdown House in 1939, and Stepney Borough Council took occupation of some offices in 1940. Though the building was seen as the head and the heart of the Jewish Lads’ Brigade, the organisation did not return to its Whitechapel headquarters after the war, many members having migrated out of the East End.Instead, in 1952 the Territorial Army took a lease of the property, only vacating in 1973 after the formation of Braham Street had exposed the north flank and when redevelopment was envisaged. It was replaced in 1982–3 by a faceless shiny glass-box office block designed by Trehearne and Norman, Preston and Partners, and built by Wimpey Construction (UK) Ltd for Wingate Property Investments PLC and the Norwich Union Insurance Group. For a time this building was known as Frank B. Hall House, after the investment company that was its primary occupier. Converted into a data centre in 1999 and operated by Level 3 Communications, the building hosts trading platforms for financial institutions and brokers as 6 Braham Street.[^10]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: The National Archives (TNA), C8/40/37; PROB11/638/2; PROB11/374/202: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), ACC/0349/301: Joseph Morgan, <em>The New Political State of Great Britain</em>, 1730, p. 326: Ancestry: Frank Kelsall and Timothy Walker, <em>Nicholas Barbon 1640–1698</em>, forthcoming 2021, pre-publication typescript: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), P/CRV/6; P/MIS/413/1/1/1: <em>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography sub</em> Darby and Duncan: <em>Gentleman’s Magazine</em>, vol. 49, Sept. 1779, p. 438: Richard Horwood's maps: London County Council Minutes, 25 July 1893, p. 825</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: History of Parliament online, <em>sub</em> Budgen: LMA, CLA/047/LR/02/04/028/003/1343; Land Tax Returns (LT): TNA, PROB11/978/132: <a href=\"https://christchurchartgallery.org.nz/bulletin/173/success-to-excess\">christchurchartgallery.org.nz/bulletin/173/success-to-excess</a>: Joseph Highmore, <em>Thomas Budgen, Esq, MP for Surrey 1751–61</em>, 1735, oil painting, Collection of Christchurch Art Gallery Te Puna o Waiwhetū: THLHLA, P/CRV/9–10: <em>London City Press</em>, 27 July 1867, p. 8: Bryan Mawer's sugar database: Ancestry</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: LMA, CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/418/700757; /MS11936/348/535605; MDR1739/2/493: THLHLA, P/MIS/434/1/1/1–2; P/CRV/9, P/CRV/2–3: surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/1699/detail/</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: THLHLA, P/CRV/6; P/CRV/7; P/CRV/8; P/CRV/9, P/CRV/11, P/CRV/13: <em>Bell's New Weekly Messenger</em>, 23 Dec 1838, p.5: Horwood: Ordnance Survey maps: Census: LMA, District Surveyors' Returns (DSR): Goad insurance maps</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: <em>Bell's Weekly Messenger</em>, 2 Aug 1819, p.6: <em>The Times</em>, 22 July 1834, p. 8: <em>Shipping and Mercantile Gazette</em>, 26 Aug 1847, p. 1: Horwood</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: Goad: Post Office Directories (POD): Census: Ancestry: DSR: <em>The Builder</em>, 16 and 23 Dec 1882, pp. 797,828: LMA, CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/557/1250800; /582/1376482: collegehillarsenal.com/barnett-p-1856-cavalry-carbine</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: Sharman Kadish, <em>A Good Jew and a Good Englishman: The Jewish Lads’ and Girls’ Brigade</em>, 1995, p. 38</p>\n\n<p>[^8]: Camperdown House, opening brochure, 16 Dec 1913, p. 3</p>\n\n<p>[^9]: Kadish, pp. 34–5, 68: DSR: A. B. Levy, <em>East End Story</em>, 1948, p. 39: LMA, GLC/AR/BR/7/2645; GLC/AR/BR/19/2645; GLC/AR/BR/36/003582</p>\n\n<p>[^10]: Kadish, pp. 92, 142–3, 167: Levy, p. 39: Tower Hamlets planning applications online: <em>London Gazette</em>, 29 Jan 1988, p. 1108: <a href=\"http://www.colo-x.com/data-centre/level-3-braham-street/\">www.colo-x.com/data-centre/level-3-braham-street/</a>: wheretheinternetlives.wordpress.com/2016/07/01/6-braham-street/</p>\n",
"created": "2020-05-06",
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"title": "Central House, site of 23–37 Alie Street (including 25 Camperdown Street)",
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"body": "<p>Until the early 1980s, when they were cleared for the site’s present building, 23–29 Alie Street were shophouses, workshops and a former synagogue of various scales and dates. No. 23 was a tall four-storey building that, though it looked earlier with its first-floor relieving arches, was built in 1874–7 by and for Thomas Peters, a carpenter–builder who had moved from No. 33, giving himself a yard and workshops to the rear. The ground floor was opened up for carriage access to the yard in 1907–8. No. 25 was a comparatively diminutive early nineteenth-century two-storey and garret survivor of a pair with No. 27, and No. 29 was another small shophouse that had been rebuilt after the Second World War.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>No. 27 was more interesting. It was built and consecrated in 1895 as the <strong>Great Alie Street Synagogue</strong> replacing the shophouse pair to No. 25. Dr Hermann Adler, Chief Rabbi, prayed at the laying of the foundation stone that the building would ‘stand forth … in the strength and beauty of usefulness’, and indeed this synagogue did serve the local Jewish community longer than any other in the Goodman’s Fields area. The congregation was formed through a merger of the Windsor Street Chevra and the Kalischer Synagogue, the last having occupied two rooms in Tenter Buildings on St Mark Street for twenty-five years. Great Alie Street, the seventh model synagogue built under the supervision of the Federation of Synagogues, was designed by Lewis Solomon, the Federation’s architect, to accommodate over 250 people; Harry Richardson was the builder and interior decorations were executed by L. D. Weiberg. The pedimented four-storey stock-brick façade was relatively forthright by the Federation’s generally discreet standards. The ground floor provided separate male and female entrances. To the rear the premises broadened on a site that had been occupied by a rag warehouse. A ladies’ gallery spanned three sides of the hall. In 1903 repairs and alterations forced a brief closure and re-consecration. What was later known as the Alie Street Synagogue failed to stabilize after a number of mergers and the declining congregation amalgamated with the Fieldgate Street Great Synagogue. It vacated the Alie Street building in 1969.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>The former synagogue was converted to become the <strong>Half Moon Theatre</strong>, a fringe or alternative venue formed by young actors and artists. Michael Irving and Maurice Colbourne, who already lived in the building, were joined by Guy Sprung, Artistic Director. The theatre opened in January 1972 with Bertholt Brecht’s <em>In the Jungle of the Cities</em> and succeeded as an independent left-wing theatre outside the mainstream. The Half Moon attracted something akin to the excitement engendered by the Goodman’s Fields Theatre in 1741. It has been retrospectively described as having been ‘the most enterprising and consistently challenging and exciting theatre in London’.[^3] Stained-glass windows, Hebrew scripts and other synagogue fittings were preserved, as were the entrances and pilasters to Alie Street. The Half Moon colonised other buildings to the rear and 25 Alie Street became the booking office in 1980. By then the theatre’s ambitions had outgrown its premises. Plans for a move to Wilton’s Music Hall collapsed in 1977 and the Half Moon moved in 1979 to a former Welsh Chapel at 215 Mile End Road, enabled by grants from the Arts Council and Tower Hamlets Council. The final performance at Alie Street in February 1982 was a double bill of <em>A Yorkshire Tragedy</em> and <em>On the Great Road</em>. After financial difficulties, the Half Moon Theatre was dissolved in 1990.[^4] </p>\n\n<p>From 1883 the <strong>Jewish Working Men’s Club and Lads’ Institute</strong> was at 31–37 Alie Street. It replaced a small eighteenth-century court that had been reconfigured for trade by the 1870s; there was a similar early court on the site of Nos 27–29. The Jewish Working Men’s Club had been established in Aldgate in 1874, arising out of Sabbath Reading Rooms at Hutchison House, Hutchison Street, on the City side of Middlesex Street. The club was primarily social in intent and aimed to appeal to young men, through educational lectures, as a forum for liberal ideas, and with space for leisure activities. It was a member of the Working Men’s Club and Institute Union, unusually it accepted women as members. Samuel Montagu was its founder and its President until 1908. Membership consisted mostly of skilled labourers and artisans, while management was firmly middle class. By 1881, the club had outgrown Hutchison House. A new building was required if it was to cater for ‘lads’ (teenage boys) as well as men.[^5] </p>\n\n<p>Montagu facilitated the purchase of the Alie Street site and a purpose-built clubhouse was inaugurated in February 1883. Davis and Emanuel, architects, had designed it and John Grover was the builder. At the time of opening, the club claimed 1,300 adult members and 330 boys. The three-storey brick building was mostly set back from Alie Street, and accessed centrally via portico arches below a protruding staircase tower (Ill. – Jewish Working Men’s Club, elevation and plans). The ground floor housed a library, reading room, conversation room and committee room; billiard and bagatelle rooms were in the basement. A large music hall with seating capacity of 640 occupied the whole first floor. Though the building was squeezed between densely packed workshops and houses, open space to the rear allowed the rooms to be lit from both north and south elevations. On the club’s opening, Montagu lauded it as a ‘Palace of Delight’ for working men and women, and the <em>Jewish Chronicle</em> enthused that it was by far the most comfortable of any of its kind in the country.[^6] </p>\n\n<p>What were judged to be inadequate fire escapes soon led to a long-running dispute with the London County Council. Alterations and additions were finally agreed and carried through in 1891 to designs by Lewis Solomon, this time with Samuel John Scott as the builder. Solomon expanded the accommodation towards Alie Street, building out around the central staircase block to create more circulation and service spaces. The extension also allowed for the expansion of some existing clubrooms and the creation of a girls’ room, a room for the use of friendly societies, and storage for gymnasium equipment, enabling the music hall to be additionally used for physical recreation. Solomon also effectively redesigned the Alie Street façade, which was of yellow stock bricks dressed with red bricks and Corsehill stone. Maintaining its symmetry, Solomon punctuated the elevation with a distinctive array of arched windows, varying in scale and form, composed playfully so as to reflect the movement of the staircases and half-landings behind. Two large Queen Anne-style bay windows lit the main first-floor reading room and clubroom.[^7] </p>\n\n<p>Relying on subscriptions to fund activities and not serving alcohol, the club was praised for being self-supporting. It was here in 1896 that Theodor Herzl gave his first public speech on political Zionism. However, membership began to shrink after 1900. Tenancy of the building was transferred in 1913 to Monnickendam Rooms Ltd, an established East End catering and confectionery business that ran private banqueting rooms. The entrance was embellished with representations of flowers, fruit and urns and the interiors were adapted. In 1931, the basement and ground floor were converted to use as tailoring workshops, while the Royalty Ballrooms operated above. In 1936 the building was given over entirely to commercial use. That continued until around 1980 when it was demolished.[^8] </p>\n\n<p>The large eight-storey office building that stands on the site of 23–37 Alie Street and extends back to Camperdown Street was built in the early 1980s, to designs by C. A. Cornish Associates, architects, for the Western Heritable Land Company Limited. The flat brick-faced Alie Street elevation incorporates brick-arch flourishes in a vaguely neo-Georgian form that seems to be an attempt to respond to the eighteenth-century houses it faces. Initially, insurance and financial service companies were the principal occupants, in particular the US-based St Paul International Insurance Company, which led to the block becoming known as St Paul House. The building underwent full refurbishment after 2010, with an enlarged entrance at 25 Camperdown Street. This gives access to the head office of Centrepoint, a charity supporting homeless young people, from which the name Central House perhaps arises. This north-facing elevation is blankly commercial, glass vertical planes framed by dark brick.[^9] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), District Surveyors' Returns (DSR): Census: Post Office Directories (POD)</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: <em>Jewish Chronicle (JC)</em>, 14 Dec 1894; 17 May 1895; 31 May 1895; 18 Sept 1903: DSR: Goad insurance map, 1887: <a href=\"https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/London/EE_alie/index.htm\">www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/London/EE_alie/index.htm</a>: LMA, ACC/2893/133</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: G. McGrath, <em>Cinemas and Theatres of Tower Hamlets</em>, 2010, p. 31</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: <a href=\"http://www.stagesofhalfmoon.org.uk/places/alie-street/\">www.stagesofhalfmoon.org.uk/places/alie-street/</a>: Tower Hamlets planning applications online (THP): <em>London Express</em>, 12 March 1971: <em>The Stage, </em>5 July 1979, p. 1: G. McGrath, <em>Cinemas and Theatres</em>, p. 31</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: POD: Richard Horwood's maps: Ordnance Survey maps: <em>JC</em>, 24 May 1872; 4 Dec 1874; 17 Nov 1894; 1 April 1881; 2 Dec 1881; 20 Nov 1891: D. Gutwein, <em>The Divided Elite: Economics, Politics, and Anglo-Jewry, 1882–1917</em>, 1992, p. 151: E. C. Black, <em>The Social Politics of Anglo-Jewry 1880–1920</em>, 1988</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: <em>JC</em>, 16 Feb 1883; 23 Feb 1883, p.5</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: LMA, GLC/AR/BR/19/2411; Collage 116966; DSR: <em>JC</em>, 17 July 1891; 27 Nov 1891</p>\n\n<p>[^8]: London County Council Minutes, 28 Oct 1913, p. 823: LMA, GLC/AR/BR/19/2411: <em>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography </em>sub Moses Gaster</p>\n\n<p>[^9]: THP: <a href=\"https://www.travelers.co.uk/about-us/history\">www.travelers.co.uk/about-us/history</a>: POD: <a href=\"http://www.barrgazetas.com/project/camperdown-street.php\">www.barrgazetas.com/project/camperdown-street.php</a>: beta.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details/?regid=292411&subid=0</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
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"body": "<p>Maersk House was demolished in 2017–18, its circumstances having altered. Beside pedestrianized Braham Street (known as Braham Park from 2012), and no longer locally commanding in its height nor cutting-edge in its services, it has given way to a taller, sleeker and more tech-friendly office block with three times the office space. After several false starts beginning in 2009, redevelopment by Aldgate Developments, which saw through Aldgate Tower on the other side of Braham Street in 2013–14 as Aldgate Tower Developments, was granted planning permission in 2015. The Maersk Group moved into Aldgate Tower, sustaining this part of Whitechapel’s shipping links. With financing initially from Starwood Capital and then from HK Investors, the rebuild project, dubbed One Braham, was taken forward on a design-and-build basis by McLaughlin and Harvey, contractors, with Wilkinson Eyre, architects, and Arup, structural engineers. One Braham went up in 2019–20 as a rectilinear glass-faced eighteen-storey office block with ground-floor retail units.[^1]</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/04/12/sol-whitechapel-100462.jpg\"></p>\n\n<p><em>Figure 11: Maersk House empty and cordoned off in early 2017. Photographed by Derek Kendall</em></p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Tower Hamlets planning applications online: www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-23/starwood-said-planning-sale-of-london-tower-project-on-brexit: www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/PAWS/media_id_153737/former_beagle_house_final_decision.pdf: <a href=\"http://www.mclh.co.uk/projects/one-braham-london/\">www.mclh.co.uk/projects/one-braham-london/</a>: newlondondevelopment.com/nld/project/beagle_house</p>\n",
"created": "2017-04-10",
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{
"id": 472,
"title": "My mum at Beagle House and my life in shipping",
"author": {
"id": 153,
"username": "danny"
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"body": "<p>My mum, Rose McLaughlin, and originally from Donegal in the Irish Republic worked in Beagle House as a tea lady.</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/09/08/rose-mclaughlin-at-beagle-house.jpg\"></p>\n\n<p>There were small pantries on each of the main office floors at the west end of the building. Here the tea ladies who were employed by Compass Services and wore a blue uniform, would stock a tea trolley that had an urn on it and then circulate around the floor providing tea and biscuits for free to the staff.</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/09/12/2017-09-08_02-23-15_dmc.jpg\"></p>\n\n<p>My mum worked as a tea lady there for a number of years until ill health forced her retirement in 1984. This was during OCL's occupancy of the building. At that time, OCL group owned the Thames Sailing Barge Will and my mum was invited sometimes with other groups of OCL employees, when that vessel was berthed in nearby St Katharine's Dock.</p>\n\n<p>By coincidence, the Will was formerly known as the Will Everard and was previously owned by coastal shipping company FT Everard who were based at Greenhithe on the lower Thames. My dad, who was already courting my mum in late 1940s Donegal, went to sea and spent his whole Merchant Navy career with FT Everard.</p>\n\n<p>When I left school at age 18 in 1977, I had a temporary summer job as a messenger working for what was The Far Eastern Freight Conference. This organisation, which was eventually outlawed by the European Commission, was a cartel of shipping companies that agreed rates for the shipping by sea of containers between the Far East and Europe. My job was to walk the confidential daily price lists to the member shipping companies.</p>\n\n<p>One of the companies I delivered to was OCL at Beagle House. That gave me legitimate reason to go in and see my mum daily for a cup of tea as I did my rounds across what was still, then, the centre of the commercial marine business in Britain.</p>\n",
"created": "2017-09-08",
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"body": "<p>Every Jewish house had the wedding photograph. The only thing that was different if you were to pick ten or twelve houses with these wedding photographs were the faces of the people. Everything else was identical.</p>\n",
"created": "2017-06-12",
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{
"id": 1039,
"title": "Lattice House, 20 Alie Street (including 14–18 North Tenter Street)",
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"b_name": "Lattice House",
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"body": "<p>Built in 2010–12, Lattice House unites the sites of two substantial early eighteenth-century Alie Street mansions and to the rear wraps around a nineteenth-century warehouse at 18 North Tenter Street.</p>\n\n<p>The westerly first house here, as wide as its neighbours on either side, was occupied by George Mussell by 1733 in which year he died, very wealthy and possessed of property in the City. Like Cooksey, his next-door neighbour, Mussell had been a Blackwell Hall cloth factor. His widow, Elizabeth, and son, Ebenezer Mussell (1703–1764), who became a noted collector of antiquities, had departed to Bethnal Green by 1737 when Abraham Lemburg was briefly resident in the Alie Street house, gone by 1740 and followed by John Hayward. The Rev. Joseph Denham had the house from around 1745 up to his death in 1756 (see above). It may have been used as a meetinghouse thereafter, perhaps reflecting schisms at the chapel across the road, with Thomas Jordan, a local brewer, using cellarage.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>James Potts, a merchant, was resident around 1780, followed by Raphael Franco, then in the 1790s by Gabriel and Joseph Israel Brandon, brokers, succeeded around 1830 by Judah Aloof, another merchant, whose family were here into the 1860s. The house suffered fire damage in 1877 and the garden was built over in 1888, its place taken by a substantial warehouse that remains extant as 18 North Tenter Street. Built for Samuel Moses, a dealer in second-hand military clothing, William Dunk and John Mease Geden were the architects, and H. L. Holloway of Deptford was the builder. Of five storeys with a polychrome brick five-bay elevation centred on a loophole bay with a wall crane, it is a fine specimen of its kind. A five-storey steel-framed workshop replaced the house in 1930–1 to be multiply occupied by small-scale clothing manufacturers.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>The last and most easterly of the three early eighteenth-century mansions at what became 18–20 Alie Street had a comparable 40ft six-bay frontage. It was advertised in 1730 as having four rooms on a floor, with vaults, a counting house, a warehouse, a garden and stables. It was also said to be fit for a merchant, its inhabitant, John Askew having died. Askew was a Quaker merchant who had spent time in Pennsylvania as an associate of William Penn’s. He was back in London from around 1706; it is not known when he moved to Alie Street.[^3] Samuel Storke (<em>c.</em>1687–1746) lived here from the early 1730s. Storke was the son of a Hampshire clothier with New England connections who lived in Boston in 1712–14 before returning to London to found what became one of London’s largest Atlantic merchant houses, trading to Boston, New York and Philadelphia.[^4] </p>\n\n<p>Robert Wilson, a corn factor, followed from the 1750s to the 1780s. His successor, Henry Goodman, another merchant, was followed by his sons, Isaac and Philip Goodman, wholesale toymen (dealing in luxury trinkets), who built over much of the garden in the first years of the nineteenth century. At this point the house was described as having three storeys and six bedrooms. The ground floor had a spacious hall, two parlours, and a counting house. To the rear there was a yard, a warehouse, two coach houses and a stable. Though he had emigrated to Brussels in 1819, Philip Goodman carried on business as a toyman here until around 1836. In the 1840s and ’50s the premises were occupied by Moses & Ephraim Levin, ‘importers of beads, toys, & foreign manufactures; also birmingham & sheffield goods of every description’. Cigar importers and makers followed by the 1860s. A plain six-bay brick front with plat bands survived, behind projecting ground-floor shops, possibly constructed in 1874–6. The building was raised to five storeys in 1897.[^5] </p>\n\n<p>The back part of the site onto North Tenter Street was divided in 1850–3 when separate east and west three-storey warehouses were built. That division came to be reflected at the front by the 1880s when the large house was occupied by both John Pound & Co., a case and trunk maker, and William Richard King, a builder and carpenter. A range of businesses from estate agents to matzo importers followed, with a strong rag-trade presence from the mid-twentieth century, the back buildings having been reconstructed in 1939.[^6] </p>\n\n<p>A series of redevelopment proposals was advanced in the 1980s, including a scheme by Trehearne & Norman for A. Goldstein. By 1990 the westerly house at Nos 14–16 had been cleared and the demolition of Nos 18–20 approved, but redevelopment was deferred. New schemes were advanced in 2002–4 by City North Group PLC, but it was not until 2010–12 that a building was finally erected spanning both sites. Designed by Architecture 00 Ltd for Prideway Developments Ltd, an Irish firm, the six-storey brick-faced block mixes residential and office accommodation with an open courtyard behind the warehouse at 18 North Tenter Street, which had been converted to flats in the late 1990s. An additional storey was added in 2016 to plans by Studio Kyson to create three more apartments.[^7] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), Land Tax Returns (LT): Ancestry: The National Archives (TNA), PROB11662/383; PROB11/713/253; PROB31/121/571: <em>The Political State of Great Britain</em>, vol. 45, 1733, p.730: <em>A catalogue of the genuine and curious collection of Roman and Egyptian antiquities, mummies, urns, lamps, figures, Etruscan vases, and other effects, of Ebenezer Mussell</em>, 1765</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: LT: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), P/SLC/1/21/1: LMA, LMA/4673/D/01/004/002; District Surveyors' Returns (DSR): Post Office Directories (POD): Metropolitan Board of Works Minutes, 15 June 1888, p. 1043: <em>The Builder</em>, 28 April 1888, p. 311: www.stgitehistory.org.uk/library/aliestreet1980s.jpg</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: <em>Daily Journal</em>, 13 Nov 1730: TNA, PROB11/639/350: Jordan Landes, <em>London Quakers in the Trans-Atlantic World: The Creation of an Early Modern Community</em>, 2015, pp. 90–1</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: LT: Ancestry: TNA, PROB11/749/402: W. I. Roberts III, ‘Samuel Storke: An Eighteenth-Century London Merchant Trading to the American Colonies’, <em>Business History Review</em>, vol. 39/2, 1965, pp. 147–70</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: THLHLA, P/SLC/1/21/1: LMA, LMA/4673/D/01/004/002; P93/MRY1/061: POD: Richard Horwood's maps: LT: DSR: www.stgitehistory.org.uk/library/aliestreewt1980s.jpg</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: Ordnance Survey maps (OS): Goad insurance maps: DSR: POD</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: Tower Hamlets planning applications online: OS</p>\n",
"created": "2020-05-06",
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{
"id": 250,
"title": "North side of North Tenter Street, 1973",
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"body": "<p>A slide of 5 and 8 St Mark Street, 8-10 Tenter Street and the building that preceded Symons House adjoining, in 1973, from a digitised colour slide in the Tower Hamlets Archives collection:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/811541179565281280\">https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/811541179565281280</a></p>\n",
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"title": "24–26 Alie Street (including 8–10 North Tenter Street)",
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"body": "<p>Presenting as a matching pair, Nos 24 and 26 do appear to have origins as an early eighteenth-century mirrored twosome, of three storeys and basements with gambrel attics. There is also a matching pair of houses of 1880 at the back of the plots facing North Tenter Street. However, the evolution of this site is not as straightforward as might be imagined. Despite many alterations, No. 24 retained most of its early eighteenth-century front wall, with blind window bays and plat bands, until 1987 when it was rebuilt with a façade that was a facsimile of that at No. 26, which had itself been refronted in 1886.</p>\n\n<p>The house at No. 24 was occupied by John Player by 1733 and in the early nineteenth century by Bendix Barnard Levin, a merchant, and described as ‘conveniently fitted up for a small genteel family’, with four bedrooms and a detached counting house.[^1] The neighbour at No. 26 was occupied by Jane Moore in 1733. Merchants that followed included Archibald Fleming & Co., George Frederick Baker (Bahr), and Moses Assur. For forty years from 1844, this house was occupied by a ladies’ school, identified as a seminary in its later years.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>From 1880 Charles Wollrauch, a Polish-born Jewish developer, had No. 24. The three-storey pair of houses at 8–10 North Tenter Street was built in that year, no doubt on Wollrauch’s initiative, employing Crisp and Tomlin of Commercial Road as builders. The seminary departed No. 26 and it was again doubtless Wolllrauch who saw to the refronting there in 1886, deploying contrasting yellow and red stock bricks and a fine pedimented door-surround. His son, Samuel Wollrauch, applied for a music and dancing license for No. 24 in 1908, by when that house had been subdivided to accommodate three Ashkenazi Jewish families. By the 1930s it was in use as tailoring workshops. Alterations in 1938 included the insertion of a shopfront. After a period of vacancy No. 24 was rebuilt in 1987, with its new façade copying that at No. 26, and put to use as offices.[^3] </p>\n\n<p>For sixty years from soon after 1900, No. 26 was the offices of Alfred Turner & Sons, solicitors to Stepney Borough Council, which had a base at No. 22 until 1923. Also vacant for a time, No. 26 was converted into flats for Alie Street Homes LLP in 2015–16, to designs by Dovetail Architects Ltd. There was associated refurbishment at 8–10 North Tenter Street.[^4] </p>\n\n<p>Three early eighteenth-century houses were cleared around 1815 for the making of Alie Place. Early residents of these included Daniel Quare, a merchant, in the 1730s, Alexander Champion, George Hayley’s partner around 1760, and Samuel Barron from the 1740s to ’80s.[^5] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: <em>Morning Chronicle</em>, 23 May 1814, p. 4; 3 Dec 1807, p. 4: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), Land Tax Returns (LT); CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/361/557026; /388/603679</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Post Office Directories (POD): LMA, CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/478/953398; /487/978873; /519/1086892; District Surveyors' Returns (DSR): Census</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: DSR: London County Council Minutes, 20 Oct 1908, p. 666; 27 Oct 1908, p. 739; 3 Nov 1908 p. 883: POD: Census: Tower Hamlets planning applications online (THP)</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: DSR: POD: THP</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: LT</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
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"body": "<p>Three single-fronted early eighteenth-century houses on this site were occupied in 1733, from west to east, by Mary Ormond, a widow, Elias Cole and Matthew Hopkins. Among seemingly prosperous merchants resident here in the decades either side of 1800 were C. and W. McClure, Aymaric Mavit, Jacob Eleazer Jacobs, John Chorley, and Moss and Solomon Jacobs. In the 1790s, the easterly house appears to have been a school for orphan girls run by the Orphan Society of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews (Shaare Orah ve-Abi Yetomim).[^1]</p>\n\n<p>Over the course of the nineteenth century industry took over gradually. From the 1820s to the 1870s, the tenant of the westerly house was Henry Harris, a wholesale stationer, followed by J. E. & H. E. Harris, cigar importers and wholesale furniture directors. By 1890 the house was occupied by a furrier. Over the same period the middle house was used by a cigar dealer, a kosher cattle dealer, and a tailor before lying empty then being taken in 1899 by Charles Lazarus as a loan office. The easterly house was the home of Alexander Moss, a naturalist and former ‘curiosity dealer’, in the 1850s and ’60s. Spells of use by a looking-glass maker, a sponge merchant, an importer of foreign goods, and a cigarette manufacturer followed. When the freehold of the three houses was sold in 1880 redevelopment with a warehouse was anticipated, but the houses hung on until 1908.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>They were replaced in 1908–9 by a factory that extended back to North Tenter Street and included an 80ft chimney. This was built for T. A. Mason by Todd & Newman of Hackney; the first occupants were tobacco manufacturers. Rag-trade tenants followed, most prominently Ornstein & Masoff Ltd. Around 1960 the building became known as Naytex House after the textile company that was its chief occupant.[^3] </p>\n\n<p>A chunky Postmodern six-storey office block replaced the factory in the late 1980s. Known as the Goodman Building, this stood for less than thirty years. It was demolished in 2016 to make way for the Royal College of Pathologists, which had decided to move its headquarters from Carlton House Terrace to Whitechapel, a telling shift. Their purpose-built premises went up in 2017–19 to designs by Bennetts Associates, with Gilbert-Ash as contractors. The building reused existing foundations but was otherwise radically different to its predecessor. Its elegant brick and glass façades are restrained to Alie Street, intending to evoke classical repose, and energetically angular with a zig-zag profile to the rear on North Tenter Street. Inside, there is an emphasis on openness, with a double-height entrance hall leading to a ground-floor lounge and library, and six upper floors with a lecture theatre and function rooms below offices and roof terraces.[^4] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), Land Tax Returns (LT); LMA/4673/D/01/004/002; CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/365/562551; /443/834582; /424/725310; /423/738532; /376/581416; /468/919494; /500/1035390; /567/1315884: Post Office Directories (POD)</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: LMA, LT; District Surveyors' Returns (DSR): POD: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 18 Jan 1834, p. 1: Census: Ordnance Survey maps: <em>Kentish Mercury</em>, 17 April 1880, p. 1</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: DSR: London County Council Minutes, 17–18 March 1908, pp. 656–7</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: Tower Hamlets planning applications online: <em>Dezeen</em>, 20 Aug 2019: <em>Architects' Journal</em>, 22 Feb 2019: www.rcpath.org/about-the-college/college-relocation.html</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2020-05-06",
"last_edited": "2020-06-05"
},
{
"id": 1043,
"title": "Cambric Apartments, 2 North Tenter Street",
"author": {
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"username": "surveyoflondon"
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"body": "<p>This modest four-storey block of seven flats, with an attractive somewhat Soanian three-bay red-brick façade, went up in 2012–14 to designs by Nigel Upchurch Associates, architects, in a scheme prepared for Mario Sidoli and the LMM Trust.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n",
"created": "2020-05-06",
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{
"id": 776,
"title": "Daniel Goff, gunmaker, at 39 Mansell Street and elsewhere",
"author": {
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"username": "Trevor_Whitby"
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"body": "<p>Regarding the article on <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/1309/detail/#gun-makers-in-whitechapel\">insurance records</a> posted by Derek Morris, I am blood-related to Daniel Goff, London gunmaker (Survey of London note - who, among other places, had premises at 39 Mansell Sreet, on this site), through his brother Branch Goff. Daniel was apprenticed to William Brander, Daniel being the successful gun-making brother, contractor to the East India Company and the Board of Ordnance.</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2020/07/23/goff-pistol_ef6nbxR.jpg\"></p>\n\n<p>Daniel Goff cannon-barrelled box-lock pistol</p>\n\n<p>He was also one of the contractors supplying weapons used during the American War of independence. Daniel supplied and serviced weapons for the Mansion House arms chest during the Treason trials period, also offering his services to the London Militia and was Master Gun maker of the Gun Makers Guild (four times) and Serjeant of the Mace for the Mansion House. The Goff family were gunmakers through to the 1930s.</p>\n",
"created": "2018-11-19",
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"id": 421,
"title": "Boris Bennett, photographer, and the later history of the building",
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"street": "Whitechapel Road",
"address": "Haji Nanna Biryani, 14 Whitechapel Road",
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"body": "<p>Boris Bennett had a photographic studio at 14 Whitechapel Road. He was a Polish Jewish refugee. Couples queued on the staircase and the police had to control the crowds. He sold out to Stanley Kalm's father and it became Currys.</p>\n",
"created": "2017-07-28",
"last_edited": "2020-09-18"
},
{
"id": 1042,
"title": "30–36 Alie Street (including 6A North Tenter Street)",
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"body": "<p>This row of four houses dates from the early period of development in Goodman’s Fields. It was likely built under Samuel Hawkins along with the adjoining group of smaller houses at Nos 38–44, all probably going up in the 1720s and certainly present by 1733. As a largely intact survival these houses are not only the best indicator of the nature of Alie Street as first built up, but also among the most substantial eighteenth-century buildings anywhere in Whitechapel. Three storeys in height with basements and attics, the three-bay brick-built houses have plat bands, surviving between the first and second floors, flat-arch window heads and parapets to tiled M-section roofs. No. 34 retained a pedimented door surround with finely carved consoles and drops until the 1960s. The same house had kept its original closed-string, twisted-baluster, square-newel staircase; it may yet survive. With rear-staircase plans and deep chimneystacks, the back rooms were given forward corner fireplaces. No. 32 retains plain panelling, much restored, and other early internal features. The railed forecourts of Nos 32 and 36 were built over for shops in 1933 and 1887 respectively. No. 34 was Listed in 1950, with Nos 30–32 and 36–44 added in 1973. After periods of dilapidation the buildings have been more or less conservatively restored. To the rear, extensions connect with separate buildings facing North Tenter Street.[^1]</p>\n\n<p><strong>No. 30: </strong>William and Sarah Harris were in this house by 1733 and into the early 1740s. It was briefly occupied by the Rev. Joseph Denham around 1744 between his sojourns at the larger houses further west on Alie Street’s south side. William Miles, a stockbroker, was here around 1770 and the house was occupied by Mary Bowman, a schoolmistress, in the 1790s.[^2] In 1835, Richard Nelme, a warehouse-keeping merchant and a Freemason, said in a newspaper report to be eminent, died in this house in which he had lived for some years. His death prompted a murder trial, his wife and heir, Mary Ann Nelme, and Daniel Mathias, the son of Whitechapel’s Rector, standing as suspects taking into account alleged adultery. The ground-floor front had channelled rusticated stucco that is likely to have been an alteration of Nelmes’s time.[^3] Michael Meyers, an umbrella manufacturer, had the property from the 1840s to the 1880s. From 1887, when the three-storey building at 6A North Tenter Street was built by G. F. Brady, the house at 30 Alie Street served as the base for the Board for the Affairs of Shechita until the late 1920s. It then transferred back into the hands of the Meyers family; Lily Meyers, who ran a gown factory, remained in occupation until around 1978 by when the front wall, said to have been rebuilt to some extent, had been rendered and painted.[^4] </p>\n\n<p>In 1982–3 the ground floor and basement of No. 30 were converted and given a new shopfront for Tandoori Cottage, an Indian restaurant that was extended back to 6A North Tenter Street; the upper floors were adapted to office use. In 2006–8, Abdul Ali, a former professional kickboxer known as Ali Jacko, led a project that converted the restaurant into a nightclub and striptease establishment, a venture named ‘Club Oops..!’. Tyler Hayhurst, later Hayhurst & Co., architects, were engaged to oversee alterations. After spells as Charlie’s Angels and Flamingos, and run by City Traders London Ltd, a firm liquidated in 2018, the club saw its original name revived by 2018–19. Hsiao-Hung Pai, an investigative journalist, had reported that half of the establishment’s female employees were migrants from eastern Europe, many of whom ‘never imagined they would wind up working in the British sex trade’, serving City bankers and brokers ‘some of whom appeared three times their age’.[^5] </p>\n\n<p><strong>No. 32: </strong>John Turvin ‘Esq’ was in this house by 1733, followed from 1740 to the late 1760s by Samuel Thoyts, a corn factor and insurance broker who was the brother of William Thoyts, a wealthy coppersmith at 88 Whitechapel High Street (see p.xx). Samuel Wood, a merchant, followed.[^6] From the 1850s this house was used by Barnett Boam, a plate and diamond merchant, and Henry Marks, a sponge merchant. In 1879–80 it became Jacques Delmonte’s dancing academy where Delmonte taught ‘daily all the fashionable dances perfectly to anyone who is without the slightest previous knowledge’.[^7] In 1886 he had a single-storey ‘dancing saloon’ added to the rear to North Tenter Street, it was built by William Willson, a carpenter based on the east side of Leman Street. In these premises Harry Lipman (1900–1971), who was to become known as Harry Roy, a clarinettist and dance-band leader, was taught violin. By 1921 the academy was overseen by Max Delmonte who remained in place until 1933, when the Ciro Club took up at the property, extending it forwards with a porch on the former forecourt, bearing a lantern and glazed to the front with a recessed entrance and coloured-glass fanlights that survive. James Easton of Goswell Road was the builder. This initiative appears to have failed as by 1936 Gowman & Co., gown manufacturers, had the building, which extended to link through to 4 North Tenter Street. From the 1960s to ’80s the property was occupied by a costume-jewellery company, with upper floors in office use. By 1986 it was vacant and, with its relatively unaltered interior, was deemed by English Heritage to be ‘at risk’ in 2000. Office use returned after repairs and refurbishment of 2002 for Nestone Ltd, based on Leman Street, overseen by Peter Messenger, architect, the works including reinstatement of panelled rooms. Further minor works in 2018–19 involved opening up the ground floor.[^8] </p>\n\n<p><strong>No. 34:</strong> Early residents here were John and Sarah Cuddy, present by 1733, followed by Rose Welch, from the early 1740s, and Alexander Bolton, who died in 1764, by when the pedimented doorcase, perhaps an early alteration, would have been present. Solomon Abrahams, a silversmith, was resident prior to 1832 when an advertisement for the lease called the premises an ‘excellent dwelling house and garden’.[^9] George Henry Simmonds (d. 1883), architect and surveyor, was resident here by 1841 up to the late 1870s. His successor into the 1890s was William Alexander Longmore, another architect.[^10] They were well placed here for the Board of Works’ offices. The rusticated stucco treatment of the ground floor perhaps antedated Simmonds, but it could be that he was responsible for that alteration.</p>\n\n<p>From the 1930s to ’60s there was rag-trade occupancy, followed by betting-shop and social-club use. Refurbishment works in 1964 introduced a second front door in the east bay, for direct access to the first-floor club. It was probably at this time that the eighteenth-century doorcase was removed. Despite plans for a flat conversion, the house was vacant and ‘at risk’ by 2000. In 2012–13 an area was formed for direct access to a basement flat below what is otherwise a house in single occupation. A window replaced the second entrance door.[^11] </p>\n\n<p><strong>No. 36:</strong> John Chandler was resident here in the 1730s, followed by Mary Skinner by 1740. Some link to a later occupant of the house seems likely. Gilbert Burn (1741–1821), a linendraper previously on Newgate Street, was resident by 1811. His wife, Mary, was the daughter of Matthew Skinner, an Exeter goldsmith who had moved to Islington. For forty years from the 1840s the house was leased by Eleazer Meldola, a surgeon. In 1851, the Rev. David Meldola, the Chief Rabbi at Bevis Marks Synagogue, was also resident. The single-storey shop on the forecourt was built in 1887 as part of a conversion for a restaurant run by Max Tuchband. W. A. Longmore, the architect neighbour, oversaw this work. Later long-standing use of the property was by Solomon Shinebaum, first active as a butcher in the 1910s, later as a salmon curer sharing tenancy with the British Smoked Salmon Co., which remained present into the 1980s. No. 36 was overhauled in an office conversion in 1987–8, the lost attic storey being replaced and the shopfront remade with extension to the rear. Another conversion, from offices to flats, ensued in 2009–10.[^12] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England (RCHM), <em>An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in London</em>, vol. 5: <em>East London</em>, 1930, p. 99: John Summerson, <em>Georgian London</em>, 1945 (edn 1988), p. 317: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), Collage 116776, 116946; District Surveyors' Returns (DSR): Post Office Directories (POD): HIstoric England Archives (HEA), RCHM inventory cards, 1928: Tower Hamlets planning applications online (THP)</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: LMA, Land Tax Returns (LT); CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/388/602019</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: The National Archives (TNA), PROB11/1855/227; <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 31 Dec 1835, p. 3: Ancestry: HEA, RCHM inventory cards, 1928</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: POD: DSR: HEA, DD002743: RCHM, p.99</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: Hsiao–Hung Pai, <em>Invisible: Britain’s Migrant Sex Workers</em>, 2013, pp.60–4: THP: democracy.towerhamlets.gov.uk/documents/s91084/3.2a%20Club%20Enviee%20SEV%20rpt.pdf: beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/08756000</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: LT: Ancestry: <em>Gentleman’s Magazine</em>, vol. 6/1, March 1799, p. 259</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: <em>East London Observer</em>, 20 Nov 1886, p. 8: POD</p>\n\n<p>[^8]: Greater Manchester County Record Office, 1357/8a: DSR: POD: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 30 May 1832, p. 4: TNA, PROB11/1800/399: THP: English Heritage, <em>Register of Buildings at Risk</em>, 2000, p.193: Bridget Cherry, Charles O’Brien and Nikolaus Pevsner, <em>The Buildings of England, London 5: East</em>, 2005, p. 434</p>\n\n<p>[^9]: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 30 May 1832, p. 4: LT: TNA, PROB11/896/339; PROB11/1800/399</p>\n\n<p>[^10]: POD: Ancestry</p>\n\n<p>[^11]: POD: LMA, Collage 116776: HEA, RCHM inventory cards, 1928; photograph DD002743: THP</p>\n\n<p>[^12]: POD: TNA, PROB11/1645/348: Ancestry: LT: Metropolitan Board of Works Minutes, 25 March 1887, p. 531: Census: THP</p>\n",
"created": "2020-05-06",
"last_edited": "2020-07-08"
},
{
"id": 1040,
"title": "Symons House, 22 Alie Street, including 12 North Tenter Street",
"author": {
"id": 2,
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"body": "<p>This plain four-bay building appears to have been constructed around 1800 as a four-storey warehouse-showroom with a back building to the Tenter Ground for Baron Lyon De Symons (1743–1814), a diamond merchant, born in Pressburg (now Bratislava), and a leader of the Ashkenazicongregation at the Great Synagogue in the City. Symons was certainly in occupation from 1791, holding the property under Samuel Hawkins, though in 1812 he was operating out of Billiter Square having been declared bankrupt. A preceding house was up by 1733 and occupied by John Richardson, and then from 1737 by Richard Richardson, a merchant and Clothworker, up to his death in 1765.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>From around 1840 to their winding up in 1847, the Tower Hamlets Commissioners of Sewers used the building as a headquarters or ‘court-house’, the Office for Sewers, evidently constructing asmall but fine hall with a boardroom to the rear. It was tenanted on their behalf by John William Unwin, an attorney and the Commissioners’ secretary. The lease from Edward Hawkins passed to the Metropolitan Board of Works, which in turn transferred it to the newly formed Whitechapel District Board of Works in 1856, for equivalent administrative use as that organization’s headquarters, keeping the fittings and furniture. The premises continued in municipal use by Stepney Borough Council.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>In 1923 the Workers’ Circle Friendly Society acquired a lease and took up occupation. Founded by Baruch Weinberg, a Brick Lane printer and writer, the Circle was a Jewish socialist mutual-aid society. It helped striking labourers and campaigned for better pay and working conditions. Beyond the purely economic sphere, the Circle supported working-class Jews through social, cultural and political events and meetings, the far less progressive Jewish Working Men’s Club having closed down a decade earlier. Unlike the club, which had conducted its affairs in English, the <em>Arbeyter Ring </em>was entirely Yiddish speaking. A regular visitor, Joe Jacobs, recalled: ‘Every shade of Russian and European Labour thought and action was represented here.’[^3] Indeed, the London Workers’ Circle maintained links overseas, as with its senior counterpart in New York City.</p>\n\n<p>The Circle commissioned L. G. Ekins, the Co-operative Wholesale Society’s architect, to draw up plans to adapt the building, which was renamed Circle House. The Alie Street front block accommodated offices and a large first-floor clubroom. A self-contained flat was in the basement. The Tenter Street hall, to the rear, was adapted to house a lecture and meeting room, a committee room and a classroom. The building was badly damaged in the Blitz. In the 1950s the patched-up Alie Street building was occupied by W. J. Furse & Co., electrical and lift engineers. An additional storey was added in 1978–9 and in 1998 the block was converted to form nine flats above a ground-floor office, to designs by Richard David, architect. Back parts had been ruined in the Blitz, and the warehouse at 12 North Tenter Street was built in 1956–8. In 2012–14 two more flats were formed in attic additions to both the Alie Street and North Tenter Street buildings.[^4]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/378/586768; /423/732356; Land Tax Returns: The National Archives (TNA), PROB11/691/213; PROB11/908/360: <a href=\"http://www.barrow-lousada.org/baron.htm\">www.barrow-lousada.org/baron.htm</a>: Post Office Directories (POD): Richard Horwood's maps</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: <em>The Builder</em>, 18 Dec 1847, pp.605–6: Goad insurance maps: Ordnance Survey map (OS), 1873: TNA, MH13/271/28: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, L/WBW/1/1, pp.115–16,172,205; L/WBW/13/20: POD</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: J. Jacobs, <em>Out of the Ghetto: My Youth in the East End, Communism and Fascism, 1913–39</em>, 1991, p. 38: Chris Searle, ‘The Story of Stepney Words’, <em>Race & Class</em>, vol. 58/4, 2017, pp. 57–75 (p.67)</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: LMA, GLC/AR/BR/19/3794: OS: POD: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2020-05-06",
"last_edited": "2020-10-02"
}
]
}
