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"title": "Headless chickens",
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"body": "<p>A particularly vivid memory I have that is etched in my brain, is walking past a small abattoir in the 1950s that was open to the road, where they were killing chickens and seeing headless chickens momentarily running around! </p>\n",
"created": "2018-03-01",
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"title": "SMEM sewing machine repairs",
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"body": "<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2019/02/01/smem-tony-passa.JPG\">Tony Passa (formally Pasavitch, born 25 April 1927 in Bethnal Green), was a sewing-machine mechanic who worked at SMEM from when he was demobbed after the Second World War until it closed in 1991. </p>\n\n<p>Tony (or Mr Reece as he was known because he was the only one who could/would fix the cantankerous Reece sewing machine) travelled all over London mending sewing machines for the whole of his working life. There were a number of other engineers, Monty and Alf among others, who worked in the workshop. The car park SMEM used was next to what is now <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/372/detail/\">17 Osborn Street</a>.</p>\n\n<p>Tony was a regular fixer of machines at the National Theatre (where he regularly got lost) at London Fashion week when quick fixes were needed, and for up and coming designers like Vivenne Westwood and later Rıfat Özbek. But most of his working life was spent in your bog standard clothing factory, coaxing ageing machines back into life.</p>\n\n<p>I remember as a child in the 1960s visiting Tony at work at another SMEM workshop location close to the car park but there is no one else who remembers this.</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
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"title": "29-33 Osborn Street",
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"body": "<p>The building at the corner of Osborn Street and Wentworth Street replaced three eighteenth-century shophouses, erected by the Coopes and destroyed in the Blitz. It went up in 1965 as offices for Bandar Property Holdings Ltd, to designs by John D. Stevenson of Adie, Westendarp & Stevenson, architects, with Fairbairn and Courtney of Camberwell as builders. The reinforced-concrete frame was originally graced with straw-coloured Uxbridge flint apron panels beneath steel-frame windows. First occupants were Bennett Hill, shipping agents, with a travel agency on the ground floor. In 1984 the building was acquired by the Sonali Bank (UK), majority owned by the Bangladeshi government. A scheme of 1987 for a Postmodern two-tone granite replacement designed by Trehearne and Norman, architects, did not proceed. Instead, the bank acquired a floor of Universal House adjoining, and alterations in 1988 by the same architects included the formation of a banking hall and interconnection at third-floor level, the work by John Lelliott Construction. In 2005 Willingale Associates, architects, oversaw the application of brown tiles and off-white render concealing the flint panels. Despite periods of closure as a result of Financial Conduct Authority sanction for inattentiveness to money laundering, Sonali Bank UK continues in occupation.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, Building Control file 14710: Tower Hamlets planning applications online: <a href=\"https://www.financemagnates.com/institutional-forex/regulation/sonali-bank-uk-ceo-fined-76400-for-money-laundering/\">www.financemagnates.com/institutional-forex/regulation/sonali-bank-uk-ceo-fined-76400-for-money-laundering/</a>: <a href=\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-37630901\">www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-37630901</a>: <a href=\"https://www.fca.org.uk/news/press-releases/fca-publishes-decision-notice-against-former-ceo-sonali-bank\">www.fca.org.uk/news/press-releases/fca-publishes-decision-notice-against-former-ceo-sonali-bank</a>: <a href=\"https://www.sonali-bank.com/\">www.sonali-bank.com/</a></p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
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"body": "<p>My great-grandmother Esther (or Hester) Isaacs was born here 11 July 1874.</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/09/26/esther-isaacs.jpg\"></p>\n\n<p>Her father, Lewis/Louis Isaacs, was a tailor's cutter, who later went out to Colorado and died in the Gold Rush.</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/09/26/louis-isaacs-1871-census-111-new-road.jpg\">The 1871 census for 111 New Road, showing Louis Isaacs and his family a few years before Esther was born there.</p>\n",
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"title": "Working in Whitechapel's restaurants",
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"body": "<p>Rehana Islam Shumi came to the UK in 1998, and for the past 20 years she has been working as a chef in restaurants in East London. One of these restaurants was ‘Taja’, located at 199A Whitechapel Road until it closed. In her interview she describes her time at the restaurant and the surrounding area.</p>\n\n<p>“I was born in Bangladesh, that is where I was brought up, that is where I did my schooling, and then I came to London in 1998. I came from Bangladesh for political reasons. There were political problems happening at the time and for that reason I came to London. I came on my own [and] when I first arrived I stayed in North London, I came to stay with a friend; I didn’t really have anyone here so I lived with my friend.</p>\n\n<p>She [was also from Bangladesh and] had come to London a long time ago, I knew her mother in Bangladesh, so her mother gave me her number, so when I arrived I contacted her and with her help I got around and got to know other people.</p>\n\n<p>Because of the politics [in Bangladesh], this was the way that people had to leave from Bangladesh, so wherever I had ended up I thought I would be better and safe.</p>\n\n<p>The day I arrived to London, the following day I went to the Home Office to seek asylum. After seeking asylum, after that in North London Haringey council gave me food vouchers and a house too, a room they gave, that’s how slowly slowly I got on my own feet.</p>\n\n<p>..[In North London] I was working at a solicitors' firm, I would clean the office, keep it tidy and do some administration also, this is the kind of stuff I did…</p>\n\n<p>I didn’t know there was such a big Bengali community in London at the time, so after one year of living here I found out about the Bengalis in East London. It was a huge community, so I came over and started talking to people. Then a restaurant owner on Brick Lane helped me out a lot.</p>\n\n<p>It was Salik’s Restaurant, Salik’s Café, I used to help them out there, used to do a few odd jobs for them, that is when the council also stopped my food vouchers and I also lost my house, so I would go there, do some jobs for them and eat with them, so slowly slowly that is how I was living at the time. [That restaurant] is no longer there.</p>\n\n<p>Someone in South London gave me a place to stay, I still live there to this day. I worked seven days a week [in Whitechapel], I stayed the whole day, from 8am to 10pm, basically lived here, just basically went to sleep a little in South London.</p>\n\n<p>The Brick Lane area, to me it doesn’t seem like it had developed that much, the lane still has some of its old features. I’ve been working on Brick Lane from 1999 onwards. I have been associated with them, worked for them, ate and stayed. I didn’t get paid much at all, but staying and eating did not have a cost. All that I needed at the time, I received from them. That’s how it was.</p>\n\n<p>Many things have changed since before, a lot of development, Brick Lane is a lot more beautiful than it was before. When I first came the Lane was not that beautiful, as it is now. And also there were people back then, but not as much as there are now, now there are many, many people.</p>\n\n<p>I mean, I never really thought anything of [being a woman in a predominantly male workplace]. I worked just as anyone else.</p>\n\n<p>Well, what [was] I supposed to do? I didn’t have any other way… and for that reason I learnt how to be a chef, went to many different restaurants, shadowed many different chefs, and now through experience I am a very good chef, but I would not say I am successful yet... But still I am so proud of Brick Lane, I have been here for so many years, my livelihood has been here, I love it, East London, Whitechapel, Mile End, Stepney Green, these areas are well known to me. And the spaces are a lot nicer than what they used to be, I like it a lot.</p>\n\n<p>[I like the area] now more, and before there weren’t that many Bengali ladies around. Now from Bangladesh you get a lot of students, there [are] loads of Bengalis now, tons, we have a lot of cultural parties, we get involved in politics. I have become acquainted with loads of ladies, we have the ‘mela’ [festival] too, lots of things happen.</p>\n\n<p>Our Bengali new year is celebrated here in London, the council has facilitated this for us, here thousands of people get together and loads of ladies too, that enjoyment that we would have during this time in Bangladesh, this is mirrored over here, we have the same kind of enjoyment, in East London, this is where the fun is at, nowhere else. That’s why we as Bengalis are very proud of the area. Bengalis have really made the area. Even if it is an English country, this area feels like a Bengali area. The Bengalis have increased, yeah they haven’t reduced. There’s so many in this area.</p>\n\n<p>Working at Taja</p>\n\n<p>There was a restaurant in Whitechapel, right in the middle of Whitechapel, between New Road and Vallance Road; on the side there was a restaurant called Taja. There, there was a woman who was the owner, this woman took me over to the restaurant.</p>\n\n<p>I got in contact with her as she came into a restaurant that I was working at on Brick Lane as a chef one day, she came to get some food and we started talking, then she told me she is opening a restaurant, will I come over, then she used to take a lot of care of me, she was lovely, she treated me just like a sister, Even when she couldn’t give me work, I would still forcefully stay with her, Yes I would do that, then she was really good, I really liked the restaurant, the food was good Bengali food, because I was good at making this kind of food I would go and help her out.</p>\n\n<p>The building upstairs was really decorated, it was really nice, there were seats, maybe seating around fifty, people would sit and eat, and downstairs was the kitchen, the owner also had a beauty parlour downstairs. It was really nice, I really liked it. It was quite surprising, it would really catch your eyes, the building the restaurant, it was striking. Then there was a horrible disaster and the building was destroyed, through an accident. It was a night time, I was working there at the time too, I went home around 11pm, and the incident took place around 2.30am. After that the place was ruined, I felt really bad at that time.</p>\n\n<p>Whitechapel Road has had a lot of changes since then, the road was very narrow, in the last two years or so have they made it wider and the road looks so much better.</p>\n\n<p>Now I am still working in restaurants, I pass my time working on Brick Lane, as I am the only one I think as a woman that works as a chef on Brick Lane. All those around me are men, I don’t see anyone like myself who takes on this responsibility... I have been here for about 20 years… If they give it to me, I want to try and open my own restaurant, all with women</p>\n\n<p>Right now I am very politically involved, with the main party for the UK BNP [Bangladesh National Party]. I am the general secretary for the women’s division and British women’s senior vice president. I am also part of the citizens' movement, so I do a lot of social work and I know many within Bengali media. I am well acquainted with them all. That’s all, really.”</p>\n\n<p>Rehana Islam Shumi was in conversation with Tanha Quadi on the 27th February 2018. This interview was conducted in Bengali, and this transcript has been translated and lightly edited for print.</p>\n",
"created": "2018-04-17",
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"body": "<p>This supermarket was a comparatively modest realization of part of much grander but failed shopping-mall schemes of the 1970s and 80s. The Albion Brewery’s extensive basements were partly infilled during the 1980s. Rear parts of the brewery were entirely cleared for replacement by the large supermarket in 1993–4, for J. Sainsbury plc with D. Y. Davies Associates as architects. The supermarket lies behind a large southerly car park and is, typically, a vast single-storey steel-frame shed, stock-brick clad and rising to two storeys to the north for offices under segmentally vaulted Perspex canopies. From 2010, when the construction of Crossrail’s tunnel at Whitechapel commenced, the southern part of the car park was given up to be a major construction site, with concrete silos along Brady Street and a ventilation shaft at the east end of the new Whitechapel Station platform nearer Cambridge Heath Road. The erection of a temporary three-storey car park to the north permitted continued vehicular access to the supermarket.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>Anticipating the completion of Crossrail in 2018, Sainsbury’s proposed complete redevelopment of its site in 2014–15. The project, called Whitechapel Square, was designed by UNIT Architects Ltd. It intended a dense complex of mansion blocks and townhouses including a 33-storey tower on the south-east part of the car-park site, its design ‘drawing on the typology of the campanile, referencing Whitechapel’s historic bell foundry, whilst its glazed terracotta piers echo the materiality of the Whitechapel Gallery’. English Heritage (Historic England) and others opposed such a tall building in this location and Tower Hamlets Council rejected the scheme in 2017.[^3] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, Building Control file 17773</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: New London Architecture, <em>Project Showcase – New Ideas for Housing</em>, 2015, pp. 104–5</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n",
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"body": "<p>The name of this pub is a reference to the Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green, in which parish it stands. A Tudor ballad about Henry de Montfort, who died in the Battle of Evesham in 1265, imagined that he survived blinded to be rescued by a woman from Bethnal Green, where he ended his days begging. The parish once hosted other pubs of the same name. This establishment’s origins seem to be late seventeenth century, possibly to do with a long manorial lease of 1673. The public house was held by John Bird in 1730 and then by Charles Bartholomew, with Richard Ivory resident by 1786 and up to 1807 when it appears to have been rebuilt by James Green, surveyor, and William Green, builder, both of Brick Lane, to whom the manorial leases were granted with four acres of land. The building had or thereafter acquired a grand hexastyle Corinthian front.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>In 1866 the Blind Beggar was purchased by Mann, Crossman & Paulin, at the Albion Brewery adjoining, and in 1894 it was rebuilt to designs by Robert Spence, that company’s engineer and architect. Polished pink granite pilasters and a central column support a double arch below the eccentrically trimmed red-brick upper storeys. Inside, the blood-red ceilinged interior has been much remodelled. Latter-day notoriety turns around the Blind Beggar being the site of the shooting of Georgie Cornell by Ronnie Kray in 1966.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives, M/93/516–520; MR/LV/05/026; CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/335/515459</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, L/THL/D/2/30/171</p>\n",
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"body": "<p>This is another workmanlike office building, designed in 1955-7 but not built till 1960-1 to the designs of Fitzroy Robinson and Hubert H. Bull architects (renamed H.V. Ashley & Winton Newman architects by 1960; M. Eker, job architect) on the footprint of the war-damaged former building, and retaining an entryway to what has been since the war a garage and latterly a car park.[^1] The site considered here includes No 94, long the site of an inn known variously as the Red Lion or more usually the Red Lion and Spread Eagle, and the car park which was formerly the inn’s extensive yard.</p>\n\n<p>The name of the Spread Eagle inn is known from the second half of the sixteenth century when Thomas Bradshaw, probably the Thomas Bradshaw who was a son of Lawrence Bradshaw, the Surveyor of the Royal Works, who had held property <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/373/detail/#the-site-of-102-to-105-whitechapel-high-street-before-1700\">further west in the High Street</a> in the 1560s, was involved in a Chancery case over ownership of the Spread Eagle.[^2] A century later trade tokens marked ‘Thomas Grococke at ye Spred Eagle Tavern, Whitechapel, were issued and Spread Eagle Alley is listed in the Hearth Tax for 1674-5.[^3] It was known as the Red Lion and Spread Eagle by 1743, and often merely the Red Lion, an occasion for confusion as there was another Red Lion on the south side of street, and two others of that name further east.[^4] By 1757 it was a stage in a regular stage coach, a service that continued till at least 1810.[^5] It was also a repeated meeting place for Masonic Lodges in the 1810s and 1820s and again in the period 1890-1920. [^6] By 1831 ‘the large room’ at the Inn was being used for auctions of business stock. [^7] In 1835 election rallies were held in the Red Lion and Spread Eagle in support of Dr Stephen Lushington, the Reformer and abolitionist, and MP for Tower Hamlets 1832 to 1841.[^8]</p>\n\n<p>When the lease was put up for sale in 1839 the house was described as 26ft wide and 45ft deep, and in ‘the best part of the High Street’ convenient for the hay market, but it had been offered numerous times for sale in that difficult decade, and failed to sell, even without reserve. In the 1840s and 1850s various low entertainments – bare-knuckle fights, a Judge and Jury club (a type of music-hall entertainment with audience participation) the display of ‘a giant infant’ – were held, and a music licence was obtained by Thomas Bland, the landlord, who also operated as a musician’s agent. [^9]</p>\n\n<p>In 1860 the lease was acquired by John Harris, who, following two fires in 1861, during one of which the potman was ‘burnt literally to a cinder’, rebuilt the premises in 1862-3.[^10] The solid, respectable-looking building (with ‘a handsome elevation in red brick, with Portland cement cornice and dressings’) was three windows wide with a mansarded attic with three pedimented windows and three large semi-circular-headed windows lighting the first-floor music hall ‘26ft by 31ft, a handsome lofty room… exceedingly well patronised’. There was also a ‘capital billiard room’ on the second floor.[^11] It held a music-hall licence until 1869, and competition billiard matches continued there into the 1900s, supplemented by competition boxing in the late 1880s.[^12]</p>\n\n<p>The building continued as a pub until c. 1923 when it became a wholesale drapers until it was ruined during the war, though patched up, most of the frontage surviving until rebuilding in 1960.[^13] The new building sits on the same footprint and may retain some fabric form the old building, still with an entryway to the cleared site of Spread Eagle Yard; it is five floors of shop and offices faced in brown brick with strips of metal-framed windows, industrially plain raw pink brick and exposed concrete frame to the rear. In the 1960s and 1970s it housed H. Fishberg Jewellers and the London office of Sir Joseph W. Isherwood & Co. Ltd, naval architects: ‘Isherwood House’ signage is still visible on the frontage.[^14] The shop has since 2008 been a mobile-phone repair shop, and the upper floors house solicitors and medical and dental practices offering services aimed variously at the Bengali and Polish communities.[^15]</p>\n\n<p>Spread Eagle Yard</p>\n\n<p>By 1666 there were at least fourteen small houses within Spread Eagle Alley, as it was called in 1674-5, mostly of one hearth.[^16] Until the nineteenth century it appears to have consisted of a small, square court immediately behind the inn, from which ran north a long T-shaped narrow yard lined with stables. By the mid-eighteenth century, the yard had been widened to accommodate increasingly commercial activity, stimulated, no doubt, by the stage coaches and industrialisation in East London. For around 45 years until his death in 1849, the stables were run by Charles Batley, stable keeper and horse-dealer, who recovered from bankruptcy in 1818 to supply horses, waggons and carmen to the Great Northern Coal Company at Granite Wharf, Wapping by 1848, and left a stock of 50 cart-horses at his death.[^17] By the 1840s the yard accommodated a livery stables. There were also, predictably, farriers – John Veal and Thomas Bramwell dissolving their partnership there in 1782.[^18] Watercolours of the 1850s and 1860s show an irregularly shaped stable yard with, either side, two-storey wooden stables with galleries over, and by 1861 seven households with 42 people were living in Spread Eagle Yard, many in these ‘rooms over stables’.[^19]</p>\n\n<p>When the lease of the yard was offered for sale in 1862 it consisted of stabling for 120 horses, covered cart standing, lofts, fifteen dwelling rooms, granaries, a dwelling house and gated entrances to the High Street and George Yard (via Black Horse Yard).[^20] Its character, however, was about to change. From 1865 until 1931, Spread Eagle Yard was associated with one of the two main hay and straw salesmen who came to dominate the Whitechapel hay market in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Thomas Gardner (d. 1844), a hay and straw salesman living in Mile End, had run his business from the small yard of the Angel Inn abutting Angel Alley from 1825.[^21] His son William moved the business across the road to 48 High Street in 1865, joined by his brother George in 1867, but their yard was curtailed by the extension of Commercial Road so in 1875 they took an 80-year lease of Spread Eagle Yard. By that time the yard consisted of four separate stables, a two-storey office and a harness room on the west side, and covered yards for waggons to north and east, and a small cottage with a coachhouse adjoining the back of the pub, also on the east side.[^22] By 1880 they also had premises at St Dunstan’s Wharf, Narrow Street, Limehouse, reflecting the expansion of their supply chain from traditional sources in the Essex countryside, as importing hay became cheaper.[^23]</p>\n\n<p>The terms of the 1875 Spread Eagle Yard lease required the Gardners to spend £588 rebuilding the west side, and by 1890 they had replaced the old galleried buildings with a substantial new cart shed with hay storage above and another along the north side with concrete floors, as the first floor contained stables, reached by a ‘creep’ (horse ramp) from Black Horse Yard, off Gunthorpe Street. The stable/store building, complete with clock and weather vane (see below) also gave access to what had been Commercial Place/Sugarloaf Court, off Commercial Street, its buildings by then demolished, as a stand for haycarts.[^24] Gardners had also taken over the long narrow warehouse, previously part of No. 99 High Street, between the west side of the yard and Tewkesbury Buildings, from which it was accessed, in 1876, and the galleried timber-framed building on the east side by the back of the pub were rebuilt by Harris & Wardrop of Limehouse in 1888 as a caretaker’s cottage, along with another cart shed.[^25]</p>\n\n<p>The decline in horse transport and the need for hay was gradual in the 20th century and although Gardners left Spread Eagle Yard in 1931 shortly before the death of the 96-year old patriarch, George Gardner, the company remained in business supplying horse feed in Hackney till 1974.[^26]</p>\n\n<p>The journalist Thomas Burke offers a surprisingly bucolic picture of Gardners’ final days in Spread Eagle Yard, when the artist Pearl Binder (1904-90) was living there:</p>\n\n<p>It is in one of the old Yards that Pearl Binder has made her home, and she has chosen well. She enjoys a rural atmosphere in the centre of the town. Her cottage windows face directly onto a barn filled with hay-wains and fragrant with hay, and a stable, complete with clock and weather-vane; and they give a view of metropolitan Whitechapel. One realises here how small London is, how close it still is to the fields and farms of Essex and Cambridgeshire.[^27]</p>\n\n<p>An application for a boxing and wrestling booth in the yard in 1939 was declined.[^28] After the war the ruins of Gardners’ buildings were adapted, and along with simple temporary shed along the north side of the yard, used, from 1947, as a service garage Pope’s Garage, later City and East London Service Garages, and additionally as a petrol station, with tanks sunk under the yard, augmented in the 1950s by further car workshops in adapted buildings in Black Horse Yard.[^29] The site was cleared completely around 1975 along with the former site of Black Horse Yard and, along with the site of Commercial Place (formerly Sugar Loaf Court), which had been mostly cleared in the 1880s, the rest destroyed in the war, the whole site has been a car park, part used by Blooms at No 90, the whole site acquired in 2011 by Alliance Property Asia Inc., based in the British Virgin Islands. The last application to build on the site was in 1981, when a plan for a playground, swimming pool and building with eight floors of offices was refused.[^30] A proposal by South Street Asset Management for a comprehensive redevelopment of 101-105 Whitechapel High Street that would see the car park landscaped as public open space is currently (July 2018) out for public consultation.[^31]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), Building control file 15869 location 47</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: The National Archives (TNA), C 2/Eliz/B28/51 </p>\n\n<p>[^3]: Hearth Tax returns (HT) 1674-5: Fred Madden, ‘London trade tokens of the seventeenth century’, <em>Numismatic Chronicle</em>, N.S. 10, 1870, p. 196</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: <em>Daily Advertiser</em>, 8 Aug 1743</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: <em>Public Advertiser</em>, 25 July 1757, p. 3</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: John Lane, <em>Masonic Records, 1717-1894</em>, London 1895, pp. 144, 191 <em>Public Ledger and Daily Advertiser</em>, 15 Feb 1825, p.1; 15 March 1825, p. 3; 18 Aug 1825, p. 3; 18 Jan 1827, p. 1: <em>The Freemason’s Chronicle</em>, 1900, p. 271</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 27 Jan 1831, p. 4; 5 Oct 1831, p. 4</p>\n\n<p>[^8]: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB): <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 3 Jan 1835, p. 2; 5 Jan. p. 4</p>\n\n<p>[^9]: <em>Morning Post</em>, 25 Feb 1841, p. 8;19 May 1843, p. 7: <em>The Era</em>, 28 Jan 1855, p. 16; 28 April 1858, p. 1</p>\n\n<p>[^10]: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 11 Aug 1860, p. 7; 24 June 1861, p. 6</p>\n\n<p>[^11]: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 15 Aug 1863, p. 7</p>\n\n<p>[^12]: Diana Howard, <em><a href=\"http://www.str.org.uk/research/resources/theatres/licensees.html\">London Theatres & Music Halls: 1850-1950</a></em>: <em>Sporting Life</em>, 10 April 1885, p. 3; 29 Oct 1887, p. 7: <em>East London Observer</em> (<em>ELO</em>), 10 May 1906, p. 6</p>\n\n<p>[^13]: THLHLA, Building Control file 15869 location 47</p>\n\n<p>[^14]: Post Office Directories (POD): <a href=\"https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Joseph_William_Isherwood\">Grace’s Guide</a>: ODNB</p>\n\n<p>[^15]: Tower Hamlets planning applications online (THP): <a href=\"http://universalsolicitors.co.uk/\">http://universalsolicitors.co.uk/</a>: <a href=\"http://www.med-pol.co.uk/\">www.med-pol.co.uk</a></p>\n\n<p>[^16]: HT 1666, 1674-5</p>\n\n<p>[^17]: LT: POD: Census: TNA, PROB 11/2104/432</p>\n\n<p>[^18]: <em>Daily Advertiser</em>, 13 Jan 1783</p>\n\n<p>[^19]: British Museum, 1880,1113.5137: LMA, SC/PZ/ST/01/70, 71, 72, 78 and 79; Census</p>\n\n<p>[^20]: <em>ELO</em>, 2 Aug 1862, p. 1</p>\n\n<p>[^21]: POD: Ancestry</p>\n\n<p>[^22]: THLHLA, P/MIS/63</p>\n\n<p>[^23]: POD: F.M.L. Thompson, 'Horses and hay in Britain, 1830-1918', in F.M.L. Thompson, ed., <em>Horses in European Economic History: A Preliminary Canter</em>, Reading 1983</p>\n\n<p>[^24]: Goad insurance maps: LMA, District Surveyor's returns (DSR): <em>ELO</em>, 19 July 1879, p. 8</p>\n\n<p>[^25]: THLHLA, C/OFR/1/14/7/2: DSR</p>\n\n<p>[^26]: Hackney Archives, Acc 1982/23</p>\n\n<p>[^27]: Thomas Burke, <a href=\"http://spitalfieldslife.com/2010/05/01/pearl-binder-artist-writer/\">The Real East End</a>, London 1932</p>\n\n<p>[^28]: THLHLA, Building Control file 15869 loc. 47</p>\n\n<p>[^29]: THLHLA, Building Control file 15869 loc. 47</p>\n\n<p>[^30]: THP: <a href=\"http://www.private-eye.co.uk/registry\">http://www.private-eye.co.uk/registry</a></p>\n\n<p>[^31]: <a href=\"http://www.101whs.co.uk/\">http://www.101whs.co.uk/</a></p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2018-07-12",
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"title": "Living at Gwynne House 1947-64",
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"body": "<p>I lived from 1947-64 in Gwynne House. I am delighted to find that it is such a notable building. It was quite innovative for this period. The flat had central heating, fitted kitchen, (tiny) lift - all unusual in 1947. One of our neighbours mentioned in the piece about Gwynne House was a lady called Edith Ramsay who did much social work in the area. Lovely person who always had her door open for people to drop in. Believe she helped with information for the Wolfenden Report. This was a privately rented block. I came to live there as a small girl when my grandfather who rented the flat became ill and my mother came to look after him. Sadly my grandfather died shortly after and my parents and I continued to live there. After I left my parents stayed until about 1975. The London Hospital took over the block and nurses from the nearby London Hospital rented the flats. I am now living in Hampstead and when my husband and I moved here I noticed the striking resemblance to the Isokon flats - another Modernist building.</p>\n",
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"body": "<p>Spelman House was built in 1939 for the London County Council on land that had been acquired but not used for extension of Chicksand Street School. Along with Chicksand House, diagonally opposite (in Mile End New Town), it formed the first part of the Chicksand Estate. These stock-brick balcony-access five-storey walk-up blocks are of a type established by the LCC in 1934 and widely built. The L-plan Spelman House has thirty-three flats, the U-plan Chicksand House seventy. The builder was A. T. Rowley of Tottenham.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: District Surveyors Returns: London County Council Minutes, 20 Dec. 1938, p. 657; 14 Feb and 7 March 1939, pp. 88, 194–5</p>\n",
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"body": "<p>In the eighteenth century this site was part of a bowling green on the south side of the hamlet of Mile End Green. The road that is now Cavell Street was extended south of present-day Raven Row in the first years of the nineteenth century when, confusingly, it was called Raven Row, later Raven Street. Building leases were granted from 1812 and by 1813 a handful of houses stood on its east side. A continuous run of twenty-three down to Oxford Street (now Stepney Way) was complete by 1827. Further west East Mount Street had also been extended southwards by this time, but infill of the intervening block with terraces on Cotton (now Milward) Street was not seen through until around 1854. Twenty years later, when the East London Railway scythed through the block between Raven Street and Cotton Street in open cutting, there was a mission hall behind two houses on the east side of Raven Street, which became Bedford Street in 1894 (and Cavell Street in 1938). The area’s population was predominantly Jewish by the turn of the century.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>The building that is now 100–136 Cavell Street was erected in 1915–16 to be a clothing factory for Michael Schneiders of S. Schneiders & Son, hat and cap manufacturers, whose principal works had been nearby on the north side of Durward Street since 1881. Hobden & Porri were the architects, Bovis Ltd the builders. A first contract was cancelled in August 1914 on the outbreak of war, but the plans were quickly revived to enable the manufacture of army clothing. Schneiders benefitted greatly from contracts for military clothes and caps through the First World War. The long, brick-clad, two-storey and basement, steel-framed building has maximum fenestration to the street; its upper workshops were also top-lit. In 1922 178 men and 431 women worked here. Schneiders departed in the late 1950s and the building continued as a ladies’ coats factory under Julius & Co. Ltd from 1959, with 132 men and 115 women employed on the site in 1965. Asil Nadir’s Wearwell Ltd of 101 Commercial Road followed from 1981, around which time the houses to the west were cleared.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>By 1988 the Cavell Street factory had passed to Flick Fashions Ltd, of 131–139 Commercial Road. In 1989–90 it was converted to form twenty units for light-industrial, office or shop use, the works overseen by Associated Consulting Engineers Ltd (Gulzar Ahmed, Director) and carried out by Whitgift Construction Ltd. Among first tenants was Dahabshiil, pioneering Somali remittance brokers, who opened their first UK office here at 118 Cavell Street. Educational use accumulated and by 2015 tenants included the British Association for Early Childhood Education, the Muslim Council of Britain, Ayasofia (Islamic) Primary School, London Citizens Tower Tuition and London Churchill College. Replacement by a 23-storey tower was briefly mooted in 2005, then in 2016 the KTS Group Ltd, headed by Tahir Sharif and Shahid Sharif of a family with roots in Flick Fashions Ltd, put forward a scheme designed by Sheppard Robson, architects, for two large mixed-use blocks, largely housing, the tallest at twenty-four storeys. This was amended down to seventeen storeys in late 2017.[^3]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: John Rocque's map of London, 1746: Richard Horwood's maps of London, 1799 and 1813: Royal London Hospital Archives, RLHLH, S/1/3; House Committee Minutes, 4 Jan 1814, pp. 318-21: London Metropolitan Archives, District Surveyor's Returns (DSR): Goad insurance map, 1890, London County Council Minutes, 16 Jan 1894, p. 22: ‘Street Map of Jewish East London’, 1899</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), Building Control file 40259: DSR: Post Office Directories: Goad 1953: Historic England Archive, Aerial Photographs</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: THLHLA, Buidling Control file 40259: Tower Hamlets planning applications online: <a href=\"https://www.sheppardrobson.com/architecture/view/cavell-street\">https://www.sheppardrobson.com/architecture/view/cavell-street</a></p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
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"body": "<p>Before Sainsbury's was developed there were two archaeological trial trenches dug on the east side of the site. A large wooden drain was revealed, parallel with Collingwood Street and cut through natural brickearth. This was thought to have been a section of the Common Sewer (or Black Ditch) which flowed from Shoreditch through Spitalfields and Stepney to Limehouse. The wooden floor of the drain survived and the backfill (when it went out of use) contained pottery, which included hand-decorated moccha wares (tableware and chamber pots), Staffordshire slip kitchen wares, 'classically styled' black basalt tablewares, Chinese-influenced transfer-printed tableware, functional stoneware bottles (including many blacking bottles) and one piece of imported Chinese porcelain. Also recovered was a William IV mug which dates the deposit to later than his accession, 1830. The date of the construction of the drain is unknown. <br>The natural brickearth survived to 10.1m OD (ie about 33ft below sea level) and had been dug out in a series of small square quarry pits which avoided the drain, indicating that they were dug after the drain was constructed.</p>",
"created": "2018-03-12",
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},
{
"id": 775,
"title": "The cosmopolitan world of 1960s Black Lion Yard",
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"body": "<p>My late father (Nizam) had emigrated from Bangladesh to settle in the East End of London in June 1960. He was born and raised in Sylhet Town, Bangladesh (originally part of the Assam Province during the British Raj). He was educated in the Sylhet Model High School and specialised in Bengali Language and Politics.</p>\n\n<p>In early 1963 he moved into a room above the shop at No. 18a Black Lion Yard, E1. During this time, most of the businesses in Black Lion Yard were jewellery shops and watchmakers, hence the area was known as \"Hatton Garden of the East End\". His opposite neighbour was an established jeweller named Mr. Granatt whom he described as a hardworking businessman and got to know very well.</p>\n\n<p>My father purchased a red Ariel Leader motor-cycle to use for commuting to work to and from the West End. The revving sound of his motorcycle engines used to echo across the narrow Black Lion Yard. His favourite diner was the Lyons Corner House on Charing Cross Road whose manager was called Norman. His favourite song, most befittingly was the 1960s classic <em>Downtown</em> by Petula Clark. Around that time, he watched the open-air fight Muhammad Ali vs Henry Cooper with the crowds at Wembley Stadium.</p>\n\n<p>My father very much became part of the friendly neighbourhood and subsequently moved out of 18A to relocate further up the street to No. 11 Black Lion Yard. My parents were married in July 1968 and they stayed in the flat above No. 11 for a few more years.</p>\n\n<p>Having newly arrived from Bangladesh, my mother felt somewhat isolated at first as she didn't have any family contacts in the UK. Tellingly, my father’s Bangladeshi friend was married to a kind Scottish lady, named Iris, who had two boys of mixed-race, and they also lived on Black Lion Yard. Fortunately, my mother spoke basic English that came into good practice as her grandfather, Syed (Pehlwan) Bakth had privileged access to the British expatriate community networks in Sylhet Town serving the British Raj around the 1930s when Sir Michael Keane was the Governor of Assam. As his nickname (Pehlwan) suggests, Syed Bakth was the famous wrestler of Sylhet who defeated a mighty Persian wrestler at the Sylhet stadium watched by huge crowds and receiving adulation from the British expatriate community in Assam.</p>\n\n<p>Depictions of these real-life family accounts of British Bengal communicated by my mother captured the attention and the imagination of her new friends and neighbours in East London. Iris was of immense help in socially connecting with my mother and supporting her with intercultural networking in London. Iris later became one of my mother's closest friends. Locally, my mother used to visit a little sweet shop on Black Lion Yard owned by a very nice Jewish lady sharing her same name, Lily, and they were good friends.</p>\n\n<p>As fresh Halal food was scarce back then, my mother would do most of her grocery shopping from a local Kosher delicatessen on the corner of Old Montague Street, named Woolf. There was also a butcher shop nearby owned by three Jewish brothers from where she would buy fresh Kosher poultry. My mother began to cherish her friendly East End neighbourhood with Iris that was centred around the cosmopolitan Black Lion Yard and would also attend family street parties together. She recalls a well-mannered young teenager who lived on the corner building of Black Lion Yard with her parents and was always friendly to my mother.</p>\n\n<p>My father also voluntarily served the local community in tackling issues on poverty, better education and social justice for the newly arriving Bangladeshi community that began to thrive in the East End of London in the late 1960/early 1970s. A Bangladeshi-owned restaurant named Ariza sprang up in the middle of Black Lion Yard, as did an Asian grocery called Sylhet Store. 1971 marked the symbolic year for the national struggle of independence for Bangladesh. My mother was one of the first members of the Bangladesh Women’s Association in the UK. She participated in a procession in central London in the spring of 1971 that called for independence for Bangladesh and raised awareness of the war atrocities by marching on foot with hundreds of other young Bangladeshi women from East London to the Hyde Park corner. This appears to be a 'back to the future' scenario for ‘Asian Girl Power’!</p>\n\n<p>In early 1972 my parents made the decision to leave the East End and head for the southern views of Devon and then relocated again to Cambridgeshire. There, my father took up his passion for language by serving as a local Radio Broadcaster for BBC Radio Bangla [Cambridgeshire] until his retirement. Latterly, he was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award by the Bangladesh Welfare Association UK by the local community.</p>\n",
"created": "2018-11-13",
"last_edited": "2019-09-03"
},
{
"id": 1153,
"title": "3 Nottingham Place",
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"username": "Pugwash"
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"body": "<p>My 2nd Great Grandfather Samuel ffitch and his family lived at 3 Nottingham Place, as is given in the 1851, 1861, and 1871 census records. 3 Nottingham Place is now known as 56 Parfett Street. The upper end of the present Parfett Street was formerly Nottingham Place, and the houses were then numbered 1 to 20 down the east side (north to south), and then 21 to 40 up the west side (south to north), as given on a fire insurance plan of London, dated 1890. Nottingham Place was renamed Parfett Street towards the end of the 19th century (though exact date of renaming has not yet been confirmed).</p>\n\n<p>It is also recorded on <a href=\"http://bombsight.org/bombs/29531/\">bombsight.org</a> which maps the WW2 bomb census, that a high explosive bomb fell on the upper end of Parfett Street very close to number 56, sometime between 7 October 1940 and 6 June 1941. Is it possible that this accounts for the cross-brace wall bolts between 56 and 54 Parfett Street, and the now flatter roof of number 56? There also appear to be two further circular (bracing?) bolts on the upper storey on the left side of the house. In addition, there are also what appear to be two fire insurance(?) plaques attached to number 56.</p>\n",
"created": "2020-11-08",
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{
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"title": "Rescue from demolition and revival schemes: 1960s to 1980s",
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"b_name": "Wilton's Music Hall",
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"body": "<p>The London County Council’s Graces Alley Compulsory Purchase Order of 1963 included the former Wilton's Music Hall in its schedule for clearance. A year later demolition was still planned, with an intention to form a record as an awareness of the building’s special character and significance to theatre history was spreading. Colin Sorensen, later a curator at the Museum of London, had been a visitor and worker at the Old Mahogany Bar in the Mission’s later years and had photographed the building. Geoffrey Fletcher also drew attention to the place in 1964. But it was John Earl, then an architect at the Ministry of Public Buildings and Works with a special interest in theatre history, who played the key role. Earl, who had first encountered Wilton’s in 1951, led the way with Sir John Betjeman in forming the British Music Hall Society and in preparing a case for the listing of what was now being called ‘Wilton’s’. A public enquiry in September 1964 responded to the new Society’s representations and the LCC undertook to consider retaining the music hall. Listing followed in November 1965.</p>\n\n<p>Earl had moved to work under W. A. Eden and Ashley Barker in the new Greater London Council’s Historic Buildings Division. There he took Wilton’s under his wing for the next twenty years. In October 1965 Eden urged giving a lease of Wilton’s to the Negro Theatre Workshop, following an application from its Artistic Co-ordinator, Christian Simpson, a BBC producer. The possibility foundered, presumably for want of funding. The CPO was confirmed and the GLC took vacant possession of the building in November 1966.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>The reinstatement of music-hall use was under consideration by August 1967 when the GLC formally decided not to demolish the building. Surrounding clearances left it, in Earl’s words, ‘a completely isolated, inexplicable object – a stranded whale’.[^2] An early project in 1968 included a surrounding multi-storey car park above shops and a petrol station, but a road scheme stymied major action. In that year Universal Pictures carried out balcony-front repairs and, advised by Sorensen, redecorated the interior in brown and stone colours that were thought original for the filming of Karel Reisz’s <em>Isadora</em> in which Vanessa Redgrave dances on the stage. In 1970 the building gained much wider attention through BBC2’s Boxing Day programme <em>“Wilton’s” – the Handsomest Hall in Town</em>, directed by Michael Mills, catalysed by Spike Milligan, and with, among others, Peter Sellers, Warren Mitchell, Ronnie Barker and Keith Michell as Champagne Charlie. This provided the occasion for the launch of a fund-raising trust and was the first time the potential of reviving Wilton’s was realised. Other occasional use for filming followed.[^3]</p>\n\n<p>Considered conversion schemes began to be prepared in 1972 including for the newly formed Wilton’s Music Hall Trust, led by Peter Honri, an actor with music-hall roots, who aimed with Earl’s support to establish a National Centre of Variety Entertainment. He also gained backing from Betjeman, Lord Olivier, Sir Bernard Miles, Marius Goring, Bernard Delfont and John Osborne. The GLC formally invited proposals in November 1973, with an expressed preference for a use associated with music-hall tradition, intending to grant a 99-year lease.</p>\n\n<p>Eight schemes were submitted. The Wilton’s Music Hall Trust’s, by J. R. Notman, architect, was seen as worthy and architecturally acceptable, but it offered no return. In May 1974 the (Labour-controlled) GLC decided to give preference to an Island Records project, the most commercial option offering the best return. Fronted by John Pringle with Peter Ustinov as ‘entertainment adviser’ and backed by Trelawny Investments Ltd, it undertook to bring Wilton’s back into public use. Don Ashton Design Consultants Ltd prepared plans for ‘Wilton’s Original Music Hall’ that included an extension, a pub, restaurant and a fish and chip shop ‘catering to the local public’. Otherwise, also rans included a scheme from Truman Ltd with Tommy Steele (to be an ‘actor manager’), and another from the Half Moon Theatre Company, which had been formed nearby on Alie Street in 1972 and was building a reputation for staging Brecht and other largely left-wing productions (see p.xx). This had support from Tower Hamlets Council and the Arts Council.[^4]</p>\n\n<p>Island Records pulled out in June 1975 as costs escalated. Led by Pam Brighton, the Half Moon Theatre Company jumped into the void and worked with Earl and others at the GLC to prepare a bid for moving to Wilton’s. The Half Moon was given a six-month option on a lease in February 1976 if it could raise funds for the first phase of a restoration programme that envisaged a community arts complex, intending theatre use during the week and variety, music-hall and concert use at weekends. Grant bids were prepared and the support of the Historic Buildings Council was secured. A rival bid from the Wilton’s Music Hall Trust (led by Honri, Goring and Betjeman) was not favoured. The Half Moon scheme gained improbable support from Peter Drew, managing director of St Katharine’s-by-the-Tower Ltd, a subsidiary of Taylor Woodrow, which was redeveloping the nearby St Katharine’s Docks. It was approved by the GLC’s outgoing Labour administration in March 1977 in the knowledge that the opposition, led by Bernard Brook-Partridge, the Conservative arts spokesman, intended to reverse the decision if elected. </p>\n\n<p>They were and it was. Drew then withdrew Taylor Woodrow’s support for the Half Moon project and the GLC determined that it was no longer financially viable. Political motives were initially denied while a preference for a fuller revival of music-hall use was expressed. The new administration approached Drew seeking a scheme for Wilton’s that did not depend on public money. The Taylor Woodrow group linked up with Goring and the Wilton’s Music Hall Trust and in August the GLC decided to give these parties a lease, open to the possibilities that they might either physically move Wilton’s to St Katharine’s Dock or ‘recreate’ it there where there were already Dickens and Beefeater themed tourist attractions. Supported by Tower Hamlets Council, the Half Moon fought back in a bitter row, in part by staging a production titled <em>Grand Larceny – the Curse of the Commercial Vampires</em>, and with a ‘Save Wilton’s for the East End’ campaign. In November 1977 the GLC approved a scheme for a National Theatre of Music Hall to be taken forward by a new company involving the GLC, the Wilton’s Music Hall Trust and Taylor Woodrow.[^5]</p>\n\n<p>Honri, as Artistic Director, Drew, Brook-Partridge and associates launched this company as the London Music Hall Protection Society Ltd (or ‘Friends of Wiltons’) in early 1978, with plans for ‘Wilton’s Grand Music Hall’ being prepared by Peter Newson of the Kirby Adair Newson Partnership. Newson was Drew’s architect at St Katharine’s Docks and St Katharine’s-by-the-Tower Ltd managed the project. The proposals intended use of the hall as John Wilton’s Supper Room, with private boxes in the balcony, also envisaging the rebuilding of 17 Wellclose Square. Goring, Betjeman and other members of the Wilton’s Music Hall Trust took exception to this scheme and pressed on with an alternative project close to that they had submitted in 1972–3. This faded as the more powerfully based group forged ahead with fund-raising, which included a gala dinner in August 1979 with Liza Minnelli as guest of honour.</p>\n\n<p>In December 1979 the GLC gave the London Music Hall Protection Society a lease with a building agreement for what was now being called the National Centre of Variety Entertainment. This was still being run from St Katharine Docks, though Newson had left work there and continued for Wilton’s as Peter Newson Associates; even so, transactions with the Kirby Adair Newson Partnership continued. Estimates for the whole project had risen to £1.2m by the time a first phase of works was carried out in 1981–2 by Warriner (Builders) Ltd of Romford. This involved stabilisation, weather-proofing and dry-rot eradication in the auditorium and relied heavily on GLC and central government grants. A variety show celebrated completion, and in 1983 Wilton’s was used for the recording of the video for Frankie Goes to Hollywood’s ‘Relax’. Further works completed in 1985 through Newson, with the Michael Barclay Partnership, engineers, and Warriners, tackled the houses at 1–4 Graces Alley. This entailed the rebuilding of the upper parts of the front walls, reroofing, new windows and reinstatement of the façade’s stucco architraves. By now the GLC had granted £121,000, the Historic Buildings Council £39,000. With the structure sound and weather-tight, the project stalled for want of further funds.[^6]</p>\n\n<p>The abolition of the GLC in 1986 was a major setback for Wilton’s. The London Music Hall Protection Society had reconstituted itself as the London Music Hall Trust in 1982 and, abolition pending, sought the freehold from the GLC, still intending to spend about £500,000 on fitting out and completion. After abolition, the London Residuary Body, mopping up the GLC’s affairs, transferred the freehold to the Trust and disposed of adjoining lands to developers, killing off any prospect of enabling development that might have benefitted Wilton’s. New neighbours, Shapla Primary School and George Leybourne House, further limited options. Under the leadership of Brian Daubney, the Trust carried out further stop-start works in 1986–94, though not as much as was intended. Newson departed in 1990 and was succeeded by Bucknall Austin Project Management Services. Builders were Warriners, W. & R. Buxton Ltd and James Longleys. No. 17 Wellclose Square was demolished and rebuilt to provide dressing rooms and other backstage spaces, including a lift and an external rear escape staircase. Plaster was systematically stripped to prevent dry rot and interiors were otherwise cleared. In 1990 the hall was given a red décor for the filming of <em>The Krays</em>.[^7]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), GLC/MA/SC/03/1479; LMA/4460/01/65/001: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), L/THL/D/1/1/193 and 259; L/THL/B/1/2/3: <a href=\"https://www.georgepadmoreinstitute.org/collection/negro-theatre-workshop\">https://www.georgepadmoreinstitute.org/collection/negro-theatre-workshop</a>: Geoffrey Fletcher, <em>London Overlooked</em>, 1964, pp. 16–18, 25: Peter Honri, <em>John Wilton’s Music Hall: the handsomest room in town</em>, 1985, pp.145–8: information kindly supplied by John Earl: <a href=\"http://wiltons.org.uk/heritage/46\">http://wiltons.org.uk/heritage/46</a>: https://www.wiltons.org.uk/heritage/archive.</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Theatres Trust Resource Centre (TTRC), John Earl, 'Wilton's Music Hall: Conservation Plan', 1999, p. 20 </p>\n\n<p>[^3]: LMA, ACC/3499/EH/07/01/711; GLC/DG/EL/03/G016: THLHLA, P/MIS/474: TTRC, SG18A: <em>Daily Telegraph</em>, 18 Dec 1970, colour supplement, pp. 50–51: Tower Hamlets planning applications online: Honri, pp.151–3: Information kindly supplied by John Earl.</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: LMA, GLC/AR/BR/34/004843; GLC/DG/PRB/35/021/524; /022/306: <em>Sunday Times</em>, 21 Oct 1973: <em>The Guardian</em>, 6 June 1974.</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: THLHLA, Building Control file 21933: P/MIS/474: LMA, ACC/3499/EH/07/01/711; LMA/4460/01/65/001; GLC/DG/PTI/P/03/288; GLC/AR/BR/34/004843; GLC/DG/PRB/35/027/064; /029/109; 030/487: Greater London Council Minutes, 4 Oct 1977, pp. 365–6: TTRC, SG18A.</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: LMA, ACC/3499/EH/07/01/711–12; GLC/AR/BR/34/004843; GLC/DG/PRB/35/035/093; /040/077: THLHLA, Building Control file 21933; LC11593: TTRC, SG18A: TH planning: <em>Daily Telegraph</em>, 26 April 1978: <em>Building</em>, 23 June 1978, pp. 80–81: <em>Portico</em>, autumn 1978, pp. 8–9: Honri, pp. 135,154–5.</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: LMA, ACC/3499/EH/07/01/712: THLHLA, Building Control files 21931–3, 25717: TTRC, Earl, 1999, p. 20: information kindly supplied by Frank Kelsall: https://www.wiltons.org.uk/heritage/archive.</p>\n",
"created": "2018-12-07",
"last_edited": "2021-08-06"
},
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"title": "Jagonari Centre timeline",
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"body": "<p>This timeline has been taken from the ‘Jagonari Story’ book. This was put together in 2012 to celebrate 25 years of the centre’s work; the book was never published but has a wealth of information and pictures. The Jagonari centre closed down in 2015 due to external factors.</p>\n\n<p>Jagonari Timeline</p>\n\n<p>1982 – The idea for a Bengali women’s resource centre emerged</p>\n\n<p>1983 – Inner London Education Authority (ILEA) was to fund such a resource centre with a planned £1m to be used within Tower Hamlets. Application was made to Greater London Council (GLC), ILEA and Tower Hamlets Inner Area Project (THIAP) for the provision of facilities and workers. A constitution was drawn up and the name ‘Jagonari’ emerged, meaning ‘Women Awake’. The first application for funding came through from the Spitalfields Project for £860</p>\n\n<p>1984 – A consortium formed of seven local groups to apply to the GLC for the conversion of a disused school building on Whitechapel into a community centre. THIAP granted £8,400. However the opportunity to use an empty plot of land owned by the GLC arose for the construction of a new building.</p>\n\n<p>1985 – Two open days were held to inform local women of the progress and generate interest in Jagonari. A donation of £300 was received from the Police Authority. A grant of £609,900 was received from GLC to develop the Jagonari centre; Matrix, an all-women group of architects was appointed.</p>\n\n<p>1986 – After many meetings and adjustments to the initial plans the centre was built. A traditional copper coin and a leaf from a Yew tree were laid in place under the last stone to be placed on the roof. Funding of £26,219 was secured from the Commission of Race Equality (CRE) for a development workers salary and running cost for the current year. Several charities and trusts pledged financial support and grant applications were made for THIAP, ILEA and several others.</p>\n\n<p>1987 – The completion of the building was at the end of June, and was handed over in July.</p>\n\n<p>14th October was the first open day, this event was a successful day and the staff and management committee showed off the outcome of five years of their planning and vision.</p>\n\n<p>One of the most important events of this year was the conference on The Home Affairs Select Committee Reports on “Bangladeshi’s in Britain”. The women’s workshop attempted to break through the stereotype of “women’s issues” being discussed in this forum and advocated radical changes, involving men who would be instrumental in these changes.</p>\n\n<p>Save the children Fund took over the crèche and provided a crèche co-ordinator and two crèche assistants.</p>\n\n<p>The newly established East London Asian family counselling deliver their services from the centre</p>\n\n<p>1990 – A three year strategy report was launched to attract funding from traditional funders and local business establishments. The report included Jagonari’s future aims and objectives, and also retaining the uniqueness of the centre. Two recommended projects were a childcare project and homework sessions.</p>\n\n<p>1991 – Task force exit strategy included funds of up to £95,000 towards Jagonari’s core cost.</p>\n\n<p>One of the aims of the three year strategy was to extend contact with employers, sponsors and supporters so that Jagonari’s innovations could be supported and replicated elsewhere.</p>\n\n<p>Space is also rented out as a source of income and to maximise the benefits to the community. An Arts and craft fair was held by youth workers and local young girls to raise funds for Bangladesh Cyclone appeal. Total raised was £1,200</p>\n\n<p>Holding of other conferences, meetings and functions has not only generated income for Jagonari but has also increased Jagonari’s profile, and increased the number of women that use the centre</p>\n\n<p>1997 – The Health action zone was launched at the centre, the Rt Hon Frank Dobson, Secretary of State for Health opened the event</p>\n\n<p>1998 – This year saw an amazing reversal of fortune for Jagonari. The previous year had ended with Jagonari successfully clearing its historical deficit</p>\n\n<p>Jagonari also hosted an event for International Women’s day where 200 women attended</p>\n\n<p>2002 – Recruitment of Children Centre co-ordinator</p>\n\n<p>Recruitment of Interim Director Hanifa Kaabaa</p>\n\n<p>Interim Director Hi Chup Yap</p>\n\n<p>The Girl Project organised and visited the Bangladesh Trade Fair and Woburn Safari park and was working in conjunction with Mouth That Roars organisation and NSPCC as part of their film making project</p>\n\n<p>2003 – New Director Nurjahan Khatun was appointed in August</p>\n\n<p>Jagonari playhouse is registered with Ofsted</p>\n\n<p>Playhouse opened</p>\n\n<p>2005 – Ground breaking cycling club project was launched</p>\n\n<p>Healthy expression for older women – Yoga and Tai Chi</p>\n\n<p>Older women’s project</p>\n\n<p>Secured first large funding of £195,000 from London Learning Skills Council for ESOL and Employability, “mohila” meaning “women”. Delivered steps towards employability for 120 women, 36 women successfully secured diploma in IT Level 3</p>\n\n<p>Secured first large scale funding of £86,000 from Local Area Partnership 2 for a Healthy project</p>\n\n<p>Supermodel Elle McPherson, UNICEF ambassador visited Jagonari for the launch of the Breastfeeding Centre</p>\n\n<p>Working with Action Aid on Reflect – DIY project with young girls.</p>\n\n<p>2006 – Jagonari cycling project in the Time Newspaper</p>\n\n<p>Secured first large scale capital funding of £197,000 to refurbish Jagonari including lift enabling disabled access</p>\n\n<p>2007 – College of East London Haringey join Jagonari</p>\n\n<p>2008 – Secured first public sector contract of £380,000from Tower Hamlets Council for the delivery of a Sure Start contract</p>\n\n<p>Merge with Wapping Women Centre and the Jagonari Centre; it is now known as Jagonari the heart of the community. The centre overlooks predominantly Bangladeshi residence</p>\n\n<p>As well as accommodating over 300 women and their families per year through activities and projects, the centre manages one of the first community gardens in Tower Hamlets and had over 30 members.</p>\n\n<p>Successful Jagonari Children Centre launch</p>\n\n<p>Secured first place in the Boroughs Tower Hamlets training award ceremony</p>\n\n<p>2009 – Jagonari Play zone secures ‘good’ in Ofsted inspection</p>\n\n<p>2010 – One Stop Shop set up in Jagonari</p>\n\n<p>Secured first direct European integration funding of £106,000 for the resettling of 3rd country nationals: Women Empower project is launched</p>\n\n<p>Women Ahead Project is started</p>\n\n<p>2011 – Secured and Ofsted ‘good’ in the Jagonari Playhouse</p>\n\n<p>Propriety status of Jagonari resolved with the Davenant Centre</p>\n\n<p>Successful Launch of the Language Matters Conference</p>\n\n<p>Secured second direct European Integration Funding of £155,000 for the resettling of 3rd country nationals: Launch of Positively Integrated Project in June</p>\n\n<p>Secured first direct funding on Domestic Abuse</p>\n\n<p>Minster of Department of Work and Pensions (DWP) came to Jagonari</p>\n\n<p>Jagonari Women Ahead on Women’s Hour on BBC Radio 4</p>\n\n<p>Shortlisted by the DWP for partnership work on Twist</p>\n\n<p>Successful celebration of the Women Empowered Project</p>\n\n<p>2012 – Jubilee celebration</p>\n\n<p>Jagonari Wapping Women’s centre working in partnership with Graham Walker</p>\n\n<p>June – Building positive building relationship</p>\n\n<p>Corporate social responsibility- companies coming in to decorate Jagonari</p>\n\n<p>September – Domestic Abuse Launch, We can end it campaign was launched, working in partnership with East London Mosque and men in Tower Hamlets</p>\n\n<p>Nov – Social Enterprise launch New Patterns at Spitalfields Market</p>\n",
"created": "2018-04-17",
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"title": "58 Whitechapel Road",
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"body": "<p>In the 1902 Post Office Directory, under the entry for Mark Polan, my great-grandfather, number 58 Whitechapel Road is listed as a Jewish Mission associated with the Presbyterian Church of England (his place of work as part of the Mission to the Jews in East London). My great-grandfather was also an elder in the John Knox Presbyterian Church which stood on the site where Clichy House on Stepney Way is now (just outside the region of this project), or what was then Green Street/Oxford Street. Although these places are long gone, it is interesting to think of the layers of history beneath the buildings we see now.</p>",
"created": "2020-09-15",
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"body": "<p>Mid nineteenth-century buildings that had been Dwelley & Boswell’s two-storey brick wheelwrights’ workshops and smithy at 20 Ensign Street saw later use for cardboard-box, gown and furniture manufacturing, standing alongside the former Destitute Sailors’ Asylum at what became 20–22 Ensign Street. In 1986 Peter Newson Associates, then active at Wilton’s Music Hall, put forward a scheme for a five-storey building on the site, proposing flats above light-industry workshops. Two years later Pierhead Properties Ltd followed with plans for a six-storey mixed-use range designed by Penoyre & Prasad, architects, but these stayed unbuilt. The site was cleared once planning permission had been secured in 1997, but it was 2000–01 before the twenty-five flats called Onedin Point went up in a version of Docklands Postmodernism plainer than that prefigured in the late 80s scheme.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives, District Surveyors Returns: The National Archives, IR58/84837/5481: Post Office Directories: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, Building Control file 21692: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n",
"created": "2019-03-05",
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"body": "<p>In the 1670s the tenter field north of Swan Yard, bounded west and north by Angel Alley and Wentworth Street, and possibly in the tenure of John King, had a single large building on its east or Dirty Lane side. Of nature unknown, this may account for recent small late fifteenth- or early sixteenth-century finds. The site remained largely undeveloped until the 1730s when John Stracey (1698–1749), later Recorder of London, held the property. By 1736 a sugarhouse had been built on the Angel Alley side, to the north of Samuel Lane’s earlier sugarhouse. From this a well has been excavated.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>The new sugarhouse was leased in 1737 to George Heathcote, Conrad de Smeth and John Witherston. De Smeth (d. 1758), a German naturalised in 1726, and Witherston were sugar refiners previously in Goodman’s Fields. Heathcote (1700–1768), the nephew of Sir Gilbert Heathcote, said to be the wealthiest commoner in England, was an MP and a Jacobite. By 1739, when he became a City Alderman (he was Lord Mayor in 1742), he was in sole control of two sugarhouses here and a house built in 1737 on another part of the site by John Campion, a carpenter. The sugarhouses had come to be occupied by Christian Schutte (1698–1763), another German sugar refiner, more recently arrived, with interests in sugarhouses in Lambeth Street and the City.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>In 1740 Richard Coope (1689–1765), another sugar refiner with premises in Goodman’s Fields, took occupancy of the two sugarhouses in which Heathcote retained an interest until 1748. Heathcote and Coope, both directors of the South Sea Company, had a family connection in Chesterfield, where Coope’s father had been an alderman and mayor in the 1660s and ’70s.[^3] Their association was yet deeper, both men being trustees for the establishment of the province of Georgia in the early 1730s. Coope had also been involved in City politics, though not from the same side as Heathcote. He operated from 1715 as a grocer in Broad Street ‘at ye 3 Sugar Loaves’ and agitated in the Whig interest as a Common Councilman for Broad Street Ward from 1724 to 1730. Coope was also involved in the development of trade and settlement in the Leeward Islands from 1718, appearing for debenture holders in Nevis and as Agent for St Christopher’s in the 1730s.[^4]</p>\n\n<p>Coope appears to have been a pragmatic Nonconformist. His eldest children were baptised in the Presbyterian chapel in Carter Lane, Blackfriars. He was resident in both Peckham and Hammersmith, attending the dissenting chapel in Hammersmith Broadway, where the minister preached a sermon in his honour at his death. Yet he had a family grave at St Giles, Camberwell. Coope also acquired four houses in Cheyne Walk in 1733 and had a house in Oxford Court in the City next to Salters’ Hall; he was Master of that Company in 1734.[^5] Though not resident in Whitechapel, Coope was also active locally as a founder of the London Hospital (see p.xx). His son, John Coope (1731–1806), joined him as a partner in 1757 when their business included the large sugarhouses on the west side of Dirty Lane and a smaller one in Rupert Street; John was in sole charge by 1761. By this time the property included two small houses at the north end of Angel Alley and another four on Dirty Lane running up to the Wentworth Street corner. Fire was a constant threat in sugarhouses, where the processing involved the application of great heat. Coope’s property here seems to have been especially flammable. The premises burnt so violently in 1772 that a wall collapsed, burying two children. Another fire in 1797 was said to have caused £15,000 of damage. When John’s will was executed in 1802 the business was run by his sons, Joseph (1764–1817), an eccentric bachelor who lived in a substantial house on the site, and John (1766–1845). Further rebuilding was necessary after yet another fire in 1807.[^6]</p>\n\n<p>By 1828 John Coope had taken the site on the east side of Angel Alley, formerly part of the Swan Yard holding that had housed Samuel Lane’s sugarhouse, later run by Nicholas Beckman and others up to about 1826. In 1823 it consisted of three-pan and two-pan sugarhouses, each of seven storeys, a six-storey scum house, all strung out along Angel Alley, and a long narrow yard to the north extending to Osborn Street, along which were ranged offices, a brewhouse, a counting house, a lodging house for men working in the sugarhouse, and a ‘capital Family residence’ (probably demolished in 1928).[^7]</p>\n\n<p>John Coope took over a less-enclosed refinery at Betts Street, Ratcliff Highway, by 1829 and sugar refining ceased in Osborn Street around 1838. The Angel Alley sugarhouse was adapted to be a starch works then, from the late 1840s, Charles Thorp’s paper-staining works.[^8] The main Coope sugarhouses were dismantled in 1840 when the Betts Street refinery closed and a vast quantity of materials – a million stock bricks, fifty iron columns, cast-iron windows – was auctioned off in seven large sales in 1840–1. The cleared site was put to use by William Sykes as a timber yard. Immediately following John Coope’s death in 1845 his sons, Octavius Edward Coope (1814–86) and George Coope (1824–63), went into partnership with Edward Ind of the Star Brewery in Romford.[^9]</p>\n\n<p>In 1852 yet another fire ravaged Thorp’s factory in the former Angel Alley sugarhouse, an event described with relish: ‘there must have been 100 windows in the edifice, out of which the flames were … roaring with a noise resembling that of a hurricane, until at length the roof gave way, when they shot up in a tremendous body, at least 60 feet above the surrounding houses.’[^10] Tottering walls had to be taken down and Thorp lost thirty ‘rolling engines’ on the upper floors and a vast quantity of paper. Damage to adjacent properties was assessed as £27,000. The Angel Alley site was leased by the Coopes to Ind Coope and redeveloped in 1852–3. Ashby and Sons of Bishopsgate Street built a stock-brick walled beer-barrel warehouse, comparatively modest in scale with just two storeys over a basement, relieving arches articulating its west elevation to Angel Alley. Eleven bays of this building survive as part of 25 Osborn Street, set well back.[^11] Sykes’s timber yard lasted till around 1859 when Ind Coope expanded, demolishing a cottage on what had been Thorp’s site to link the yards. They put up further two-storey buildings, similar to the barrel store but open on the ground floor to the north and west, for van sheds, a paint store and a wheelwright’s shop. A house on the street (No. 27), once a small warehouse used by Sykes, was made the brewer’s manager’s house. Remaining houses in the former Thorp yard accommodated employees, a clerk, storekeeper and drayman.[^12]A larger house (No. 25), of three storeys and four bays wide, probably the refiner’s house of about 1820, was Ind Coope’s offices until 1896. The former Thorp site was then leased to William Bossey, a carman. He added a forge and smith’s shop, used the barrel store as stables, the cottages for his employees, and sublet the house (No. 25) as a small hotel and restaurant. Ind Coope retreated to the original Coope site, but only until 1899 when they sold the freehold to the Whitechapel District Board of Works for £16,000 for the building of an electricity generating station.[^13] Bossey’s Yard was sold to Stepney Council in 1935, the former barrel store adapted for the public cleansing department (storage for dustbins), its vaults used as an air-raid shelter during the war. It remained a Council store until about 1984, when it became part of the site at Nos 15–25.[^14]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), LC140194: Four Shillings in the Pound Assessments: Cath Maloney, ‘Fieldwork Round-up 2008’, <em>London Archaeologist Supplement</em>, 2009, p.76: Debrett for Stracey: Nicholas Rogers, ‘The City Elections Act (1725) Reconsidered’, <em>English Historical Review</em>, vol.100/396, 1985, pp.604–61: Tower Hamlets planning applications online (THP)</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), MDR1737/4/545–6; MDR/1739/5/5; Land Tax Returns (LT): Bryan Mawer's sugar industry website: The National Archives (TNA), PROB11/892/29: <em>London Chronicle</em>, 27–30 Aug 1763, p.207: Margrit Schulte Beerbuhl, <em>The Forgotten Majority: German Merchants in London, Naturalization, and Global Trade, 1660–1815</em>, 2015, pp.125,173,178,194: <em>House of Lords Journal 1726</em>, vol.13, 1726, p.213: ed. William A. Shaw, <em>Publications of the Huguenot Society of London, XXVII: Letters of Denization and Acts of Naturalization of Aliens in London, 1701–1800</em>, 1923, pp.133,143: Geraldine Meroney, ‘The London Entrepot Merchants and the Colony of Georgia’, <em>William and Mary Quarterly</em>, vol.25/2, April 1968, pp. 230–44 {p.233}: Ian R. Christie, ‘The Tory Party, Jacobitism and the 'Forty-Five: A Note’, <em>Historical Journal</em>, vol.30/4, 1987, pp.921–931</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: LT: Ancestry: <em>Gentleman’s Magazine</em>, vol.3, Feb 1733, p.97: <em>Parliamentary Papers: Report of the Commissioners appointed in pursuance of … “An Act for appointing Commissioners to inquire concerning Charities in, England, for the Education of the Poor”; and … “An Act to amend an Act of the last session of Parliament, for appointing Commissioners to inquire concerning Charities in England, for the Education of the Poor”</em>, 1828, pp.173–9: George Hall, <em>The History of Chesterfield</em>, 1839, pp.30–1,235–40,269–72</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: Meroney, p.242: I. G. Doolittle, ‘Walpole’s City Elections Act (1725)’, <em>English Historical Review</em>, vol.97/384, July 1982, pp.504–29: Frank Wesley Pitman, <em>The Development of the British West Indies, 1700–1763</em>, 1917, p.105: F. G. Spurdle, <em>Early West Indian Government, Showing the Progress of Government in Barbados, Jamaica and the Leeward Islands</em>, 1963, p.190: ed. K. H. Ledward, <em>Journal for the Commissioners for Trade and Plantations from March 1714/15 to October 1718</em>, 1924, pp.397,400,427: ed. K. H. Ledward, <em>Journal for the Commissioners for Trade and Plantations from November 1718 to December 1722</em>, 1925, pp.8,229: ed. K. G. Davies, <em>Calendar of State Papers Colonial Series: America and West Indies, vol.42: 1735–6</em>, 1953, pp.vii,129,192,205,253: ed. K. G. Davies, <em>Calendar of State Papers Colonial Series: America and West Indies, vol.43: 1737</em>, 1963, pp.252,260,283: ed. K. G. Davies, <em>Calendar of State Papers Colonial Series: America and West Indies 1739</em>, 1994, pp.20,219,221,231: William Bacon Stevens, <em>A History of Georgia, from its First Discovery by Europeans to the Adoption of the Present Constitution in 1798</em>, vol.1, 1847, p.470: Allen D. Candler, <em>The Colonial Records of the State of Georgia</em>, 1904, pp.28,165: James Ross McCain, <em>Georgia as a Proprietary Province: The Execution of a Trust</em>, 1917, pp.31,33,38,53–4,174–5</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: George Turnbull, <em>The Blessedness of Those Who Die in the Lord: A Sermon Preached at Hammersmith on Occasion of the Death of Richard Coope</em>, 1766: Ancestry: TNA, PROB11/915/359; PROB11/1447/193: <em>Survey of London</em>, vol.4<em>: The Parish of Chelsea (Part 2)</em>, 1913, pp.3,6</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: <em>Hampshire Chronicle</em>, 7 Sept 1772, p.2: <em>Oracle and Public Advertiser</em>, 5 Oct 1797, p.3: <em>Oxford Journal</em>, 17 Oct 1807, p.4: LT</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: <em>Morning Chronicle</em>, 15 March 1823, p.4: THLHLA, P/SLC/2/16/35/1: LT: Post Office Directories (POD)</p>\n\n<p>[^8]: LMA, CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/517/1099664: POD: LT: THLHLA, L/THL/J/1/16/2–3</p>\n\n<p>[^9]: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 24 March 1840, p.4; 3 June 1840, p.4: 25 May 1841, p.4: LMA, CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/574/1355612: POD: THLHLA, P/SLC/2/16/35/1</p>\n\n<p>[^10]: <em>London Evening Standard</em>, 3 March 1852, p.3</p>\n\n<p>[^11]: <em>The Globe</em>, 4 March 1852, p.4: LMA, District Surveyors Returns (DSR): THLHLA, L/THL/J/1/16/2</p>\n\n<p>[^12]: Census: Goad insurance map, 1890: POD: THLHLA, P/SLC/2/16/35/1</p>\n\n<p>[^13]: TNA, IR58/84800/1756–62: POD: Census: THLHLA, L/SMB/D/4/8: <em>Tower Hamlets Independent and East London Advertiser</em>, 5 Aug 1899, p.8</p>\n\n<p>[^14]: DSR: POD: THLHLA, L/THL/D/2/30/110</p>\n",
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-0.066897150320887,
51.510543358461234
],
[
-0.066897382560978,
51.51047185184401
],
[
-0.066971008753692,
51.51048084369001
]
]
]
]
},
"properties": {
"b_number": "2",
"b_name": "",
"street": "Graces Alley",
"address": "2 Graces Alley (part of Wilton's Music Hall)",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
"count": 13,
"search_str": "2 Graces Alley (part of Wilton's Music Hall)"
},
"tags": [
"Wilton's Music Hall"
]
},
"body": "<p>A digitised colour slide of Wilton's and the neighbouring houses in 1972, from the Tower Hamlets Archives collection:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/782905176441163777\">https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/782905176441163777</a></p>\n",
"created": "2016-12-16",
"last_edited": "2018-12-07"
}
]
}