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            "body": "<p>Tower Hill Roman Catholic School on Chamber Street was found to be overcrowded in the 1950s when the Inner London Education Authority (ILEA) set out to reorganize Catholic schools in partnership with the Catholic Diocese. It was clear that short-term rearrangement was not enough to bring class sizes down and address a need for more places in schools in line with guidelines. Recognising the need for more radical action, in 1967 the ILEA purchased a large site for a new school on the west side of St Mark Street between Scarborough Street and North Tenter Street. There had still been around fifty houses on this land in 1960. The re-accommodation of tenants was  a cause of delay, but the project was seen through in 1969–70. The architects were Broadbent, Hastings, Reid &amp; Todd, the partner in charge being J. F. H. Hastings. This practice, formed in 1959 as successors to H. S. Goodhart-Rendel’s partnership, was best known as responsible for a swathe of London Catholic churches in a Scandinavian modernist style. Construction of the school was undertaken by E. J. Lacy &amp; Co., and it was opened by the Cardinal John Heenan, Archbishop of Westminster, on 20 June 1970, that date chosen as it was the exact centenary of the laying of the foundation stone of the Chamber Street school.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>English Martyrs’ School followed a ‘hen and chickens’ layout or cluster plan, typical of its time and avoiding corridors, with two blocks of classrooms arranged around a central double-height assembly hall, an arrangement the architects regarded as compact and simple, to accommodate 250 children in seven classrooms. From an entrance on St Mark Street, a lobby links the hall to the north with a two-storey block of junior-school classrooms and a library and staff offices to the south. To the west lies a single-storey block of infant-school classrooms. The architects clustered the accommodation on the north-east part of the site to avoid overshadowing from tall buildings that were envisioned for Mansell Street, to allow classrooms to have south aspects, and to permit the formation of large outdoor areas. These generous play spaces were carefully landscaped, with a caretaker’s house placed in the site’s south-east corner. A nursery, intended from the outset, was added in 1978 at the northern edge of the site, to continue to maximise play space. It is separately entered from West Tenter Street. Classrooms were added in 1995 and 2002 when Abbott &amp; Associates formed a single-storey extension on the east side of the assembly hall for a computer suite.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: English Martyrs’ Church (EMC), Codex Historicus; correspondence, 20 Feb 1956 and 10 Aug 1967; agreement, 21 June 1962; misc. notes: Robert Proctor, <em>Building the Modern Church: Roman Catholic Church Architecture in Britain</em>, 2014, p.41</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: EMC, correspondence 20 Dec 1965, 20 Jan 1970, 9 June 1976, 28 Feb 1978; Broadbent, Hastings, Reid &amp; Todd notes, 8 Nov 1966: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
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            "body": "<p>No. 6 is of the 1850s, refronted in 1898–9, of painted brick with a painted shutter of 2012 by 2Rise, whose tag has also been prominent on the south side of Whitechurch Passage.</p>\n\n<p>No. 4A is a workshop to the rear behind an entrance passage. It was built in 1899–1900 for William Nay, a looking-glass (mirror) manufacturer, with A. Parnacott, architect, and F. A. Moat, builder. It was given a ‘herringbone floor strutted with iron girders’, and was converted to be a necktie factory in the 1920s. The front-door shutter has a figure of 2012 by Tizer. [^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: District Surveyors Returns: London County Council Minutes, 4 Oct. 1898, p. 1061: The National Archives, IR58/84806/2588: Goad maps: Post Office Directories: <a href=\"http://blog.globalstreetart.com/walls\">blog.globalstreetart.com/walls</a></p>\n",
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            "body": "<p>Excerpt from Historic England list entry for 43-69 Philpot Street (listed at Grade II):</p>\n\n<p>PHILPOT STREET E1 1. 4431 (West Side) Nos 43 to 69 (odd) TQ 3481 15/502 II GV 2. An early C19 symmetrical terrace divided in the centre (between Nos 55 and 57) by the entrance to Ashfield Street. Yellow stock brick with stone coping and stucco band above ground floor. Centre block, Nos 49 to 55 and Nos 57 to 63, have a higher brick parapet than the 2 ends of the terrace. 3 storeys and basement, 2 windows each. Gauged flat arches to recessed windows with glazing bars in semi-circular headed recesses on 1st floor. Ground floor windows round headed and with gothic glazing bars except those of Nos 65, 67 and 69 which have gauged flat arches and no gothic glazing bars. Round headed doors with fanlights and mostly fluted or panelled pilasters. Doors of Nos 43, 55 and 57, on returns to adjacent streets, have keystones with plaster heads and decorated impost bands.<br>\n<br>\nNos 43 to 69 (odd) form a group.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Historic England, National Heritage List for England, list entry number: 1065110 (online: https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1065110, accessed 26 August 2016).</p>\n",
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            "body": "<p>Once the Sailors’ Home on Well Street had opened in 1835, Capt. Robert Elliot was on the lookout for an opportunity to establish a ‘Sailors’ Church’ nearby, to supersede the Episcopal Floating Church, now both decaying and inappropriately located. With the widening of Dock Street in train in 1842, the Home sent a deputation to the Earl of Lincoln, Chief Commissioner of Woods and Forests, eyeing a site behind the Home on what would become the new street’s east side. Thomas Webster was willing to sell other necessary land, but distractions followed. In 1843 Henry Roberts, acting as the Home’s architect, recommended acquiring the sugarhouse at the south end of the east side of Well Street with premises back to Wellclose Square, seeing that as a better site for the church. Then negotiations towards acquisition of the former Danish Church in Wellclose Square opened, but these ideas were abandoned in 1844. Elliot, collaborating with Lord Henry Cholmondeley and Capt. Henry Hope RN, returned the focus to the east side of Dock Street in early 1845 and terms were agreed with James Pennethorne, the Commissioners’ architect and surveyor, for the acquisition of a 70ft frontage for a sailors’ church. The land would be sold for £1,200, less than its market value, in recognition of the charitable intentions. There was provision for a passage north of the church to give direct access to the Home, and for a chaplain’s house beyond. A desire to identify the Sailors’ Home as the parent of the church on its façade came to nothing.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>A public meeting at Crosby Hall was convened on 30 April 1845 to put the erstwhile floating church on a ‘more permanent footing’. Chaired by Thomas Hamilton, ninth Earl of Haddington, First Lord of the Admiralty, alongside Charles James Blomfield, Bishop of London, an indefatigable church builder, especially in East London, it was well-attended. It opened a subscription fund to pay for the intended church and formed a committee, largely made up of men involved with the Home. Elliot was the chairman, closely deputised by the project’s treasurer, John Peter Labouchere, a prominent banker and another evangelical (also the brother of the politician Henry Labouchere, Baron Taunton), who had been one of the Home’s original trustees and its treasurer since 1834. Among others actively involved were Cholmondeley, Hope, Capt. Francis Maude RN, Capt. William Waldegrave RN, Capt. W. E. Farrer, S. B. Brooke, Andrew Johnson and the Rev. Charles Adam John Smith, chaplain of the floating chapel. </p>\n\n<p>Half of a £6,000 target, to cover the land, building and an endowment, had been promised within two months. Henry Roberts presented first plans for the church in July 1845, aiming to seat 600 on the ground floor and 300 more in side galleries. There was some to and fro as to whether the galleries were needed. Stone facing was initially thought an extra and there were disagreements as to the relative priorities of galleries as against stone facing. In the end both were included and there were 800 free seatings. Roberts’s ‘Early English’ style was approved in October, but he was asked to make the tower loftier and to cap building costs at £4,100. By January 1846, when subscriptions had reached £5,918 and the estimated building cost £4,500, Roberts had gained agreement that the tower should be placed to the north to allow for a lobby porch to the south. Pennethorne and Blomfield both asked for a façade of stone or ‘Patent Portland Cement’. In March, with the new road approaching completion, the building contract went to William Cubitt &amp; Co. for £5,826, the lowest tender. The façade would be ragstone and the spire would be postponed if funds ran out. Work began with John Birch as the Clerk of Works. On 11 May 1846 Prince Albert laid a foundation stone in the company of Blomfield, numerous admirals and other eminent figures, with a choir of seamen and their apprentices. By June the total sum needed had risen to £9,000, of which £2,000 had still to be raised. Even so, completion of the steeple was agreed and the whole work was completed in early 1847. Costs had risen to £7,013 and £9,020 had been raised, no single contribution being greater than £105. The Prince Consort returned for Blomfield’s consecration of St Paul’s Dock Street Church for Seamen of the Port of London on 10 July 1847. The Rev. Charles Besley Gribble was appointed the first Minister.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>Predictably,<em>The Ecclesiologist </em>pronounced in 1846 that ‘The design is extremely poor: a vulgar attempt at First-Pointed…. There is not the least idea in the composition…. The whole is stale and insipid.’[^3] By Puginian standards perhaps, but Roberts’s church has solemn and proportional solidity in keeping with its evangelical origins, and it survives to impart a touch of dash to an otherwise largely disappointing streetscape. The three-stage tower rises to a broached Portland stone octagonal spire with lucarnes. This reaches 100ft to make a landmark that was originally topped by a copper weather vane in the shape of a model ship, a flourish <em>The Ecclesiologist </em>thought ‘singularly vulgar’. The gable-fronted nave sports a large triple lancet with banded shafts below a sexfoil circle window. X-pattern iron pavement railings were removed during the Second World War. There are clerestoreys on the five-bay brick-faced returns and half dormers on the north aisle to ensure good light once the street was built up. An open timber roof with braced queen-post trusses rests on octagonal piers of ‘Carline-nose’ (Scottish) stone, said to resemble Purbeck marble, but long ago painted. Carved heads articulate the hood moulds above the piers. There were oak benches for 600 on the ground floor and side galleries for 200 more, with no west gallery. The pulpit and reading desk, both hexagonal, stood in front of a shallow almost vestigial hexagonal chancel; there was a small vestry to the south. The original stained-glass two-light east window, presented by Prince Albert and made by William Wailes in Newcastle, bore a passage from the 107thPsalm, ‘They that go down to the sea in ships …’. The organ was made by Gray and Davison in 1848.[^4] Among numerous wall-tablet memorials, many recording pathetic seaborne misfortunes, primacy in date and significance belongs to a Gothic tabernacle south of the chancel arch commemorating Elliot, who died in 1849, this made by R. Brown of Bloomsbury. </p>\n\n<p>In 1863–4 the Rev. Dan Greatorex (1828–1901) began a long and energetic ministry by getting the sailors’ church assigned a parochial district to fight off the spread of ritualism from St George in the East. At the same time, Edward Ledger Bracebridge, the architect then overseeing enlargement of the Sailors’ Home, assessed the steeple as unsafe. Its rebuilding ensued in works by Frederick and Francis John Wood of Mile End that included moving the organ to the west end of the south gallery, and replacing the altar reredos in stone. </p>\n\n<p>Stained-glass windows began to accumulate. On the north side there are two early nautical scenes, trefoiled top and bottom, one showing a lighthouse, the other commemorating Rear-Admiral Sir William Edward Parry, the Arctic explorer, who had been involved with the church from the first up to his death in 1855. It depicts his ship, the <em>Hecla</em>, forced against an iceberg in 1825. Greatorex put up the three-light west window in 1872 in memory of Capt. Sir John Franklin, another Arctic explorer who had attended the Crosby Hall meeting to set up the church shortly before departing on his final disastrous expedition. This was made by Cox &amp; Sons of London and shown in part at the International Exhibition at South Kensington. It illustrates incidents from Christ’s life relating to the sea. An additional east window was dedicated to Capt. John Thomson who died in the wreck of the <em>Gossamer</em>in 1868. More prosaically, churchwardens John Butler, a Wellclose Square haberdasher, and William Henry Graveley, a City surveyor, had windows placed, respectively, to the south in 1872 and the east in 1875. Another north-aisle window of 1902 was made by Jones &amp; Willis.[^5]</p>\n\n<p>Greatorex retired on account of ‘overwork and paralysis’ in 1897. His successor, the Rev. Edward G. Parry, had a flat-roofed choir vestry built between the south porch and the clergy vestry in 1899, and then reordered the interior in 1901. Thomas John Fox was his architect, G. E. Weston the builder. They took down the long disused galleries, introduced a central aisle and formed a raised chancel with choir stalls and iron rails. Seating thus reduced to 473 was thought ‘amply sufficient’. Decorative painting of the east wall with Gothic arches enhanced the reredos. The organ, rebuilt by Hele &amp; Co., moved to the southeast corner and St Mark’s chapel was formed in the northeast corner. All this cost £1,600.[^6]</p>\n\n<p>The Rev. Joseph Williamson arrived in 1952 and instigated further ritualist alterations achieved gradually up to 1959. A. G. Nisbet of J. Douglass Mathews &amp; Partners was his architect, with R. W. Bowman Ltd the builders. First they enlarged the sanctuary and further reduced seating, removing the clergy and choir stalls and three rows of pews. An aumbry was installed in the south wall and the model-ship weathervane was taken down, repaired and rehung. In 1956 Williamson put in a new east window in memory of Vice-Admiral Rev. Alexander Riall Wadham Woods, Chaplain to the Red Ensign Club from 1933 to his death in 1954, as well as to those of the parish who had lost their lives in the recent war. Depicting SS Paul and Nicholas, it was unveiled by the Queen Mother. Another single-light window portraying St Mark went up in the chapel of his name. Finally, a window of Mary with the infant Jesus, made to designs by Colwyn Morris, was inserted on the south side in memory of Mary Emma Mason. Morris probably also designed the other windows of the 1950s, all likely made by James Powell &amp; Sons (Whitefriars Glass).[^7]</p>\n\n<p>Use of the church declined in a neighbourhood dominated by slum clearances in which Catholicism was in any case the dominant religion. Following dock closures, in 1971 the parish merged with that of St George-in-the-East. Further decline partly associated with a new Muslim demography led to a declaration of redundancy in 1983 when the St Paul’s Trust Centre gained permission for a change of use to community, recreational and educational purposes. But this did not materialize and after closure for worship in 1990, around when the ship weathervane was moved to St Paul’s School, reuse continued to prove difficult to establish. A long lease was advertised in 1994 and a restaurant conversion approved in 1998, but it was 2000 before a viable scheme could be acted upon. Irene Beaumont (Selective Estates) then established a private nursery that opened in 2002. Alterations included the removal of the remaining pews and the insertion of floors in the aisles and at the west end behind steel-framed glazed partitions that are designedly reversible. Dave Hubble was the architectural consultant, working with D. Suttle and Associates, engineers.[^8]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: National Maritime Museum (NMM), SAH/1/1, pp. 148,240,249–51,279,328; SAH/1/2, pp. 8–9,23–5,32–8,175: The National Archives (TNA), WORK6/94, pp. 320–1</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), P93/PAU2/019: NMM, SAH/3/1: TNA, CRES60/6: <a href=\"http://www.rbs.com/heritage/people/john-peter-labouchere\">www.rbs.com/heritage/people/john-peter-labouchere</a>: <em>The Builder</em>, 21 March and 3 May 1846, pp. 142,221: <em>Illustrated London News (ILN)</em>, 16 May 1846, p. 321</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: <em>The Ecclesiologist</em>, vol. 6, 1846, pp. 34–5</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: LMA, P93/PAU2/019: DL/A/C/MS19224/550: <em>ILN</em>, 16 May 1846, p. 321 </p>\n\n<p>[^5]: LMA, P93/PAU2/020, /030, /034, /055–6, /089–098: <em>Building News</em>, 28 March 1873, p. 381: information kindly supplied by Peter Cormack and Michael Kerney</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: LMA, P93/PAU2/020, /022, /211, /258; DL/A/C/02/047/029; DL/A/C/02/081/078; District Surveyors Returns</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: LMA, P93/PAU2/084–8, /101, /215–19; DL/A/K/01/16/097; DL/A/C/02/100/120; DL/A/C/02/101/114; DL/A/K/01/16/099; DL/A/C/02/104/087: <em>Church Times</em>, 27 Feb. 1953: information kindly supplied by Peter Cormack and Michael Kerney</p>\n\n<p>[^8]: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, Building Control files 21371, 26550: <em>Hackney Gazette</em>, 7 July 1972: <em>East London Advertiser</em>, 3 June 1983; 26 Nov. 1998, p. 4: <em>The Standard</em>, 14 Sept. 1983: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n",
            "created": "2019-03-01",
            "last_edited": "2019-08-13"
        },
        {
            "id": 840,
            "title": "Dock Street's widening in 1845–6",
            "author": {
                "id": 2,
                "username": "surveyoflondon"
            },
            "feature": {
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                "properties": {
                    "b_number": "",
                    "b_name": "St Paul's Church",
                    "street": "Dock Street",
                    "address": "Former Church of St Paul, Dock Street",
                    "feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
                    "count": 16,
                    "search_str": "St Paul's Church"
                },
                "tags": [
                    "Capt. Robert J. Elliot",
                    "Henry Roberts",
                    "James Pennethorne",
                    "Rev. Dan Greatorex",
                    "Rev. Joseph Williamson",
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            "body": "<p>The widening of Dock Street in 1845–6 was a governmental ‘metropolitan improvement’ closely connected to the formation of Commercial Street. Linked by Leman Street, also widened at both ends, these road improvements were undertaken together by the Commissioners of Woods, Forests, Land Revenues, Works and Buildings to improve communications between the London Docks and the Eastern Counties Railway, incorporated in 1836 and with a terminus at Shoreditch from 1840. James Pennethorne was appointed in 1839 to be the Commissioners’ architect and surveyor responsible for these and other new streets, working jointly with Thomas Chawner, who retired in 1845. </p>\n\n<p>Following a suggestion put to a select committee in 1836 by Lt.-Col. John Castle Gant, chairman of the Tower Hamlets Commissioners of Sewers, a plan for a road initially intended to relieve congestion around Aldgate was extended to link the docks to the as yet unbuilt railway via Leman Street. Two years later a deputation from Whitechapel parish presented details for the line, explaining that twenty-five houses would need to be cleared from the east side of Dock Street, then only 15–17ft wide. Acts of Parliament in 1839 to 1841 (2&amp;3 Vic. c.80, 3&amp;4 Vic. c.87 and 4 Vic. c.12) provided funds derived from duties on coal and wine for the formation of the new 55ft-wide thoroughfare from the London Docks as far north as Christ Church Spitalfields. The net cost of the Dock Street section was assessed as £35,783 15 8.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>A want of ready money postponed property purchases to 1842–4, Clearance, including of soap and soda-water factories in what had been sugarhouses, and pavement formation followed in 1845–6, vaults being formed to Pennethorne’s plans by John and Charles I’Anson, Fitzroy Square builders. The new frontage plots were auctioned off, but St Paul’s Church and its parsonage excepted they were slow to be taken. The north corner was built up in 1853–4, otherwise nothing happened until the 1860s by when freeholds were sold as an added inducement.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>A drinking fountain in the middle of the Dock Street–Leman Street junction was perhaps part of the 1840s improvements. Dilapidated, it was replaced in granite in 1879 in memory of Sir Francis Goldsmid MP, then removed in the 1930s.[^3] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), THCS/057: <em>Report from the Select Committee on Metropolis Improvements</em>, 1836, pp. 43–4: <em>Second Report from Select Committee on Metropolis Improvements</em>, 1838, pp. viii, 95–8: <em>First Report from Select Committee on Metropolis Improvement</em>, 1840, pp. 7,9,17–24,53: The National Archives (TNA), WORK, 6/99, pp. 6,19: <em>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography </em>for Pennethorne</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: TNA, CRES60/5–6; WORK6/93–4: LMA, SC/PM/ST/01/002: <em>Illustrated London News</em>, 4 Oct 1845, p .215 </p>\n\n<p>[^3]: <em>The Builder</em>, 12 Oct. 1878, p. 1071: <em>Morning Post</em>, 19 June 1879, p. 5: Ordnance Survey maps</p>\n",
            "created": "2019-03-01",
            "last_edited": "2019-08-13"
        },
        {
            "id": 70,
            "title": "10-12 Whitechapel Road",
            "author": {
                "id": 2,
                "username": "surveyoflondon"
            },
            "feature": {
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                "properties": {
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                    "street": "Whitechapel Road",
                    "address": "10 Whitechapel Road",
                    "feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
                    "count": 4,
                    "search_str": "10 Whitechapel Road"
                },
                "tags": [
                    "Buck & Hickman"
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            },
            "body": "<p>This pair of houses may be datable to about 1770 when a larger frontage was said to be 'lately built'. The front wall was rebuilt or at least stucco-faced in the mid nineteenth century, when No. 12 housed plumbers, and No. 10 booksellers. Buck &amp; Hickman, tool-makers based on the Whitechapel Road-Adler Street corner, later took No. 12 and No. 10 was long a printer–stationer’s. The building was refronted again in stark red brick, probably around 1998. Interiors appear to have been comprehensively altered. [^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives, M/93/038, pp. 244-251; SC/PHL/01/405/767961–2: Post Office Directories: Tower Hamlets Planning</p>\n",
            "created": "2016-06-27",
            "last_edited": "2017-05-03"
        },
        {
            "id": 695,
            "title": "Old Castle Street to Goulston Street: History to 1775",
            "author": {
                "id": 2,
                "username": "surveyoflondon"
            },
            "feature": {
                "id": 409,
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                "properties": {
                    "b_number": "130",
                    "b_name": "",
                    "street": "Whitechapel High Street",
                    "address": "130 Whitechapel High Street, London E1 7PS",
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                    "search_str": "130 Whitechapel High Street, London E1 7PS"
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            "body": "<p>Old Castle Street today is the merging of two interconnected alleys known from the seventeenth century – Old Castle Street, which ran south from Wentworth Street, and Moses and Aaron Alley, later Castle Alley, which ran north from the High Street, the two meeting in the middle with a short, sharp dogleg. The entryway through 125 High Street to Castle Alley was widened through demolition in 1899, and the whole street finally renamed Old Castle Street in 1912. Goulston Street is on the line of a narrow alley called Boar’s Head Alley (confusingly, one of two in the vicinity so-called) which formed the basis in the 1680s of Goulston Street, or ‘the way to Goulston Square’. Today the frontage between Old Castle Street and Goulston Street contains 126 to 137 Whitechapel High Street, five buildings of varying sizes dating from the late eighteenth century to the 1950s. </p>\n\n<p>Until the creation of Goulston Street in the 1680s this section of the High Street contained approximately fourteen houses, with a nameless alley of small houses in the centre (the site of the former NatWest Bank at No. 130), and a yard associated with the mansion of William Meggs at the west. By 1712 there were four holdings of land between Moses and Aaron Alley and William Meggs and his successors’ property. </p>\n\n<p>The first from the east, which ran up the west side of Moses and Aaron Alley with numerous small cottages, was held in 1712 by Richard Ellis, and had a single High Street house, site of the later No. 126. The next was held by a Mr Holland in 1712 and had three High Street houses, the sites of the later Nos 127, 128 and 129, and several smaller houses in the hinterland reached by a narrow nameless alley at the west side. The next was held in 1712 by a Mr Browne, and had two houses, later Nos 130 and 131, several small houses to the rear, the site of the later No. 132, and the final, narrower site adjoining Meggs’s land (that of the later Nos 133 and 134), was held in 1693 and 1712 by Jonathan Fuller, father (1664-1720) and son (d.1756), silk throwers. Occupants of these houses included, from the east, two generations of cheesemongers, Charles (d.1715) and Thomas Boone from the 1690s to the 1730s, a distiller named Robert Williams in a six-hearth house in 1675, adjoining west a seven-hearth house occupied in 1666 and 1675 by Daniel Tredwell, cutler. Tredwell was succeeded in that house or one adjoining by another cutler, Thomas Lenton (d. 1695).[^1] Fuller’s holding was probably the site in the 1660s and 1670s of a six-hearth house held by William Bartlett, distiller, with a smaller house behind held in the 1660s to 1690s by cornchandlers, Nicholas Knighton (d. 1672) and William Halfpenny (d. 1697).[^2]</p>\n\n<p>The western end of this block was dominated in the sixteenth century by the mansion house of William Meggs. Known as the Hart’s Horne, this evidently took its name from the ‘Hertyshorne’, or ‘le herteshorn’, a brewhouse on the site known from the 1460s.[^3]  In 1596 the Meggs’ High Street frontage included a gatehouse with six hearths.[^4] The holding was augmented by William Meggs’s son in 1610 and by 1675, in the time of the third William Meggs, there was a Hart’s Horne Yard, containing five houses, including Meggs’s mansion house, by then subdivided, and several other houses, two of them ‘new’, eight households in all of between one and six hearths, plus Meggs’s own portion of fifteen hearths.[^5] On the streetside were three more houses (two described as ‘new’), occupants including William Padgett (d. 1690), a baker ‘adjoining’ Meggs’s own house. </p>\n\n<p>Goulston Street itself had been developed in the 1680s on part of the Meggs’s Great Garden (qv), as a link to a development by William Meggs III’s nephew and heir, William Goulston. It ran along the line of Boar’s Head Alley and an early development associated with it on the High Street included an inn called the Rummer, at the east corner, known by 1703, when a ticket was issued for a loyal gathering there on 29 May of people all with the surname King.[^6]</p>\n\n<p>The Rummer was there still in 1715, but renamed the Angel and Crown by 1722, which perhaps marks the point when the old Rummer was rebuilt, as an additional house occupied the corner by 1733; the Angel and Crown’s landlord Richard Farmer was succeeded by his widow and then by his son-in-law, Anthony Wall, in 1731.[^7] Peter Prelleur (<em>c.</em>1705–1741) had played the harpsichord at the Angel and Crown in the 1720s. In the 1730s the Angel and Crown hosted regular Masonic lodge meetings, and, like the Nag’s Head, the esoteric Ubiquarians.[^8] Later the Justices of the Peace of the Tower Hamlets sat at the Angel and Crown. Wall died in 1752 and the tavern was sold by the Goulston family in January 1776 along with the rest of the residual Goulston estate – forty houses in Goulston Square and Street and two flanking High Street houses, the Angel and Crown to the east and the Coach and Horses to the west.[^9] The building was empty by 1778, only the gatehouse and garden occupied. Wholesale rebuilding of the High Street frontage here in the eighteenth century obliterated the multiple occupation of the sites evident from the late sixteenth century, the hinterland largely rebuilt and repurposed as appendages of the main street-side houses.[^10]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA) London wills, via Ancestry; Four Shillings in the Pound Aid assessment (4s£): Hearth Tax returns (HT) 1666, 1674-5: The National Archives (TNA), PROB 11/544/118: Ogilby &amp; Morgan's map, 1676</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: HT 1666, 1674-5: 4s£: Ancestry</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: HT 1673-4: TNA, C 1/29/115: Jonathan Mackman and Matthew Stevens, 'CP40/810: Michaelmas term 1463', in <em>Court of Common Pleas: the National Archives, Cp40 1399-1500, </em>2010, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/common-pleas/1399-1500/michaelmas-term-1463 [accessed 22 January 2018]</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: Tower Hamlets Local History Library &amp; Archives (THLHLA), P/SLC/1/17/45</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: HT 1666, 1674-5: TNA, PROB 11/356/609</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: <em>Daily Courant</em>, 28 May 1703: <em>Notes and Queries</em>, 16 June 1916, p. 469</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: Lambeth Palace Library, 2750/66: <em>Daily Courant</em>, 25 Jan 1715: Ancestry: TNA, PROB 11/631/224: <em>Country Journal or The Craftsman</em>, 16 Oct 1731: Ancestry</p>\n\n<p>[^8]: John Lane, <em>Masonic Records, 1717-1894</em>, 1895, pp. 49, 60: <em>General Advertiser</em>, 27 Sept 1746: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography sub Prelleur</p>\n\n<p>[^9]: <em>Daily Advertiser</em>, 27 Dec 1775</p>\n\n<p>[^10]: LMA, Land Tax returns: TNA, PROB 11/793/107: <em>London Daily Advertiser</em>, 1 Nov 1751: <em>Lloyd’s Evening Post</em>, 27-30 May 1763: <em>Daily Advertiser</em>, 27 Dec 1775</p>\n",
            "created": "2018-07-06",
            "last_edited": "2020-08-18"
        },
        {
            "id": 800,
            "title": "George Yard Buildings and St George's House",
            "author": {
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            "body": "<p>George Yard Buildings (later called Balliol House and later still Charles Booth House), which was demolished for the building of Sunley House, was one of the earliest blocks of model dwellings built in Whitechapel in response to the 1875 Artizans and Labourers’ Dwellings Improvement Act. The Act, instituted by the Home Secretary R.A. Cross, who Samuel Barnett of Toynbee Hall had previously shown around the Whitechapel slums, and based partly on a housing report by the Charity Organisation Society, of which Barnett was a founder, had allowed for compulsory purchase of slum property by the local authorities. But designation of an area for slum clearance could, as Lord Shaftesbury predicted, have deleterious consequences, a view with which Barnett concurred: ‘The expectancy of early removal makes landlords unwilling to spend money on necessary repairs, and tenants unwell, by leaving, to miss the chance of compensation’.[^1]  One answer was that taken by Octavia Hill from the mid-1860s of improving and running existing property. The Barnetts were involved in this in Whitechapel immediately, aided and abetted by Whitechapel’s Medical Officer of Health, John Liddle, who until the Cross Act, could only highlight the squalor of courts where ‘each inhabitant has only four yards of space, and from which fever is never absent’, and condemn them as unfit for habitation.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>With Octavia Hill’s encouragement and half the cost from Edward Bond, later chair of the Technical Education Board and later developer of <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/1696/detail/\">Katharine Buildings</a> in Cartwright Street, they had acquired the surviving slum houses in New Court, which led off George Yard (Gunthorpe Street), mainly occupied by ‘women living shameful lives from whom large rents were demanded by a disreputable man’, offering the tenants ‘a chance to reform’ before being evicted, and renovated the remaining housing pending redevelopment.[^3] Similar low-key schemes of renovation were pursued in 1875-6 in 3 and 4 Angel Alley and 92-94 Wentworth Street (near the west corner of George Yard, both on the site of the <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/364/detail/\">Dellow Centre</a>), also paid for by Bond and 1 and 2 and 5 to 8 inclusive Angel Alley and 75-83 Wentworth Street (east of Angel Alley, on the site of <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/365/detail/\">Universal House</a>), paid for by the Earl of Pembroke.</p>\n\n<p>The Barnetts’ friend and Charity Organisation Society associate, Augustus George Crowder (1843-1924), executed a more ambitious scheme in building George Yard Buildings, a block of model dwellings on the site of a timber yard at the northwest end, adjoining west the slum-like New Court.[^4] George Yard Buildings was a four-storey block of forty-eight flats, in a simple, muscular red-brick Gothic, with ground-floor shops, and a bold rubbed-brick two-centred arched main entrance through to staircase and rear access balconies and a large single-storey annexe for a club-room and mothers’ meetings. All these endeavours, supervised by ‘lady rent collectors’ on Octavia Hill lines, sought to solve the apparently insoluble problem of how to house the poorest class. Rents were kept low: rates for single-room flats ranged from 1s 6d to 3s 6d when the lowest rate that the Peabody Trust could achieve was 3s. Such a rate, however, was unlikely to make the model widely replicable as it was hard to achieve the five per cent return sought by investors, and the Olivia Hill model, with its intense supervision of behaviour and requirement that rent be paid on time in advance, was both labour-intensive and unsuited to casual labourers, who made up a high proportion of the poor in Whitechapel.[^5] </p>\n\n<p>It was also no solution to the issue of overcrowding: all but three of the George Yard Buildings flats were single-room (which, given that towards the end of its existence the block accommodated 200 individuals, suggests that overcrowding was still an issue), and Barnett admitted, in evidence to the 1882 Committee on Artisans’ Dwellings, apropos the houses in Wentworth Street he managed for Lord Pembroke, that there were seven living in one room: ‘It is not what one wants; it is better than living, as they did before, on a hovel’.[^6] C Not surprisingly, perhaps, those, such as A.G. Crowder, who had taken on the task of housing the poorest, were becoming jaded with the enterprise: ‘For several years the practice was not to disturb any tenant who paid his rent, with the result that I became literally ashamed with the state of my property though managed by experienced and judicious ladies, visiting weekly. The vicious, dirty and destructive habits of the lowest strata have obliged me at last to decline them as tenants’. He also saw the necessity of allowing single-room occupancy by families if the very poor were to be accommodated: ‘It is astonishing what comparative decency and comfort is attainable in one room when the wife is capable and cleanly’.[^7] </p>\n\n<p>In 1889 George Yard Buildings was closed. The reason given by Crowder was that there was now ‘ample opportunity in neighbouring buildings’ (the vast blocks in <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/359/detail/\">Goulston Street</a> and the East End Dwellings Company’s blocks north of Wentworth Street) for the tenants to find better accommodation. Unlets had amounted to £60 a year though a further factor may have been the brutal murder of a woman named Martha Tabram or Turner in August 1888, possibly the first of Jack the Ripper’s victims, whose body was found on one of the landings at George Yard Buildings.</p>\n\n<p>In 1889-90 George Yard Buildings was converted into Balliol House a student hostel along the same lines as Wadham House, the former mothers’ meeting room altered as a common room in 1891.[^8] Together, the buildings formed a sort of secondary quad, with the tennis court, behind Toynbee Hall.</p>\n\n<p>Some of Barnett’s aims never came to be fulfilled. The occupancy of Balliol and Wadham Houses was increasingly middle-class – according to William Beveridge, who lived there from 1903 to 1906, ‘the artisan is conspicuous by his absence’ - and the commitment to ‘the goal of connection’ was limited to fewer and fewer, as students preferred to commute from more congenial areas of London. Balliol House closed in 1913 and Wadham House a few years later.[^9] In 1922 Balliol House was converted into offices for the Charity Organisation Society and various children's charities, and renamed Charles Booth House, after the great social investigator.[^10] It was demolished in 1973 for the building of Sunley House.</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2018/12/14/balliol-and-wadham-houses.JPG\">Charles Booth House (right) and beyond it St George's House, early 1970s. Photograph ©  Ron McCormick</p>\n\n<h2>St George's House</h2>\n\n<p>A similar four-storey red brick block of forty model dwellings, but one which lasted longer, was St George’s House, built adjoining George Yard Buildings to the south by J. Morter, builder of Forest Lane, Stratford, for Barnett’s friend G. Murray Smith, and his family in 1883. It was still offering accommodation from only 3s 6d per week just before the First World War.[^11] After the war, under the London County Council, it was scheduled for clearance as substandard, though it was only c. 1968, under the new London-wide authority, the Greater London Council, that tenants were rehoused in the <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/382/detail/\">New Holland Estate</a> on Commercial Street. The building survived a few more years and, encouraged by the Warden of Toynbee Hall, Walter Birmingham, St George’s House housed various charities and campaigning groups, including the Community Service Volunteers and the Commonwealth Students’ Children’s Society, until it was also demolished in 1973 for the building of Sunley House.[^12] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Henrietta Barnett, <em>Canon Barnett: His Life, Work, and Friends</em>, 2 vols, London, 1918, vol. 1, pp. 129-30 (<em>Canon Barnett</em>)</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: <em>Canon Barnett</em>, vol. 1, p. 129</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: <em>Canon Barnett</em>, vol. 1, p. 141: Land Tax returns</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: Ancestry: <em>Canon Barnett</em>, vol. 1, pp. 131-2</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: Gareth Stedman Jones, <em>Outcast London: A Study in the Relationship Between Classes in Victorian Society</em>, 2013, pp. 181-96: <em>Dwellings of the Poor: Report of the Dwellings Committee of the Charity Organisation Society</em>, 1881, pp. 72-3</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: Charles Forster Hayward, <em>Dwellings of the Poor</em>, London 1877, p. 38: T. L. Worthington, <em>The Housing of the Poor in London: Lecture Delivered at Essex Hall… November 18th, 1889</em>, London 1890, p. 19: Stedman Jones, op. cit, p. 195</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: <em>Pall Mall Gazette</em>, 1 Nov 1883, p. 11</p>\n\n<p>[^8]: Asa Briggs and Anne Macartney, <em>Toynbee Hall: The First Hundred Years</em>, London 1984, pp. 30, 49-50, 54: DSR: <em>Pall Mall Gazette</em>, 17 Jan 1890, p. 6: Standish Meacham, <em>Toynbee Hall and Social Reform</em>, 1880-1914, New Haven and London, 1987, pp. 48-9</p>\n\n<p>[^9]: Meacham, op. cit., pp. 122-3: Briggs and Macartney, op. cit., pp. 49-50</p>\n\n<p>[^10]: Post Office Directories</p>\n\n<p>[^11]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), Dictrict Surveyors's Returns (DSR): The National Archives (TNA), IR58/84795/1260-99: <em>East London Observer</em> (<em>ELO</em>), 5 Jan 1884, p. 8; 21 April 1888, p. 3</p>\n\n<p>[^12]: Briggs and Macartney, op. cit., pp. 163-4: Tower Hamlets planning applications online: LMA, GLC/MA/SC/02/327: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, L/THL/D/1/3/1</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
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            "title": "Earlier history of the site of the Relay Building",
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            "body": "<p><em>The Seven Stars, 111-112 Whitechapel High Street, demolished</em></p>\n\n<p>A longstanding establishment on the High Street was the Seven Stars public house, probably part of Robert Cooper’s holding in the mid-seventeenth century. In 1690 John Morris, an innholder, who was married to Cooper’s granddaughter Anne, died leaving property in Whitechapel High Street to his widow and his daughter Mary, and the ‘widow Morris’ is taxed for herself and her daughter in the house adjoining Sarah Cooper’s in 1693.[^1] The apothecary John Skinner, who owned two freehold houses, and majority shares in three others adjoining, between Nag’s Head Yard and Moses and Aaron Alley (see below), left a half share in the Seven Stars at his death in 1720.[^2] The first certain landlord of the Seven Stars is Skinner’s tenant, William Chadsey, ‘of ye High Street’ (previously ‘at Bolt &amp; Tun Alley’) by 1712. Chadsey was a parish officer in the 1720s, and died at the Seven Stars in 1736.[^3] The Seven Stars was destroyed by fire in 1820, and damaged again by a serious fire in 1864 in the property adjoining, after which it was rebuilt on both sites as 111-112.[^4]</p>\n\n<p>The new building was anaemically Italianate but solidly commercial, three windows wide and three stories beneath a bracketed cornice with keyed cement frontage. The building stretched back 80ft, the rear and passageway top-lit. The rebuilder was George Webb, who had been in occupation since 1839, operating the pub and as a wholesale wine and brandy merchant till 1868. The establishment, known variously as Webb’s or Webb’s Seven Stars (perhaps to distinguish it from the Seven Stars in Brick Lane) into the twentieth century, was owned by the family of G.E. Barker from 1898 to the 1950s, with a new Brewers’ Tudor shopfront installed in the 1930s. The building survived the wartime devastation of Kent and Essex Yard to about 1964 when it was demolished and a new Seven Stars, run first by Ind Coope later by Taylor, Walker, was built as part of the Denning Point/Tyne Street estate on Commercial Street. It was a utilitarian two-storey concrete-frame building, the first-floor offices with strip windows and brown-brick facing, the ground-floor pub which extended into a single storey at an angle across the corner of Commercial Street, with full-height projecting concrete-framed windows. That Seven Stars was demolished c. 2004 for the building of One Commercial Street/Relay House.[^5] Although the final iteration of the Seven Stars stood at the corner of Commercial Street, the site to its east before successive road widenings had included four more houses until the 1840s. On their site and cleared c. 1964 along with the 1860s Seven Stars for the Denning Point estate, 110 Whitechapel High Street had been built in 1849. The builder was S. Grimsdell of Bishopsgate working for John Aldington Perry (1786-1853), the ironmonger previously in the recently demolished 109 High Street, presumed purchaser of the site in 1848.[^6]</p>\n\n<p>The shallow site was squeezed in between the new Commercial Street frontage and the site of the Seven Stars, so the new building, with heavy cornice and rusticated quoins, had a long frontage to Commercial Street, but only a narrow High Street frontage. It was one of the earliest developments on Commercial Street, whose development was slow to get going (the site opposite to the east, also adjacent to the High Street, was not rebuilt for more than 10 years). No. 110 was first a linendrapers, run by Richard Crouch (1819-83), previously at No. 116, who lived in the substantial upper parts, reached by a separate entrance in Commercial Street, with his family, servants and several shopmen and milliners till 1867. Then it was taken by the East London Bank, a joint stock bank serving the needs of local shopkeepers, founded in 1856 and which had opened premises at 97 High Street in 1863. It changed its name to the Central Bank of London Ltd in 1869 and the building remained a bank, through merger with the London City and Midland Bank in 1891 and as the Midland Bank from 1923 until its closure and demolition c.1964 in connection with the Tyne Street/Denning Point estate and widening of Commercial Street.[^7]</p>\n\n<p>The houses at the corner of Essex Street demolished in 1844 to make way for Commercial Street, were narrow, but with the usual long plots, vestiges of the burgage plots. Cordwainers were much in evidence in this corner of the High Street: Henry Pedley (d. 1769) and three of his sons, William, Henry and Joshua, had 107 and 108 from the 1750s to the time they were demolished in the 1840s; No. 107 was the Tung Shun Tea Hong, tea and coffee dealers in the 1830s.[^8] The most desirable was the corner house, No. 106, with its long frontage to Catherine Wheel Alley/Essex Street. In 1834, after its grocer occupant, Alexander Gibson, had gone bankrupt, it consisted of a ‘substantial dwelling house with private entrance a handsome shop and warehouse, recently modernised at considerable expense, a brick-built warehouse and dwelling, stabling for five horses, carriage yard enclosed with folding gate and separate entrances’, the premises taken over by T. Venables, drapers, before the building’s demolition in 1844.[^9] George Harvey watch- and clockmaker was at 110 in 1828-35, before moving to St George in the East.[^10]</p>\n\n<p><em>Woolworth’s, 114-118 Whitechapel High Street, demolished</em></p>\n\n<p>Adjoining the last two iterations of the Seven Stars to the west, and occupying most of the site cleared in 2004 for the Relay Building, had been a branch of Woolworth’s opened in 1960, replacing the Woolworth’s at the other corner of Commercial Street damaged in the war.[^11] It occupied the sites of Nos 114 to 118 inclusive, the whole of Kent and Essex Yard (see below), and incorporated the 1938 entrance to Aldgate East tube station at its east end (se xx). The design was by D.W. Hardy, an in-house architect for F.W. Woolworth. It was a typical Woolworth’s design of the period, two storeys over basement, fronted with a curtain wall of narrow framing and beige fibre-glass panels, with beige brick to the flank and rear. The sales floor was restricted to the ground floor, with offices, stock room and storage to the first floor and offices, restrooms and kitchen to the second. From the late 1970s further shops, Frankenberg’s Aldgate Shopping Centre, operated from the first floor of the building.[^12]Because of war damage, much of the Woolworth’s site was ruinous by 1959. It included the sites of Nos 114 to 118 Whitechapel High Street, and Kent and Essex Yard, discussed separately below. No. 114 Whitechapel High Street was the shop-house between the Seven Stars, and the entrance to Kent and Essex Yard (numbered promiscuously 113 and 114, presumably because it covered the site of two earlier houses), and like the Seven Stars  rebuilt following the 1864 fire.[^13] Fronted in stock brick, with vestigially Gothic gauged-brick windowheads, it was for nearly 50 years from the 1850s, through the rebuilding, and into the 1890s occupied by Robert Cramp and his son, wholesale twine and matting merchants.[^14] The building remained empty after 1937, gutted when the new entrance to Aldgate East station was inserted into the ground floor and following war damage the frontage was cleared, leaving behind the station entrance.[^15] Previous occupants of the site included Joshua Crowden (1694-1773), a cordwainer, from the 1720s to his death in 1773, and Peter Reed (d. 1829), a haberdasher and some-time Deputy Lieutenant for the Tower Hamlets.[^16]</p>\n\n<p>Later development on the frontage west of Kent and Essex Yard included the substantial premises at No. 115, which gave access to Kent and Essex Yard. This had passed by 1737 to the tenant, the oilman John Stephens, and in 1786 was leased from Stephens’ son by the wholesale cheesemonger Joseph Cuff (previously at No. 125, 1778-84, and 139, 1785-86), later owner of the whole of Kent and Essex Yard, and a large warehouse and counting house built across the rear of 115 and the smaller house at No. 116.[^17] In the 1830s it was French and Meredith’s crown-glass warehouse and leadworks, soon succeeded by linendrapers in which use the building essentially remained until destruction during the Second World War.[^18]  In 1894 The drapers Thomas Venables &amp; Sons expanded from their base at 102-105 (see above) into this building, which had most recently been the ‘Hen and Chickens’ drapery store, and adapted it, through Ashby Brothers, introducing large plate-glass windows to the first floor showrooms, flanked and separated by decorative panels of painted flowers, and ‘all the floors connected by a powerful lift’.[^19] </p>\n\n<p>The premises were taken over in 1929 by M. Duke &amp; Son, knitted woollen manufacturers, who continued in the blitzed premises, reduced to the ground floor and basement, till 1946, when the firm moved to Margaret Street, off Oxford Street. The remains were cleared in the 1950s.[^20]Adjoining to the west of No. 115 was an identical pair of four-storey shop-houses with semi-circular-headed windows to the first floor, Nos 116 and 117, described as ‘newly built’ in 1839, and cleared c. 1950.[^21]  No. 117 was rebuilt in 1952-3 in utilitarian style, with buff facing brick and strip windows, only to be demolished in 1959 for Woolworth’s.[^22] The final building cleared in 1959 was No. 118.[^23] Along with Nos 119 and 120, which survived until demolished for the Relay Building c. 2004, it was part of the 1880s development that included the surviving No. 122 (see above). No. 120 included a small warehouse, situated behind No. 119, accessed from an alley off Newcastle Street.[^24]</p>\n\n<p>From 1784 to 1852, before rebuilding, No. 119 was occupied and later owned by Alexander and Edmund MacRae, father and son oil and colour men.[^25] Later longstanding occupants of these houses included Blacklock, stationers, at 118 and later 117 from the 1830s to the 1890s, and Singer Sewing Machines at No. 118 from 1905 till wartime destruction when they reopened at No. 119 in the 1950s, remaining till the early 1980s.[^26]</p>\n\n<p><em>Kent and Essex Yard, formerly Nag’s Head Yard (demolished)</em></p>\n\n<p>Until final clearance in the 1950s, the Woolworth’s site had been Kent and Essex Yard, previously Nag’s Head Yard, the largest inn yard on the High Street. It had been known by the mid-seventeenth century as the Nag’s Head, a name that became associated with the inn a few hundred yards to the east, now 17-19 Whitechapel Road, though that inn was known before the 19th century as the Horsehead and Woolpack, or Nag’s Head and Woolpack, perhaps to prevent confusion. Trade tokens likely for the High Street ‘Nagg’s Head, Whitechapel’ were issued in 1650.[^27] It was known as the Nag’s Head into the 1730s: the innholder since the 1670s, John Swanson, left the lease to his son Abraham in 1712, and in 1715, following Abraham’s death, is was described as a ‘Good large accustom’d inn’, after which its leaseholder, Richard Heath, left the lease of the ‘Nagg’s Head Inn’ to his daughter Susanna in 1726.[^28] A half share in the Nag’s Head belonged at his death in 1720 to the apothecary John Skinner, on the High Street west of Nag’s Head Yard by 1675, and passed to John White, a tallowchandler (d. 1735) who owned extensive land on the north side of the High Street.[^29] The inn was occupied until 1742 by Thomas Bartlett, but after he left the Nag’s Head remained mysteriously empty for more than thirty years, the site apparently cleared. In 1779 the Revd Charles Phillips of Black Notley, Essex, White’s heir, leased the yard to a Whitechapel carpenter George Hadfield. When Hadfield assigned the lease the following year, the yard contained a workshop on its east side, and a small, double-fronted but shallow house, of two storeys with garrets, described as ‘new-built’, a washhouse, a small yard giving access to Rose and Crown Court (which had opened into both Catherine Wheel Alley and Nag’s Head Yard in the 17th century), and a three-stall stable, but no inn.[^30]</p>\n\n<p>Between 1783 and 1813 the yard’s freehold was assembled along with, in 1783, a large, newly built warehouse on the west side by Joseph Cuff, the wholesale cheesemonger at No. 115, the warehouse let, along with the small house, to Peter Minns, a ‘chinaman’ who died in 1791.[^31] In 1803, Cuff’s sub-lessee, John Gosling, rebuilt the small house as part of the inn, now known as the Kent and Essex Hotel and Tavern, which ranged around the northwest corner of the yard, with warehousing to its south. The accommodation included, letting bedrooms for fifty people (each one ‘with a window’), coffee room, small bar, parlour, tap room kitchens and pantries and a ‘ball, auction or election room, 56ft x 22ft.[^32] The cost was £4,000, claimed by the builder Henry Peto in a court case of 1825 when seeking unpaid fees from the estate of the client, John Gosling, then recently deceased).[^33]</p>\n\n<p>Cuff extended the yard eastward in 1813, acquiring strips of land from adjoining landowners to build four small houses.[^34] After Cuff’s death in 1817, the freehold of the yard passed to his sons Joseph and Thomas, and other trustees. Though offered for sale in 1818, ownership remained with the Cuffs and their trustees until 1837.[^35] </p>\n\n<p>The assembly room’s uses were many and varied. In 1811 John Clennell, proprietor of the <em>New Agricultural and Commercial Magazine</em>, gave a series of lectures on manufactures.[^36]  The Whitechapel Reform Union, established in the wake of the Spa Fields ‘riots, met there in 1833.[^37]</p>\n\n<p>In 1830 the licensee, Amelia Tutin, had successfully applied for an additional music licence, on the grounds that:</p>\n\n<p>‘there were a large number of the Jewish people who resided near the tavern and were customers. Weddings were constantly taking place … but they could not be celebrated at Mrs Toots’s (sic) as she had no music licence. Music was a very essential addition to these weddings, and, in fact, without it, according to the Jewish persuasion, could not be celebrated…. This was all well known to the magistrates of the division, and they had attached their names to the recommendation.’[^38] </p>\n\n<p>In 1832 the public was invited to inspect the ‘gorgeous magnificence and superb decorations’ of the Kent and Essex Tavern’s newly renovated Royal Persian Saloon and Concert Room, entrusted to Mr P. Phillips, ‘whose name is too well known to need encomium’, the ‘arrangement of the Vaudevilles’ assigned to ‘Mr Naphtali’.[^39] </p>\n\n<p>The freeholds of all of Kent and Essex Yard were finally sold by Thomas Cuff in five lots in 1837 for £4,200.[^40] They included the inn, a three-storey warehouse, a two-storey warehouse with booking office (for the carriage of parcels to and from Essex), two ten-stall stables with lofts, a cattle shed, dwelling house, counting house and other warehouse, and the four small houses. The buyer was John Gingell (1763-1838), a Wiltshire-born hay and straw salesman who had been in Whitechapel, with premises in Red Lion Street, since the 1790s, and whose family business came to dominate the yard over the next century.[^41]</p>\n\n<p>Part of the inn and warehouses were taken over and altered in 1838 as the wallpaper factory of Jeffrey, Wise &amp; Co., house furnishers and paper stainers, founded in 1836, with retail premises in St Helen’s Place, Bishopsgate, and from 1839 in Gracechurch Street.[^42] From the mid-1860s Jeffrey &amp; Co was to become synonymous with artistic wallpapers of the highest quality of design – William Morris, William Burges and E.W. Godwin all supplied designs or had their wallpapers printed by Jeffrey &amp; Co.[^43] Most of this came after the firm left Whitechapel in 1868, and came under the control of Metford Warner, but during its thirty years in Kent and Essex Yard, the firm had been equally innovative, though for technical rather than aesthetic reasons. In 1840 it acquired the Crease process for producing truly washable wallpapers, and installed the first machine in London for roller printing wallpaper in their factory at Kent &amp; Essex Yard.[^44]</p>\n\n<p>Russell Jeffrey (1806-67) was a Quaker paper stainer who, perhaps to devote time to his religion, in which he was active as a minister and a missionary in India, departed Whitechapel in 1855 for Cheltenham and set up in Gloucester as a chemist, druggist, and dealer in photographic materials.John Pilkington Wise had died in 1841 and Jeffrey entered a succession of partnerships with Robert Horne (of Horne &amp; Co., who also exhibited at the Great Exhibition in 1851), from c. 1842, and William Allen, opening a shop at 500 Oxford Street in the West End in 1854, before becoming Jeffrey &amp; Co. in 1858.[^45]  In 1862, while Jeffrey &amp; Co. still had premises in Kent and Essex Yard, and the partners were William Allen, Alfred Brown and Edward Hamilton, the firm carried out building work overseen by William Beck, architect, that involved a chimney shaft and began printing wallpapers for William Morris, beginning with his first printed wallpaper design, ‘Daisy’. This was presumably printed in Whitechapel as although Jeffrey &amp; Co. merged with Holmes &amp; Aubert of Essex Road, Islington, noted for their hand-blocked wallpapers, this did not occur until 1864. Metford Warner, who completed Jeffrey &amp; Co.’s transformation into the leading ‘art wallpaper’ manufacturer, printing designs by Owen Jones and Bruce Talbert in 1867, joined the firm as a junior partner in 1866 but Jeffrey &amp; Co. retained their premises in Kent &amp; Essex Yard till 1868, after which production was consolidated in expanded premises in Essex Road.[^46]</p>\n\n<p>Kent and Essex Yard, however, became increasingly dominated by the business of the Gingells. As well as supplying hay and straw in Whitechapel’s hay market and in quantity to the Great Northern Railway, Gingells also ran the parcel-booking office, ‘all parcels and goods are safely warehoused and immediately forwarded to the places directed… Horses taken in to bait, and good accommodation for Carriages’.[^47] The 1803 house on the north side that had been part of the Kent and Essex Hotel served as offices for the Whitechapel Charities, the hay market tolls office and a rates offices  from the 1840s till Stepney Borough was created in 1900; and in the late 1860s and early 1870s there was a home in the yard for fourteen blind people, founded by the blind physician, Dr Thomas Rhodes Armitage, and run by the Indigent Blind Visiting Society. The residents worked in a workshop in Commercial Street (basketmaking, carpentry, etc) and the home was found ‘particularly useful in providing a refuge for the unmarried and friendless’.[^48]</p>\n\n<p>The much-reduced Kent and Essex Inn closed in 1871, and Gingell and Son, now run by John Gingell’s son James, and grandson William Henry, altered Jeffrey’s former warehouses and factory in 1884 with open ground floors for haycarts, installing a weighbridge. The early nineteenth-century house on the north side remaining as rates offices for Stepney Borough Council until the early 1930s. Following William Henry’s death in 1896 the firm had become Gingell, Son and Foskett Ltd which it remained till it was wound up in 1935.[^49] Kent and Essex Yard was sold in 1933, acquired by London Underground for the new entrance to Aldgate East Underground station that opened in October 1938 (see below). The shell of the warehouses on the site of the Kent and Essex inn rebuilt by Gingell on the west side survived into the 1950s.[^50]</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p><em>History of the High Street frontage before 1775</em></p>\n\n<p>The site of the Relay Building included, before the creation of Newcastle Street (Tyne Street) in the early 1730s, twenty houses and two alleys – Grid Iron Alley and Three Bowl Alley, at the western end. By the mid-17th century there were nine houses, of between two and seven hearths, between Catherine Wheel Alley (site of Commercial Street) and the entrance to Nag’s Head Yard.[^51] In 1650 trade tokens with the sign of the seven stars were issued in Whitechapel by ‘R.C.’, probably Robert Cooper, tallow-chandler and draper, recorded as taking apprentices in Whitechapel from the 1630s. He died in 1665, leaving four houses on the High Street between the entrance to Nag’s Head Yard and Catherine Wheel Alley.[^52] He left his own house, adjoining to the west of these, to his grandson John Cooper; John Cooper left this in 1682 to his elder sister, Sarah, presumably the ‘Mrs Cooper’ present there in 1693. Other occupants of the houses east of the entrance to Nag’s Head Yard included in the 1660s and 1670s, a tailor, George Russell (on the site of 110), and a cheesemonger, Abel Evans (d. 1687; site of No. 111) and in the 1690s John Packwood (d. 1700; site of No. 114), ‘a freeman from Nag’s Head Gate’, and Samuel Emes/Emms (d. 1699; site of No. 107 or 108).[^53]</p>\n\n<p>The frontage west of the yard ran until the early 1730s to the narrow entrance to Moses and Aaron Alley, later Castle Alley/Old Castle Street. In the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries the first five houses were held in whole or in part by an apothecary, John Skinner, who occupied the fifth house from the mid 1670s till his death in 1720. Skinner also owned a half share in both the Seven Stars and the Nag’s Head at the time of his death.[^54] His house was the largest of these five (site of later No. 119), with six hearths in the 1670s. His tenants in 1720 included John Stephens, an oilman (site of No. 115 by the entrance to Nag’s Head Yard), the business continued into the 1750s by his widow and sons, and John Swaffield, a stationer, resident in the High Street for 60 years (site of No. 117).[^55]</p>\n\n<p>Between Skinner’s holding and Moses and Aaron Alley (Old Castle Street), there were six streetside houses and, until the creation of Newcastle Street (Tyne Street) in the early 1730s, two small courts, Three Bowl Alley and Grid Iron Alley. In 1590 a Whitechapel white-baker named Raphe Thickness (d. 1607) acquired a house on the High Street known as the Crown and Hammer, later renamed the Three Pigeons, and another messuage adjoining known as the Three Bowls.[^56] The Three Bowls was ‘fallen down’ by 1700 and the Three Pigeons recently rebuilt. The Three Pigeons site, immediately west of John Skinner’s property, was used throughout the seventeenth century by noxious trades – soapboilers and tallowchandlers.[^57]</p>\n\n<p>By 1716, John White, tallowchandler (d. 1735), had acquired the Three Pigeons and Three Bowl Alley, an irregularly shaped site with a 17ft frontage (the Three Pigeons) on the High Street, stretching back 190ft, which included a jettied workshop probably of the sixteenth century, still partly occupied by the Thickness family, and two other small house/workshops, and a piece of garden ground.[^58] In 1730 White leased the plot to William Newland (d. 1755) of the Inner Temple, and by 1734 Newland had laid out Newcastle Street (later Tyne Street), on the west side of the Three Pigeons, with nine small houses ranged up behind it on its former garden ground. By 1734 the corner house had been rebuilt as The Indian Queen, ‘formerly the Three Pidgeons’, on the site of the later No. 120.[^59]</p>\n\n<p>The entrance to Newcastle Street snaked westwards from the High Street around another High Street building to meet the line of the new street. This house was originally part of the Three Pigeons site, now in separate ownership; in the 1730s and early 1740s it was occupied by the Quaker goldsmith, Thomas Gray, and later his daughter and son-in-law Nathan Tillotson. Perhaps Gray declined to relinquish his house for the building of Newcastle Street, although it was demolished c. 1880 for the building of the new No. 122.[^60] Between this house and Moses and Aaron Alley (Old Castle Street) there was another alley, Grid Iron Alley, known b the seventeenth century, and a further three street-side houses which survived to 1883. In 1666 Rowland Cuney, a brewer and vintner, who was ‘of Whitechapel’ and ‘at the Grid Iron’ by 1645, was taxed for a substantial eight-hearth house on the High Street here, possibly the eponymous ‘Grid Iron’; he was probably also the ‘R.C.’ who issued trade tokens marked with the sign of a man in the moon, as he was also taxed in 1666 for a fourteen-hearth house in Plough Street, site of the Man in the Moon inn.[^61] The Grid Iron as a location rather than one house, and presumably meaning the alley, is mentioned in the will of the pattenmaker George Harvey, who occupied property there by 1716, and held tenements there when he wrote his will in 1741, but it was apparently built over, absorbed once more into the site of one of the High Street houses, not long after.[^62]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), London Wills: Four Shillings in the Pound Aid assessment, 1693-4 (4s£)</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: The National Archives (TNA), PROB 11/576/345</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: Ancestry: LMA, Land Tax returns (LT): <em>Daily Courant</em>, 28 May and 4 June 1725: LMA, MR/LV/05/26</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: <em>Yorkshire Gazette</em>, 18 Nov 1820, p. 2: <em>London Evening Standard</em>, 11 Oct 1864, p. 2</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: Post Office Directories (POD): <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 2 April 1839, p. 4: <em>Essex Herald</em>, 21 Aug 1866, p. 2: <em>East London Observer</em>, 16 May 1868, p. 3: LMA, LMA/4433/D/03/011: Goad insurance maps: Tower Hamlets planning application s online (THP): Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), Building Control file 15653 location 149</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: POD: Census: <em>The Builder</em>, 18 March 1848, p. 1</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: POD: Census: LMA, District Surveyor's Returns (DSR); <em>The Globe</em>, 17 Dec 1868, p. 2: THP</p>\n\n<p>[^8]: LT: Ancestry: <em>Chelmsford Chronicle</em>, 20 March 1840, p. 1</p>\n\n<p>[^9]: <em>Public Ledger and Daily Advertiser</em>, 25 Jan 1834, p. 1</p>\n\n<p>[^10]: F. J. Britten, <em>Former Clock &amp; Watchmakers and their Work</em>, London and New York, 1894, p. 336: POD</p>\n\n<p>[^11]: THLHLA, P07186</p>\n\n<p>[^12]: POD: THLHLA, Building Control file no. 15883 loc. 47: information Raju Vaidyanathan</p>\n\n<p>[^13]: <em>London Evening Standard</em>, 11 Oct 1864, p. 2: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 16 Nov 1864, p. 8</p>\n\n<p>[^14]: POD: Ancestry: Census</p>\n\n<p>[^15]: THLHLA, photographs: POD</p>\n\n<p>[^16]: LMA, Parish records of St Mary Whitechapel, burials 1773: University of Nottingham Special Collections, Pl X3/7: oldbaileyonline: Transport for London Group Archives (TfLGA), LT000555/569/006, 007: POD: <em>Gentleman's Magazine</em>, Sept 1829, p. 284</p>\n\n<p>[^17]: LT: POD</p>\n\n<p>[^18]: POD: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 8 Nov 1830, p. 1: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 28 April 1830, p. 3</p>\n\n<p>[^19]: <em>Chelmsford Chronicle</em>, 9 Nov 1894, p. 5: <em>Chelmsford Chronicle</em>, 23 Nov 1894, p.6: DSR</p>\n\n<p>[^20]: POD: THLHLA, P07192: Historic England Archives (HEA), Aerofilms, EAW021448: J.B. Hobman, ed., <em>Palestine’s Economic Future</em>, 1946, p. lxxix: <em>Edinburgh Gazette</em>, 22 Feb 1949, p. 77</p>\n\n<p>[^21]: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 28 Oct 1839, p. 3</p>\n\n<p>[^22]: THLHA, Building Control file 15883, location 47 </p>\n\n<p>[^23]: THLHA, Building Control file 15883, location 47</p>\n\n<p>[^24]: THLHLA, C/OFR/1/14/9</p>\n\n<p>[^25]: LT: TNA, PROB 11/1570/330</p>\n\n<p>[^26]: POD: THLHLA, P07182</p>\n\n<p>[^27]: British Museum, T.3962: George C. Williamson and William Boyne<em>, Trade Tokens Issued in the Seventeenth Century in England, Wales and Ireland by Corporations, Merchants, Tradesmen etc</em>., London, 1889, vol. 1, p. 793</p>\n\n<p>[^28]: LMA licensees 1730: LMA, St Mary Whitechapel parish records, Burials 1715: Hearth Tax returns (HT) 1673-4: LMA, DL/C/B/010/MS09172/105, f.29; DL/C/B/010/MS09172/127, f.81: <em>Post Boy</em>, 24 to 26 Feb 1715-16</p>\n\n<p>[^29]: TNA, PROB 11/576/345; PROB 11/671/56</p>\n\n<p>[^30]: THLHLA, P/SLC/1/17/08: LT</p>\n\n<p>[^31]: TNA, PROB 11/1210/84: LT</p>\n\n<p>[^32]: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 12 Aug 1808, p. 1: British Library, Crace Portfolio 16-20</p>\n\n<p>[^33]: <em>London Courier and Evening Gazette</em>, 15 Dec 1803, p. 3: <em>London Courier and Evening Gazette</em>, 15 Dec 1825, p. 3: TNA, C13/2202/5</p>\n\n<p>[^34]: TfLGA, LT000555/569/006; LT000555/569/007</p>\n\n<p>[^35]: TNA, PROB 11/1598/96: TfLGA, LT000555/569/006, 010</p>\n\n<p>[^36]: <em>Public Ledger and Daily Advertiser</em>, 23 Dec 1811 p. 2</p>\n\n<p>[^37]: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 13 June 1833 p. 2: Ian A. Burney, <em>Bodies of Evidence: Medicine and the Politics of the English Inquest, 1830-1926</em>, pp. 37-40</p>\n\n<p>[^38]: <em>London Evening Standard</em>, 29 Oct 1830, p. 4</p>\n\n<p>[^39]: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 2 Oct 1832, p. 2; 10 Oct 1832, p. 2</p>\n\n<p>[^40]: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 31 March 1837 p 4</p>\n\n<p>[^41]: TfLGA, LT000555/569/010: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 14 Jan 1835, p. 1</p>\n\n<p>[^42]: TNA, PROB 11/1940/168: POD: TfLGA, LT000555/569/012: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 10 Aug 1839, p. 4: LMA, CLC/B/192/F/001/11936/562/1281976; MS CLC/B/192/F/001/11936/ 560/1281799</p>\n\n<p>[^43]: A.V. Sugden and J.L. Edmondson, <em>A History of English Wallpaper, 1509-1914</em>, 1926, pp. 58-9, 152, 209-212: Christine Woods, ‘Jeffrey &amp; Co.’, in <em>Encyclopedia of Interior Design</em>, ed. Joanna Banham, 1997, pp. 652-4</p>\n\n<p>[^44]: A.V. Sugden and J.L. Edmondson, <em>A History of English Wallpaper, 1509-1914</em>, 1926, pp. 127, 178</p>\n\n<p>[^45]: POD: Quaker memorials</p>\n\n<p>[^46]: Sugden and Edmondson, <em>op. cit., </em>pp. 166-7, 209-12: Metropolitan Board of Work Minutes, 26 Sept 1862, p.718: <em>London International Exhibition: Official Catalogue of the Industrial Department</em>, 1862, np {p. 533}</p>\n\n<p>[^47]: <em>Essex Standard</em>, 25 May 1838, p. 1</p>\n\n<p>[^48]: POD: <em>The Atlas</em>, 19 June 1868, p. 7: <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 22 July 1867, p. 5: <em>East London Observer</em>, 24 April 1869, p. 4: Census: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/bloomsbury-project/institutions/blind_indigent.htm</p>\n\n<p>[^49]: DSR: TfLGA, LT002051/2317, LT002051/2318, LT002051/2319, LT002051/2320: THLHLA, LC10981: TNA, IR58/84816/2523; IR58/84840/5739: <em>Estates Gazette</em>, 8 April 1933: <em>London Gazette</em>, 18 Jan 1935, p. 491</p>\n\n<p>[^50]: HEA, Aerofilms, EAW048559</p>\n\n<p>[^51]: Ogilby and Morgan, map of London, 1676: HT 1666, 1674-5</p>\n\n<p>[^52]: British Museum, T.3950, T.3951: Essex Record Office, D/DSf/T9: LMA, LMA/4433/D/03/011; CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/321/490757; MR/LV/05/026</p>\n\n<p>[^53]: <a href=\"http://www.londonroll.org/\">http://www.londonroll.org/</a>: HT: 4s£</p>\n\n<p>[^54]: TNA, PROB 11<strong>/</strong>576<strong>/</strong>345: HT 1674-5: 4s£</p>\n\n<p>[^55]: LT: TNA, PROB 11/689/310</p>\n\n<p>[^56]: LMA London wills, Raphe Thickness 1607; E/PHI/001</p>\n\n<p>[^57]: LMA, London wills: William Goodwin 1677</p>\n\n<p>[^58]: LMA, E/PHI/003</p>\n\n<p>[^59]: LMA, MDR/1734/5/215, E/PHI/036</p>\n\n<p>[^60]: LT: <em>Daily Advertiser</em>, 13 Jan 1744: Ancestry</p>\n\n<p>[^61]: HT 1666: British Museum, T.3954: Ancestry </p>\n\n<p>[^62]: LT: TNA, PROB 11/737/471</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
            "created": "2018-07-04",
            "last_edited": "2020-09-18"
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            "id": 1150,
            "title": "Yoakley's Buildings (demolished)",
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            "body": "<p>Yoakley’s Buildings were ten one-room plan almshouses for elderly female Friends (Quakers). They were built around a court in 1800–1 on the north side of Mile End Green to the west of what is now Cavell Street. Michael Yoakley (1631–1708), a Margate mariner, shipowner and Quaker, a member of the Mile End meeting, held this and adjacent property opposite the Red Lion Farm by 1688, when he and Thomas Marden, a citizen cutler, granted a sixty-year lease to Richard Smith, a citizen carpenter. Yoakley also owned Hope Court on the north or Spitalfields side of Wentworth Street some of the houses of which he rebuilt as almshouses. After his death his trustees built Yoakley almshouses, which still stand, in Margate in 1709–10. Michael Yoakley’s Charity moved almswomen from Hope Court to part of their Mile End Green property in 1789, but finding the houses there unsuitable undertook the formation of the court of ten almshouses on what came to be called Raven Place off Raven Row. In 1839 Yoakley’s Buildings were leased to the National Guardian Institution for Families and Servants, a charity that had been set up by Elizabeth Fry, another Quaker philanthropist. The almshouses were occupied by subscribing retired female servants. They were rebuilt on a similar two-storey scale in 1884–6, only to be cleared around 1900 for the Post Office.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>Yoakley property extended to the west side of what is now Cavell Street and north to Whitechapel Road. Here John Hayward, the floorcloth and carpet manufacturer of Newington Causeway, established his floorcloth factory in the 1780s (see above). These premises were adapted for use by lead and glass merchants from the 1840s to the 1880s.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Robert H. Marsh, ‘Michael Yoakley’s Charity’, <em>Journal of the Friends Historical Society</em>, vol. 14/4, 1917, pp. 146–56: Kent History and Library Centre, U908/T412/1: yoakleycare.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/History-Poster-Michael-Yoakley.pdf: F. H. W. Sheppard (ed.), <em>Survey of London</em>, vol.27: <em>Spitalfields and Mile End New Town</em>, 1957, p. 251: London School of Economics, British Library of Political and Economic Sciences, Booth/B/350, p. 111: Ordnance Survey maps: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), District Surveyors' Returns: Janet Cumner, ‘Mile End and Whitechapel: The almshouses along the Great Essex Road and their founders’, in Nigel Goose, Helen Caffrey and Anne Langley (eds), <em>The British Almshouse: new perspectives on philanthropy </em>ca<em> 1400–1914</em>, 2016, pp.101–20 (112–14)</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: LMA, Land Tax Returns; Tower Hamlets Commissioners of Sewers Ratebooks: Post Office Directories</p>\n",
            "created": "2020-10-20",
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            "id": 409,
            "title": "Walking along Whitechapel Road to the Waste, c. 1960",
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                "username": "patricia"
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            "body": "<p>To walk to Whitechapel Road, we would go down Greatorex Street, passing the bomb sites on the street, the little houses and the factories opposite Great Garden Street, turn left at the corner of Whitechapel Road, and pass by the Gas Shop, a shoe repair shop next door, Adolph Cohen Hair stylist (where Vidal Sassoon got his start), then Dolcis shoes and continued walking, past Davenant School, where my husband went to school, past Vallance Road, and go shopping along the Waste. I got my first record player plus three records at Wally for Wireless next to Whitechapel Station. There was always music playing along the Waste. Barrow boys calling out the price of fruit and veg. In the winter they had fires going to keep warm and to roast chestnuts plus lights everywhere when it got dark early. You could also get to Whitechapel High Street by going through Old Montague Street, but I never liked going that way as the houses were old and dilapidated. It was a bit scary as a child. </p>\n",
            "created": "2017-07-05",
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            "title": "St George's German Lutheran Church schools",
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            "body": "<p>St George’s Church had supported ‘German and English Schools’ from 1765, but there was no school building until 1805. Pastor Dr Christian E. A. Schwabe, who had arrived at St George’s in 1799, was an experienced teacher and instrumental in this initiative. Stable and coach-house buildings east of the pastor’s house on Alie Street were replaced by a modest single-bay three-storey clerk’s house and a three-bay single-storey school. The clerk’s house had a second door for a way through to the burial ground and vestry block to the rear. Samuel Page (1771–1852), the parish surveyor who drew a plan of this site in 1802 when deliberations about its future were underway, may have been responsible for designing the buildings. The small school accommodated a mixed class of girls and boys aged seven to fourteen. Schwabe moved to Stamford Hill where he established a school for well-to-do German families, many of which, with other wealthy German merchants, some of them sugar-bakers, supported the Whitechapel school and enabled less well-off children to attend on scholarships. Numbers increased rapidly, and after a decade the girls' classes moved to the now former pastor’s house. Schwabe also became chaplain to the Duchess of Kent, Queen Victoria’s mother, who became the patron of the school and is said to have worshipped regularly at St George’s. Schwabe, who died in 1843, has a commemorative tablet on the west wall of the church, in German.[^1] In the 1850s, during the pastorate of the Rev. Dr Louis Cappel, rooms in the former pastor’s house were given over to an infants’ school, such provision being seen to be an urgent necessity for the local German population to allow mothers to go out to work. Then, in 1859, a separate infants’ school was built on the former burial ground, to the east of the church vestry behind the earlier school. This attractively polychromatic two-storey building was a gift from W. H. Göschen, a banker, the son of Goethe’s publisher, and the father of G. J. Goschen, who became the first Viscount Goschen through eminence as a Liberal MP for the City of London. By 1877 there were 283 infants registered, but the infants’ school had come to house older girls, the infants being in the vestry, the boys in the front range. The intake of the schools had increased to the extent that accommodation was inadequate.</p>\n\n<p>The whole frontage east of the church was redeveloped in 1877–8, still under Cappel. Large new junior schools went up, with E. A. Gruning, himself an immigrant German, being the architect of the striking red-brick block that survives. Browne and Robinson of Worship Street were the builders and Baron Oscar von Ernsthausen, another immigrant German, was the Treasurer. The most significant benefactor was James Duncan, a local sugar-baker who employed many German workers.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>The new junior schools had three main storeys, attics and a basement that was lit from above the pavement and used as a playground. Four large classrooms on the raised-ground and first floorscould each accommodate up to seventy boys or girls. Sliding partitions allowed for classes to be taught alternatively by German and English teachers. The upper levels housed a schoolmaster’s flat, teachers’ bedrooms, and house-keeper’s rooms. </p>\n\n<p>St George’s schools closed in 1917 when Pastor Mätzold was deported to Germany. The lower floors soon fell to use for tailoring, and the upper storeys were otherwise let out. In 1983 St George’s converted the first floor to be a student hostel and retained the basement as a church hall. Both the junior and infants’ schools were converted into flats in the late 1990s.[^3] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), TH/8662/244; W/SGG/A/2/2/2 and 4; W/SGG/A/11/6: H. M. Colvin, <em>A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600–1840</em>, 1995 (3rd edn), p.720: D. Blackey-Smith, <em>The Reminiscences of Doctor John Sebastian Helmcken</em>, 1975, p.14</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: THLHLA, W/SGG/A/6/6/1; W/SGG/A/6/8/6; W/SGG/A/7/13; W/SGG/A/11/6; W/SGG/A/13/1: <em>The Builder</em>, 19 May 1877, p.518: London Metropolitan Archives, District Surveyors Returns: Ordnance Survey maps: Ancestry: <em>German Hospital, Dalston</em>, 1857, p.21: <em>London Evening Standard</em>, 29 March 1878, p.2</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: THLHLA, W/SGG/A/6/6/1; W/SGG/A/6/8/3; W/SGG/A/7/7; W/SGG/A/7/13; W/SGG/A/11/6: <em>Der Londoner Bote</em>, Sept. 1962, pp.5-15: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
            "created": "2020-07-31",
            "last_edited": "2021-08-05"
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            "id": 96,
            "title": "War Damage and Rebuilding, c.1939 to 1990",
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                "id": 2,
                "username": "surveyoflondon"
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                    "b_number": "25",
                    "b_name": "The Wash Houses, London Metropolitan University, former Whitechapel Baths",
                    "street": "Old Castle Street",
                    "address": "The Wash Houses, London Metropolitan Univeristy, 25 Old Castle Street, London E1 7NT",
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            "body": "<p> </p>\n\n<p>A rocket bomb that fell on 10 November 1944 spelled the definitive end for the washing department. Whitechapel Baths remained in a ‘bombed state’ for many years after. Water from the swimming baths had already been pumped to Houndsditch to put out fires raging during the blitz in 1941. [^16]</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p>Although the men’s second-class bath was damaged beyond repair and the wash-house abandoned, the two other pools were salvaged and reinstated for short-term use. The ladies swimming bath was retained as an indoor pool whilst the roofless men’s first-class bath was continued as an outdoor pool. But this was an unsatisfactory arrangement for such a well-loved establishment and a lengthy negotiation to rebuild ensued between Stepney Borough Council and the War Damage Commission beginning in 1954. [^17]</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p>The drawn out dispute that followed centred on the Council’s desire for a ‘modern redevelopment’ of the Baths instead of the ‘like-for-like’ reinstatement which formed the basis of the War Commission’s compensation package. Both parties finally settled on a sum of £72,000 for reconstruction. Unwilling to give up on their vision of a substantially updated building, the Council was left to make up the difference between the compensation and the cost of their redevelopment. The building contract was won by W. J. Marston and Son Ltd for £109,548 and work began in November 1959 for a projected eighty weeks, but, as with previous rebuildings, work significantly overran. Inclement weather, late amendments to the design, difficulty of sourcing materials and unexpected issues with the foundations and structural works contributed to the delays. The new building was finally opened on 28 April 1962. [^18]</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p>Reusing the foundations, the scheme mostly reiterated the internal organization of the previous building although the new façade along Goulston Street was given a Modernist twist. The swimming baths themselves were mostly unchanged, excepting enlarged viewing galleries, suspended ceilings and a small extension to the first-class swimming bath to bring it to 100 feet exactly in length. Fifty-nine slipper baths were positioned on the ground and first floors as before but terrazzo partitions replaced their slate predecessors. The ‘public laundry’ to the eastern side and the boiler house were reinstated. For the first time however, provisions were made to ensure all swimming baths could be used by men and women. The work re-established the Whitechapel Baths as the best in the area, a fact reflected in its higher charges for galas and buoyant attendance figures. [^19]</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p>In the year 1963-4 there were 82,790 users of the slipper baths and 109,620 of the swimming baths, and yet it was considered that the use of slipper baths was in ‘sharp decline’ as a result of a loss of population in the local area and the improved housing facilities. There is evidence that, as the Jewish community resiled from use of the washing facilities in respect of the Sabbath, the area’s new Muslim community revived demand for the baths in connection with their ritual ablutions. In 1960 the Baths opened one hour early in order to ensure that members of the East London Mosque could wash and attend the mosque in time for 9am prayers for Eid. In a further reflection of changes in leisure practices, 1972 saw many slipper baths removed to make way for two new pine-faced saunas, divided for male and female use. A solarium was installed in 1976 alongside a gym with a five-stationed ‘gym compact’, a rowing and a cycling machine. One wall within the gym was decorated with a mural depicting gymnasts in action, produced by local artists from the Tower Hamlets Arts Project. [^20]</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p>The 1990s ushered in the closure of the Whitechapel Baths, in spite of surviving a fire in 1985. Promising a brand new swimming pool elsewhere in the borough, the Council reported that the Baths did not meet modern health and safety standards and were running at a loss. The abrupt closure provoked an intense outburst of bitterness and protest in Whitechapel which was organised into a co-ordinated but ultimately unsuccessful ‘Save Whitechapel Baths’ campaign. Feasibility studies spurred on by this group demonstrated the viability of re-opening the institution but no action was taken apart from a stripping of the building’s assets. The Baths sat vacant for two years and sank further into a state of decline. In 1993, the land was sold to the London Guildhall University (formerly the City of London Polytechnic), with the intention of converting the swimming pools into lecture halls. [^21]</p>\n\n<p>[^16]: LMA, GLC/AR/BR/07/0377, 1 May 1945; 7 Jan 1957; THLHLA, L/SMB/A/3/20, 7 Sept 1961; THLHLA, Pamphlet, ‘Whitechapel Public Swimming Baths’, n.d., 611.1</p>\n\n<p>[^17]: THLHLA, L/SMB/A/3/18, 30 May 1957; THLHLA, L/SMB/A/3/19, 9 Oct 1958</p>\n\n<p>[^18]: THLHLA, L/SMB/A/3/18, 30 May 1957, p.151; 6 Nov 1958, p.210; THLHLA, L/SMB/A/3/19, 17 June 1958, p.225; 5 Nov 1959; 29 Dec 1960; 9 Oct 1958; THLHLA, L/SMB/A/3/20, 14 June 1962, p.10</p>\n\n<p>[^19]: THLHLA, L/SMB/A/3/19, 23 June 1960, p.64; 3 Nov 1960; 29 Dec 1960; 27 April 1961; 8 Sept 1960; 27 April 1961; 22 June 1961; 29 Dec 1960; 2 Feb 1960; 5 April 1962, p.186</p>\n\n<p>[^20]: THLHLA, L/SMB/A/3/18, 17 June 1958, p.225; THLHLA, L/SMB/A/3/20, 25 June 1964; THLHLA, L/SMB/A/3/19, 7 April 1960; <em>ELA</em>, 5 Jan 1973; <em>THN</em>, Dec 1976</p>\n\n<p>[^21]: <em>ELA, </em>2 Oct 1992; 13 July 1990; 20 July 1990; 24 Aug 1990; 21 Jan 1993; 6 Feb 1992; <em>Leisure Week</em>, 13 Aug 1990</p>\n",
            "created": "2016-07-27",
            "last_edited": "2021-02-10"
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            "id": 959,
            "title": "The Freedom Press and Bookshop, 84B Whitechapel High Street",
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                    "b_number": "84B",
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            "body": "<p>Despite its address, this curious survival of both evangelical and radical Whitechapel is located in Angel Alley. It is a four-storey stock-brick building, exposed on three sides, narrowing towards the north end which is canted to follow the curve in the alley’s direction. The site was historically part of the Angel Inn at 85 Whitechapel High Street and was used as a yard from which Thomas Gardner ran his hay and straw business from 1825 to 1865. The building was new in 1869 when its lease was offered for sale to ‘Owners of Small House Property’, described as ‘a newly erected tenement, containing 10 rooms with yard and washhouse, in Angel-alley, at the back of the “Angel” wine vaults’.[^1] After use as a general lodging house, by the end of 1876 it was occupied by the George Yard Mission, connecting to the ragged school across the back of 86 Whitechapel High Street. It was adapted as a shelter for the schoolchildren, and in 1901 housed five boys and girls aged from four to fourteen, a matron, and two domestic servants. The building had ceased to be a shelter byabout 1910, and was sold with the Mission’s other Angel Alley properties in 1923. At least partly residential in the 1920s, 84B Whitechapel High Street, as it had become, was used through the 1930s by Morris Mindel and Abraham Sorotkin, bookbinders, singly or in partnership.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>No. 84A, opposite, the Mission’s former infants’ school, was then occupied by Express Printers, a firm specialising in printing in Hebrew and Yiddish that expanded into No. 84B during the Second World War. On the death of the printer in 1944, the business was acquired at a bargain price by Vernon Richards (1915–2001), an anarchist activist who was able to recoup some of his costs by selling the Hebrew type.[^3]</p>\n\n<p>Richards had been born Vero Recchioni, the son of an Italian anarchist who owned a café in Soho. Since 1936 Richards had been a contributor to the anarchist newspaper <em>Freedom</em>. This traced its origins to 1886 when Henry Seymour and Charlotte Wilson, a former Fabian, invited Peter Kropotkin to England. That October Wilson and Kropotkin began publishing <em>Freedom: A Journal of Anarchic Socialism </em>(soon changed to <em>Anarchistic Communism</em>) as a monthly newspaper from William Morris’s Socialist League offices. From 1889 the Freedom Press also published books by a wide range of socialists, positivists, communists and anarchists, from Morris and Kropotkin to Herbert Spencer and Emma Goldman. The organisation prospered, in 1897 taking over <em>Commonweal</em>, Morris’s former journal, and the printing presses of William Michael Rossetti’s three children, who had founded a short-lived anarchist journal, <em>The Torch</em>, at 127 Ossulston Street in Somers Town, where the Freedom group remained until 1927.[^4]  </p>\n\n<p>Vernon Richards began contributing to <em>Freedom</em> during a period of flux when the journal and press had no fixed home. This changed in 1944 when he acquired Express Printers, which began printing <em>Freedom</em>, although editorial work continued elsewhere until 1945, often in the homes of the group’s editors and contributors. The Freedom group had been under investigation since the beginning of the war. Soon after the acquisition of Express Printers, with the war still on, Richards, his wife and fellow activist, Marie Louise Berneri, Dr John Hewetson, <em>Freedom</em>’s publisher, and Philip Sansom, another contributor, were charged and the three men sentenced to nine months in prison for publishing encouragement to insurrection among the armed forces in <em>War Commentary</em>, published by the Freedom Press.[^5] The formation during the trial of a Freedom Press Defence Committee which included influential establishment progressives and free-speech advocates from Herbert Read and George Orwell to Bertrand Russell, Harold Laski and Vera Brittain, helped ensure relatively lenient sentences. Printing continued in the ‘decrepit brick dungeon’ in Angel Alley and more stability came with offices at 27 Red Lion Street, Holborn, from 1945 to 1960, through which period Colin Ward, the housing and planning historian, was an editor. Freedom Press had first opened a bookshop in Red Lion Passage, off Red Lion Street, in 1940, only for it to be bombed out in 1941.[^6] </p>\n\n<p>Anarchism is notoriously factional and the 1960s saw <em>Freedom</em> supplemented by enterprises such as <em>Black Flag</em> and, from 1983, Class War, suspicious of the intellectual, bourgeois, libertarian streak represented by Read, now a regular contributor to <em>Freedom</em>. For more than sixty years Freedom Press’s financial viability was ensured largely through the efforts of Richards, who had a knack for extracting funding from ‘anarchists made good’ (and even from ‘anarchist picnics’ in the United States, often attended by sympathetic Italian Americans).[^7] </p>\n\n<p>The single most propitious act for the group’s survival was Richards’s acquisition in 1968 of the freeholds of both Nos 84A and 84B; on the death of the previous owner, the son offered these at an attractive price. Printing and editorial functions were united in Angel Alley. There was theft and damage to printing equipment (supposedly by ‘Hell’s Angels’) when the buildings were squatted by students, unconcerned about security – ‘packed bodies, lit by lamps and candles, slept on mattresses’.[^8] Freedom moved out of No. 84A in 1969 and into No. 84Bhaving strengthened its ground floor to take the printing presses. No. 84A, the old school, became offices for a shipping agent and by 1975 had been sold to the Whitechapel Gallery, which converted the building into a lecture hall and bookshop, landscaping the site of Shaftesbury House (No. 84C), before demolition in 1982 for the gallery extension on the site of Nos 84A and 84C.[^9] </p>\n\n<p>Presses occupied the ground floor at No. 84B until the Aldgate Press, founded in 1981, took over the printing of <em>Freedom</em>. From around1997 till it moved to Bow in 2015, this was from a unit in Sherrington Mews in Gunthorpe Street. In 1982 Richards transferred the ownership of No. 84Bto a trust (‘so it could survive in the event the Collective didn’t’), the Friends of Freedom Press Ltd. From around then, the ground floor was an almost impenetrable labyrinth of stocks of books and copies of <em>Freedom</em>. The bookshop was in one of two first-floor rooms until about 2005, the other was used for typesetting then, once printing was done off-site as a ‘hacklab’. The second floor was originally an archive of papers, books and pamphlets, later an editorial office. The top floor was a store and an office for ‘A’ Distribution, set up in Islington in 1980.[^10] Since the 1980s the newspaper’s readership has dwindled and in 2014 it ceased to be a monthly paper, moving online as a newsletter, with occasional paper publication. In its place the bookshop, occupying the ground floor since soon after 2000, and publishing have increased in importance and scope. The ‘clapped-out four-storey pile preserved, in the main, as a corner of east London eccentricity’[^11]has also provided office space for other protest and radical groups, including the National Union of Mineworkers (during the 1984 miners’ strike), the Anarchist Federation (founded in 1986), the Advisory Service for Squatters, Corporate Watch, Haven, the London Coalition Against Poverty and Solidarity Federation, and as a place for other anarchist groups to meet and give talks.[^12] In 1996 black-and-white illustrative panels were installed in the alley’s entryway. A further rectangular steel panel was added within, on the back part of 85 Whitechapel High Street, near the door to the Freedom Bookshop, with black-and-white portraits of thirty-six radicals, more or less classifiable as anarchist, including Peter Kropotkin, Noam Chomsky and Emma Goldman. These are by the cartoonist Donald Rooum (b. 1926), who has been associated with the Freedom Press since 1942.[^13] The bookshop’s persistence and its location next to the Whitechapel Gallery, mean it has attracted the attention of artists and curators beyond anarchist circles. For the Gallery’s <em>Protest and Survive</em> exhibition in 2000 the artist Thomas Hirschorn built a temporary enclosed bridge across the Alley from the Gallery to the temporarily removed first-floor window of the Freedom Bookshop.[^14] In 2016 Wayward, a landscape, art and architecture practice, collaborated with the Freedom Bookshop, Whitechapel Gallery and Providence Row to create <em>Literalley</em> (a library in an alley), seating, planters and a digital library in Angel Alley. Wayward developed workshops with homeless clients and volunteers to build concrete planters cast from a library of books. Embedded in the project are digital recordings of interviews, stories and conversations, accessible only in the alley. The planters are cared for by Providence Row’s residents and staff.[^15]</p>\n\n<p>Freedom’s activities have attracted more oppositional attention, from the police up to the 1980s, and by political antagonists more recently. The shop has been firebombed twice, in 1993 by the neo-Nazi group Combat 18, and in 2013 by unknown assailants, burning or water-damaging much stock and part of the archive. Volunteer assistance saw the shop open again in days. Virtual support of Freedom’s aims has included the digitisation of its archive of more than a thousand issues of <em>Freedom</em> dating back to 1886. In 2015 a survey revealed significant structural problems in the roof, walls and staircase of No. 84B. Freedom has been fundraising for repair work.[^16] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: <em>East London Observer</em>, 26 June 1869, p.8</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: London Metropolitan Archives, MBW/2635/20: Census: Post Office Directories (POD)</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: Rob Ray, <em>A Beautiful idea: History of the Freedom Press Anarchists</em>, 2018, pp.71–2</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: Ray, pp.12–14: <a href=\"https://freedompress.org.uk/history/\">freedompress.org.uk/history/</a>: <a href=\"https://libcom.org/history/londons-anarchist-hq-127-ossulston-st-1894-1927\">libcom.org/history/londons-anarchist-hq-127-ossulston-st-1894-1927</a></p>\n\n<p>[^5]: <em>Liverpool Echo</em>, 9 March 1944, p.6: Ray, pp.82–5: The National Archives, HO45/25553; HO45/25554</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: George Woodcock, ‘The State of Letters: Half a Life of Editing’, <em>Sewanee Review</em>, vol.89/3, Summer 1981, pp.408–18 {p.413}: Ray, pp.70,87: search.iisg.amsterdam/Record/1117750</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: Ray, pp.88–90,94,144–6</p>\n\n<p>[^8]: Iain Sinclair, ‘Rooms of Recovery’, <em>Guardian Review</em>, 18 April 2009, p.18: Ray, pp. 139-40</p>\n\n<p>[^9]: Ray, pp.139–40: POD: Tower Hamlets planning applications online (THP)</p>\n\n<p>[^10]: www.aldgatepress.co.uk/about/: Ray, pp.xx: <a href=\"https://freedomsbigrebuild.wordpress.com/2017/05/04/the-big-rebuild-may-update/\">freedomsbigrebuild.wordpress.com/2017/05/04/the-big-rebuild-may-update/</a>: <a href=\"http://www.leftontheshelfbooks.co.uk/images/doc/Radical-Bookshops-Listing.pdf\">www.leftontheshelfbooks.co.uk/images/doc/Radical-Bookshops-Listing.pdf</a>:<a href=\"https://freedomnews.org.uk/history/\">freedomnews.org.uk/history/</a></p>\n\n<p>[^11]: <em>Morning Star</em>, 10 Feb 2013</p>\n\n<p>[^12]: <a href=\"https://freedomsbigrebuild.wordpress.com/2017/05/04/the-big-rebuild-may-update/\">freedomsbigrebuild.wordpress.com/2017/05/04/the-big-rebuild-may-update/</a>: <a href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7juTVY_ikJI&amp;t=36s\">www.youtube.com/watch?v=7juTVY_ikJI&amp;t=36s</a> </p>\n\n<p>[^13]: THP: spitalfieldslife.com/2012/04/03/donald-rooum-anarchist-cartoonist/</p>\n\n<p>[^14]: THP: Sophia Phoca, ‘Protest and survive’, <em>Third Text</em>, 2000, pp.100–3: Julian Stallabrass, ‘Cashing In’, <em>New Statesman</em>, 2 Oct 2000</p>\n\n<p>[^15]: <a href=\"http://www.wayward.co.uk/project/literalley-literally-library-alley\">www.wayward.co.uk/project/literalley-literally-library-alley</a></p>\n\n<p>[^16]: <a href=\"https://freedomnews.org.uk/roger-pearce-infiltrated-freedom-press/\">freedomnews.org.uk/roger-pearce-infiltrated-freedom-press/</a>: <a href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0KJOVteDMnE\">www.youtube.com/watch?v=0KJOVteDMnE</a>: <a href=\"https://freedomsbigrebuild.wordpress.com/\">freedomsbigrebuild.wordpress.com/</a>: freedomnews.org.uk/archive/</p>\n",
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                    "street": "Whitechapel Road",
                    "address": "Whitechapel Market, Whitechapel Road",
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            "body": "<p> </p>\n\n<p>My grandparents used to be stallholders at Whitechapel Market in the 1920s. They made and sold children's clothes. They had to sleep out all night and in the morning run for a pitch and tip the inspector sixpence. There were no licences in those days.</p>\n",
            "created": "2017-07-31",
            "last_edited": "2020-10-20"
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        {
            "id": 54,
            "title": "Whitechapel Fire Station",
            "author": {
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                "username": "surveyoflondon"
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            "body": "<p>Built in 1929–32, Whitechapel Fire Station is a rarity as an inter-war London County Council fire station still serving its original purpose. Its origins are earlier.</p>\n\n<p>In the extension of Commercial Road westwards through Whitechapel the Metropolitan Board of Works held on to the triangular site that had been formed from clearance of the south side of the east end of Colchester Street. In late 1872 it decided to build here to replace humble fire stations on Church Lane and in Wellclose Square with a ‘chief’ facility. The site’s first fire station was built in 1874–5 with George Vulliamy as architect, Thomas Stimpson &amp; Co. as builder. It was a lively four-storey building that made the most of its western corner with a rounded turret. The watch-room was at its base, with the engine room opening onto the new road. Beyond there was a large open yard with stables at the back. A superintendent was accommodated on the first floor; above there were rooms for twelve firemen (six married and six single) and a coachman. The station had four horses and three fire engines. As was general, the size of the engine-room doors became a problem. A new engine house, probably designed by Robert Pearsall, was built on the yard in 1899–1900, B. E. Nightingale its builder. Adaptation for the replacement of horses with motor-driven appliances in 1911 included repaving the new appliance room. [^1]</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/12/06/fire-station-plans.jpg\"><em>Whitechapel Fire Station, ground- and first-floor plans as in 1975 (drawing by Helen Jones)</em></p>\n\n<p>With two appliance rooms separated by a too-small yard this was an unwieldy complex. The LCC decided to replace it in 1928 when G. Topham Forrest was in charge of the Council’s architects. L. H. &amp; R. Roberts of Clapton were the builders. Rational in its layout, five appliance bays open onto Commercial Road under two storeys of accommodation; again a yard lies to the east. Faced in brown Stourbridge brick, this building is remarkably austere, simplicity that antedates economic hard times and is almost expressionist in the subtlety of its detailing, with chamfered brick courses and arrises, for an architecture close to that produced by Gilbert Mackenzie Trench for the Metropolitan Police in 1928–30 at Charles Rowan House in Finsbury, both anticipating similar work by Giles Gilbert Scott. Bondings, mitres and rubbings were carefully specified. The yard was enlarged up to White Church Lane. In 1938–9 in the build-up to war 351 auxiliary firemen were based at the station for training and accommodated in nearby properties, and steel joists went into ceilings as air-raid protection. A post-war relocation as part of the Gardiner’s Corner project failed to materialize. Instead internal spaces were adapted in 1979, converting flats for a modernised watch-room. Further upper-storey accommodation was given up in the 1990s and the appliance bay doors were replaced in 2000. [^2]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Metropolitan Board of Works Minutes, 4 Oct. and 1 Nov. 1872, pp. 344 and 478; 16 Jan., 17 April and 15 May 1874, pp. 98, 465, 597; 16 July 1875, p. 97; 21 Oct. 1881, p. 517: District Surveyors Returns: <em>The Builder</em>, 14 Aug. 1875, pp. 733, 735: London Metropolitan Archives, LCC/CO/CON/02/2404; Collage 213448 and 213476: London County Council Minutes, 16 May 1911, p.1230</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: District Surveyors Returns: London County Council Minutes, 24 July 1928, p.219; 29 Oct. 1929, p.479; 31 Oct. 1933, p.396: London Metropolitan Archives, LCC/AR/CON/02/2460; LCC/CL/FB/01/103; GLC/AR/SW/04/002: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, L/THL/D/1/1/255: Tower Hamlets Planning</p>\n",
            "created": "2016-06-22",
            "last_edited": "2017-12-06"
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        {
            "id": 241,
            "title": "Whitechapel station, 1975",
            "author": {
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                "username": "surveyoflondon"
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                    "address": "Whitechapel Station, 275 Whitechapel Road",
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            "body": "<p>A colour slide from the Tower Hamlets Archive collection:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/729675180549771264\">https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/729675180549771264</a></p>\n",
            "created": "2016-12-19",
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        {
            "id": 43,
            "title": "5-9 White Church Lane",
            "author": {
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            "body": "<p>This large four-storey red-brick clothing factory of 1919-21 was built by and for B. Levine, a shopfitter of Greenfield Street, with A. S. R. Ley as architect. A wholesale hosier, costume makers and a woollen merchant were accommodated above insurance offices. The building was raised and its upper storeys converted to flats in 1999–2000.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: District Surveyors Returns: Post Office Directories: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, Building Control file 41965: Tower Hamlets Planning</p>\n",
            "created": "2016-06-20",
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