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"id": 670,
"title": "Image of Colonial House Snooker Room in 1949",
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"body": "<p><a href=\"http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/3301315\">Embed from Getty Images</a></p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2018-06-22",
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"title": "No 'Coal Hole'",
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"body": "<p>This is about the previous property at 49 Gowers Walk, not the one present in 2016. When my family lived there in the 1940's and 1950's, the two flats had fireplaces, but nowhere to store fuel.</p>\n\n<p>Our flat, at the top of the building had a small spare room between the two bedrooms, all three rooms backing on to the Albion Soap factory next door. We had to keep our coal in that. Our coalman was not happy to lug bags of coal up two flights of stairs, and because the floors had wood-worm we had to buy little and often. When my half-brother left the RAF after the war, he and his new wife were desperately looking for somewhere to live, and we could only offer to clean out our 'coal-hole'. Their faces gave their reply.</p>\n",
"created": "2017-02-23",
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"id": 172,
"title": "Foot-boards at the Back Church Lane wool warehouses",
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"body": "<p>Memories of Eric Shorter, b. 1936</p>\n\n<p>Many of the great warehouses around Aldgate and the river had sets of double opening doors aligned up their frontages, and with a wall-mounted crane at the top somewhere. Of the warehouses that survive in Aldgate at 2016, some still have these. Beneath each pair of doors was a wide board that could be swung down and out to form a sloping foot-board at about 20 degrees to the horizontal, and which was kept in check by chains either side. The purpose of this was that an operator could use the crane to grab a bale of wool from inside the building, and this could then be swung out to be lowered to carts waiting below. By placing one foot on the foot-board, the operator was better placed to lean out and look down to see where his load was going, and to signal to the cart personnel beneath him. As a child I saw this happen often: a health & safety nightmare! Another sound that has never left me is that of the hooks biting into a bale as they were lifted. In recent times I have visited a warehouse in Back Church Lane being used by a modern business, introduced myself, and asked to see one of these sets of doors from the inside. I met a chap who turned out to be interested in the history of the area, and we exchanged knowledge, and I obtained some early pictures of solid-tyred vehicles used for moving bales of wool.</p>\n",
"created": "2016-11-01",
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"id": 516,
"title": "The site of 275-277 Whitechapel Road before the railway",
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"body": "<p>Thomas Barnes, ‘bricklayer and builder’, and John Lay, a bricklayer of Newcastle Street, Whitechapel, acquired two shophouses on the site that later gave way to Whitechapel Station in 1805 with a large plot of land to the rear, Barnes being primarily responsible for the development of lands further north. Behind they or their successors built the eighteen small houses of Hope Place around 1820. Another twenty or so even smaller houses had been built to the rear of the Grave Maurice, as Devonshire Place, and between, as Harrison’s Buildings. All these were cleared for the East London Railway after the sites were acquired in 1873.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Transport for London Group Archives, LT002009/452–4; LT002051/001–3; /395: London Metropolitan Archives, Tower Hamlets Commissioners for Sewers ratebooks</p>\n",
"created": "2017-11-28",
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"id": 321,
"title": "12-20 Old Montague Street and Green Dragon Yard",
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"body": "<p>Green Dragon Yard was cleared after extensive bomb damage. A single-storey warehouse went up on its west side in 1961 and was raised in 1965. G. A. Lansdown’s printing works to the east (behind 24–26 Old Montague Street) were rebuilt in 1955 and extended in the 1960s. A new factory and offices followed at 12–26 Old Montague Street in 1972 for what had become Continuous Stationery Ltd. Redevelopment of the whole site, 12–20 Old Montague Street and Green Dragon Yard, ensued in 1999–2001 for the Toynbee Housing Association, to provide 62 flats, many arrayed around two internal courtyards, and four live-work units (on the west side of the path through the site) in largely stock-brick faced blocks. On Old Montague Street there is a health centre (originally the Green Dragon Yard Medical Practice, now The Spitalfields Practice), that was designed by Ann Noble Architects.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives , Building Control files 13801–4, 17471: Tower Hamlets planning applications onoine </p>\n",
"created": "2017-03-30",
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"id": 322,
"title": "Green Dragon Yard - early history",
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"body": "<p>Roman pottery was found on the Green Dragon Yard site. The name derives from an early inn, the Green Dragon on the site of 21 and 23 Whitechapel Road. This was a post-chaise house for journeys to Essex by the eighteenth century. Along with stables its yard had one-room plan two-storey houses, increasing from five to fifteen in number in the 1780s, all along the west side up to Old Montague Street. Around 1810 the inn was wound up and rebuilt. Green Dragon Court or Yard, now entered from under No. 23 and in divided ownership, gained five more somewhat larger houses at the north end of its east side; there were 26 in total in 1838. Abraham Davis put up another eight further south in 1889–90 when occupancy was poor and Jewish.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Historic England, Greater London Archaeological Advisory Service, ML074052–6: Land Tax: Richard Horwood's map: London Metropolitan Archives, THCS/202–464: Ordnance Survey maps: District Surveyors Returns: London School of Economics Archive, Booth/B/351, p. 133: Post Office Directories</p>\n",
"created": "2017-03-30",
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{
"id": 417,
"title": "How we use the London Enterprise Academy, by the students of Years 7 and 9",
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"body": "<p>The most important rooms to us are the canteen and the sports hall. Aaqil likes the canteen because you can eat there and socialise, though it smells of food, because you can't open the windows. It can feel a bit claustrophobic. Maryam points out this can be a good thing when there is chocolate cake. Junayna brings a packed lunch instead as 'it's not the best food I've ever had', though the cakes are nice. There are flags on the walls in the canteen that show where pupils and staff are from originally. There are flags of Spain, Jamaica, Turkey, Algeria, Italy, France, Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Somalia, Russia, Germany and the United Kingdom.</p>\n\n<p>There is a roof garden, which Maryam likes for the views and the light. Humayra and others do the gardening on the roof garden, on Wednesdays. They re-pot the plants and water them. There are different types of plants, and vegetables. The principal is very keen on the carrots and tomatoes. Sabreen likes it because it is a relaxing place, though it can get too hot. Her favourite rooms, though, are the sports hall and the library, where she spends most time. Samia points out that students can work there as library assistants.</p>\n\n<p>There is a playground behind the building, that used to be a car park. Some cars still park there, maybe one car per week. It is the place the students enter and leave the school, which Mahfuj finds 'empty, dull and small'. Some of the students, though, are planting plants and painting benches and the big plant pots. They are painting them rainbow colours, and mixing colours to make purple and pink, and they decide on the colours themselves. Zerin likes it because it feels nice to get out of the building, to be able to run around and play in the fresh air, or chat sitting on the benches after lunch.</p>\n\n<p>There is a plan for the playground, there will be balconies from the school overlooking it. The work might start in September 2017.</p>\n\n<p>On the third floor there is a hub, with different computer rooms.... the 'geek labs'! Shaon enjoys the PCs and all the technology... especially playing games... though the blue chairs are a bit hard. Half the computers don't work.</p>\n\n<p>The fourth floor hub is where Sultana and her friends hang out, chatting and enjoying each other's company. It's comfortable with a carpeted floor, and cushioned chairs and side tables. The hub is the area in the middle between the rooms at the sides used for lessons.</p>\n\n<p>There is a table tennis table in the basement, which Farmeda likes as she can hang out with her friends. Nihau likes this, too, even though it is quite dark. Humayra says it is loud and fun. The sports hall is on the top floor.</p>\n\n<p>The whole building feels narrow with lots of stairs leading up its seven floors... there are two staircases, one to go up and one to go down, which is a narrower stair... no running or talking on the stairs, or you find yourself in detention, for up to two hours. Abu points out you can also get a detention for having your hair too long.</p>\n\n<p>There is a morning assembly in the canteen, different years on different days. </p>\n\n<p>At break time you can play outside in the playground, or in a room on each floor... not in the classrooms, though. Abu says it's good to get outside as parts of the inside can be gloomy and depressing.</p>\n\n<p>The students of Years 7 and 9 of the London Enterprise Academy were in conversation with Shahed Saleem and Aileen Reid of the Survey of London at a workshop facilitated by the Whitechapel Gallery and Sara Heywood, 14 July 2017</p>\n",
"created": "2017-07-14",
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"title": "Peter Martineau's Sugarhouse",
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"body": "<p>The sugar refining industry in England began in the 1540s when Cornelius Bussine, a citizen of Antwerp with knowledge of the ‘secret’ art of sugar refining, established the first sugarhouse within the City of London. Several more followed, but it was not until the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that the business of sugar refining truly gathered pace in London. By 1750 there were said to be eighty sugarhouses in the capital and a further forty dispersed across the rest of England and Scotland. In spite of the noxious nature of the industry and the propensity of its buildings to catch fire, most of these London refineries were still then located within the City walls, close to the Thames or Fleet rivers. However, the opening of the West India Docks in 1802 lured the sugar trade east and a ruling by the Court of Common Council in 1807 finally forbade sugarhouses to remain within the City. At the close of the eighteenth century suburbs already claimed a number of well-established sugarhouses owing to comparative openness and access to the Port, but in the early nineteenth century these distinctive buildings, and the cramped lodgings of their workers, became defining features of the parishes of Whitechapel and St George in the East. This shift eastwards coincided with a renewed wave of German immigration following that of the eighteenth century. Skilled and unskilled sugar workers as well as ambitious businessmen arrived from Northern Germany helping to transform the industry from a collection of small-scale enterprises, reliant on a high degree of manual operations, to a relatively industrialised and technologically advanced industry, both dynamic and lucrative as a result of the nearly unrivalled British consumer market.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>George Martineau, a descendant of one East End family of sugar refiners, reflected that “in 1856….practically all the loaf sugar consumed in this country was produced in the East End of London.” The 1851 census demonstrated that over 90% of those engaged in the London sugar-refining trade were resident in the borough of Stepney. Whilst the London sugar industry experienced a period of particularly profitable expansion in the 1860s and 1870s such extravagant prosperity did not last. Whereas 1864 could claim twenty-eight London sugarhouses, by 1880 only twelve remained. Affected by duties, the rise of beet sugar and proximity to Continental competition, the East End industry slumped, giving way to Liverpool and Greenock, which were better placed for Caribbean imports once London’s monopolies were loosened, before nationally subsiding not long after. Building new refineries on the banks of the Thames in the 1870s, Tate and Lyle of Silvertown are the sole survivors of this East End industry, having cannily diversified into syrup and been early backers of the newly invented sugar cube. A single functioning sugarhouse lasted into the twentieth century in Whitechapel. Belonging to the Martineau family and located on Kingward Street, the Company secured a joint license with Tate and Lyle of the Langen cube-making process in the late nineteenth century and this delayed their demise but could not halt it altogether. Martineau’s closed in 1961.[^2]</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/03/10/1842_3.JPG\"></p>\n\n<p><em>Approx. locations of Whitechapel sugarhouses, c.1840, plotted onto Grellier’s map, c.1840-5</em> (<em>LMA, SC/PM/ST/01/002)</em></p>\n\n<p>Of French Huguenot descent, the Martineau family had become one of the most important names in the London industry in the nineteenth century. Owning a number of Whitechapel refineries after their forced relocation outside the City walls in 1800, the business was divided between two Norwich-born brothers, David (1754-1840) and Peter (1755-1847). David developed a group of sugarhouses at the south end of Christian Street. Peter, on the other hand, established himself in the north-west of the parish in airy Goulston Square.</p>\n\n<p>In 1775 John Fry, a merchant of Finsbury, was owner of a warehouse in the south-eastern corner of Goulston Square, formerly Cowley’s Snuff House. Significantly however, by 1806 he was also in possession of an apparently substantial sugarhouse located on the north side of present-day New Goulston Street. This was a commercial partnership with William Osborne, who had previously refined sugar on the site with James Diass in 1801. The business failed however and Fry was declared bankrupt in 1806; his assets, including the sugarhouse and its contents, were auctioned off. The seized sugarhouse was awaiting a new owner when a case against a theft of a loaf of sugar by a sugarbaker was heard at the Old Bailey. Involving three sugar bakers at the site as well as the clerk of the sugarhouse, John Bell, the incident confirmed that the refinery was gated and possessed a ‘men’s room’ – a lodging house for single male workers. The demise of Fry’s business dovetailed with the Martineau’s arrival into Whitechapel from the City. Two confiscated sites, a warehouse at nos 3-5 Goulston Street and the sugarhouse on New Goulston Street, were transferred to Peter Martineau who was quick to recognise the potential for further development at the northern site. Sometime between 1813 and 1818, Martineau constructed a brick dwelling house, counting house, new men’s room and scum house (used for producing lower grade sugar by-products) facing onto both New Goulston Street and Goulston Street. This new accommodation was located to the east of the main sugarhouse and divided from it by a gated yard. Given the flammable nature of the sugar and also the intense heat necessary for the production of it, separation of the most dangerous processes from on-site housing was typical. In 1817, Peter Martineau & Sons ‘of Goulston Street’ insured stock, utensils and the brick sugar house for £19 000 spread across five insurance companies (Sun, Eagle, Atlas, Glove, Union). The additional new buildings and their contents were insured with the Sun for £3000 one year later. This was comparable to the seven-storey premises of Severn, King and Co at Commercial Road, insured for £15 000 in 1819.[^3]</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/03/10/sewers_sugar.JPG\"></p>\n\n<p><em>Metropolitan Sewers Plan of Goulston Street and Neighbourhood, Whitechapel, 1849 (LMA, SC/PM/ST/01/002). Site of Martineau's sugarhouse marked 'Sugar Bakers' on Short Street (later renamed New Goulston Street).</em></p>\n\n<p>Whilst the strategy of insuring the sugarhouse with a number of companies could not prevent the outbreak of fire, it certainly appears to have limited the damage caused by at least one such incident. In 1825 it was reported that a fire destroyed nearly half of the main sugarhouse building, but that the speedy arrival of three fire engines, arriving from the three different insurers, curtailed the blaze with a plentiful supply of water. In 1847 a new phase of building work was undertaken by George Webb of Gowers Walk and modern refining pans were set in place by him later in 1855. Webb was also implicated in the construction of other local sugarhouses around this period: Elers and Morgan’s at Goodman’s Stile (1849), and Davies’ at Osborne Street (1855) and Rupert Street (1854). Overseen by Charles Furnivall, Martineau and Sons added a furnace chimney in April 1862 and by 1867 it was noted to have possessed a steam works. By 1870 Peter was dead and his firm, Peter Martineau and Sons, appears to have vacated Goulston Street. Fairrie however regarded that the business stumbled on for a further three years under Peter’s grandson Hugh and ceased only on his retirement in 1873.[^4]</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/03/10/img_20170310_131729-1.jpg\"><em>Site of former sugarhouse today. Photo looking north-west along New Goulston Street </em></p>\n\n<p>[^1]: P. Chalmin, <em>The Making of a Sugar Giant: Tate and Lyle</em>, 1859-1989, edn. 1990, p.12, 14, 53-54; B. Mawer, <em>Sugarbakers: From Sweat to Sweetness</em>, rev. edn. 2011, p.11; G. Fairrie, <em>The Sugar Refining Families of Great Britain</em>, 1951, pp.24-25</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: G. Martineau, <em>Sugar from several points of view</em>, 1918, p.475; R. Munby, <em>Industry and Planning in Stepney,</em> 1951, p.66; P. Chalmin, <em>The Making of a Sugar Giant: Tate and Lyle</em>, 1859-1989, edn. 1990, p.54; B. Mawer, <em>Sugarbakers: From Sweat to Sweetness</em>, rev. edn. 2011, p.41</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: Land Tax; Bryan Mawer, <em>Sugar Refiners and Sugarbakers Database</em> [Online: <a href=\"http://www.mawer.clara.net\">www.mawer.clara.net</a>]; <em>The Times</em>, ‘John Fry of New Goulston Street’, 18 Nov 1806; <em>Old Bailey Proceedings</em>, ‘John Madell, Theft’, 2 Jul 1806 [Online: <a href=\"https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/\">https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/</a>]; LMA, CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/475/933750, CLC/B/192/F/MS11936/473/929001, CLC/B/F/001/MS11936/472/933388; B. Mawer, <em>Sugarbakers: From Sweat to Sweetness</em>, rev. edn. 2011, p.63; G. Dodd, <em>Days at the Factories</em>, 1843, pp.89–110</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: <em>Morning Post</em>, 7 April 1825, p.3; <em>Evening Mail</em>, 8 April 1825, p.4; DSRs; MBW, 11 April 1862, p.298; G. Fairrie, <em>The Sugar Refining Families of Great Britain</em>, 1951, p.25</p>\n",
"created": "2017-03-09",
"last_edited": "2020-06-05"
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{
"id": 416,
"title": "The Good Samaritan Public House, 85–87 Turner Street",
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"body": "<p>The Good Samaritan Public House probably owes its name to the London Hospital, which incorporated a representation of the City of London as a Good Samaritan on its official seal of 1757. The present building lies on the corner site of 85–87 Turner Street, first developed in 1807–11 by Henry Stevens, a local builder with adjoining plots at 83 Turner Street and 12–26 Oxford Street (now known as Stepney Way). No. 87 Turner Street soon came into use as a public house. The earliest record of the Good Samaritan dates to 1827, when its landlord was the victim of theft. It is plausible that the pub was rebuilt in the mid-1840s, when its first occurrence in the directories coincided with the installation of a new shop front. By the time Truman, Hanbury, Buxton & Co. leased the Good Samaritan in 1906, it was an unassuming pub comprising a three-storey front with a corner entrance and a two-storey range in Oxford Street.[^1]</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/07/07/sol-whitechapel100104.jpg\"></p>\n\n<p><em>The Good Samaritan Public House, 85–87 Turner Street. View from the north-east by Derek Kendall in 2016. </em></p>\n\n<p>The Good Samaritan was rebuilt in 1937–8 by G. Barker to designs by A. E. Sewell, chief architect to Trumans. The Brick Lane brewers had initially leased only 87 Turner Street and acquired the adjacent dwelling in 1936. In the preceding year Trumans had recorded that the pub was in need of repair, yet ‘much used’ by students of the London Hospital.[^2] Its reconstruction on an extended footprint was completed by August 1938, when it was assessed by the brewery’s surveyors as a ‘nice small house, well done’.[^3] In its neat neo-Georgian exterior, the Good Samaritan is typical of Trumans reformed pubs. It comprises two principal storeys, along with a cellar and an attic behind a steeply pitched tiled roof with tall chimneystacks. Its restrained brown-brick exterior is punctuated by red-brick and stone dressings, the latter now painted. The north front of the pub is adorned by a roundel bearing Truman’s distinctive eagle, flanked by swags and stout finials overbrimming with carved flowers. Sewell also incorporated discreet Art Deco motifs, including geometric patterns on the door lanterns and fanlights, and in bright stained-glass windows.[^4]</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/07/07/sol-whitechapel100102.jpg\"></p>\n\n<p><em>The Good Samaritan Public House, photographed by Derek Kendall in 2016.</em></p>\n\n<p>In line with the improving principles behind reformed pubs, the Good Samaritan’s public rooms originally included a saloon bar, a sitting room, and a club room accessed by separate street entrances. At the time of writing (July 2017), there are proposals by Stephan Reinke Architects to extend the building at the rear and convert its upper floors to flats. Despite numerous refurbishments, stained-glass windows are preserved in the ground-floor public bar, screening a small back yard. The Good Samaritan has also retained its popularity amongst those connected with the London Hospital and its medical college. This continuing association is commemorated by characterful street signs decorated with busts of white-coated doctors.[^5]</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/07/07/sol-whitechapel100100.jpg\"></p>\n\n<p><em>The east elevation of the Good Samaritan Public House, with a view of the pub sign above the side entrance. Photographed by Derek Kendall in 2016.</em></p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Denis Gibbs, <em>Emblems, Tokens and Tickets of the London Hospital and the London Hospital Medical College </em>(1985), pp. 13–17; Royal London Hospital Archives (RLHA), RLHLH/S/1/3; <em>Morning Advertiser</em>, 6 April 1827; DSR.</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), B/THB/D/460, 9 April 1935.</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: LMA, B/THB/D/457, p. 29.</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: RLHA, RLHLH/A/5/63, p. 85; RLHLH/A/9/43, pp. 124, 126; RLHLH/D/3/16–17; RLHLH/S/1/3; RLHLH/S/1/4; Bridget Cherry, Charles O’Brien and Nikolaus Pevsner, <em>London 5: East, The Buildings of England</em> (New Haven and London: Yale University Press) p. 440.</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: LMA, B/THB/D/457, pp. 29, 135; B/THB/D/444, pp. 167, 279, 444; B/THB/D/460, 8 August 1938; PA/16/00988/A1; PA/00/00879; Donald Insall Associates, <em>The Good Samaritan, 85–87 Turner Street</em>, Historic Building Report for Gryphon Property Partners (March 2016).</p>\n",
"created": "2017-07-07",
"last_edited": "2020-10-08"
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{
"id": 671,
"title": "The Baynes/Forman estate and the early history of the west end of Fieldgate Street",
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"body": "<p>Until the middle of the eighteenth century, Whitechapel’s ‘field gate’ marked an edge of the built-up district at the west end of a footpath that led across fields to Stepney, a route the other end of which was to become Stepney Way. Once this path had been bisected by the New Road in 1754–6 its west end was less rural and ripe for development. Buildings followed in two phases, reflecting two landholdings. The western section, haphazardly built up from 1759 was initially called Baynes Street, after Edward Baynes, the landowner. But he sold up a decade later and it soon came to be known as Fieldgate Street through the older association. The eastern stretch was built up from 1787 as Charlotte Street, part of the London Hospital estate and named in honour of the Queen. In 1894 the whole road was unified and renumbered as Fieldgate Street.</p>\n\n<p>By 1620 Thomas Pierrepoint had the western of the two estates with a long manorial lease. The holding extended along the south sides of Whitechapel Road properties east of the ‘field gate’ junction, but most of it lay further west, along Whitechapel Road as far as the parish churchyard. In 1720 this property passed to the Rev. Edward Baynes of Galway in Ireland, who by 1727 had moved to Castlebar, County Mayo. He was the only grandson and heir of Mary Bull (née Pierrepoint).[^1] Its eastern part comprised three acres to the east of the present line of Plumber’s Row, including the site of the western part of Fieldgate Street as far as Orange Row (a relic of which is the open ground between the Maryam Centre and Brunning House) and Greenfield Road.</p>\n\n<p>The Rev. Edward Baynes died in 1766 and his son, also Edward and a lawyer, was admitted to the whole 4.5-acre copyhold property. Tenure now became complicated. The younger Baynes mortgaged the land through Laetitia Powell (1741–1801, née Clark) before taking up residence at the Tower of London and then decamping to the Continent in 1769. A year later Arthur Baynes, surgeon-major to the Gibraltar garrison, oversaw the sale of the estate to Anthony Forman (1725–1802), the Board of Ordnance’s chief clerk at the Tower and from a family of Leicestershire ironmasters. His brother, Richard Forman (1733–94), who had married a Mary Baines in 1761, and who was also an Ordnance clerk at the Tower, acted as Edward Baynes’s attorney. Sir George Colebrooke, lord of Stepney manor, allowed Anthony Forman to purchase the freehold. The land later came into the possession of John Clark Powell (1763–1847), Laetitia’s son. He ended up as Governor of the London Assurance Corporation.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>By the 1650s there was a windmill on the Whitechapel Road corner north of the ‘field gate’. It stood into the eighteenth century and the land around was called Windmill Field.[^3] The ‘field gate’ was a place name applied to the vicinity, as is demonstrated by the record of Benjamin Kenton’s baptism in 1719, where his address is given as ‘by ye Field Gate’. Kenton, incidentally, grew up to high standing as a vintner. His introduction to the trade might have been in a pub called the Cock and Windmill in the Fields in 1730, later the Black Horse and Windmill, close to the ‘field gate’ on a site now occupied by the south part of Mosque Tower (1 Fieldgate Street).[^4]</p>\n\n<p>The Prince of Orange’s Head public house, held by Barnabas Holbeck (or Holbeach), a cooper, from 1730, was further east on the north side of the field path, standing on its own on the site of the south-east corner of the Maryam Centre. Orange Row was formed to its east around 1800 and it was soon overshadowed from behind by Henry Eggers’s sugar refinery. That expanded under James and Edward Friend and William Boden, and then Sidney Bryant Hodge, for whom enlargement replaced the pub, destroyed by fire in 1862. In its later years, the Prince of Orange, as it had become, had a sequence of German managers, Henry Wintzen, followed by John Gerhold, then Ludwig Meier. </p>\n\n<p>Sugar refining, which continued here to 1879, was not new to the locale in the nineteenth century. A sugar-refiner called Walter Leith (or Leigh) had a 60ft frontage on the south side of the field path at its west end from 1735. William Baker, carpenter, and John Lewitt, gardener, built houses (probably of timber) to its east in the late 1730s. Arthur Granger, cowkeeper, then had the field to the south.[^5]</p>\n\n<p>The line of Plumber’s Row was a footpath (Church Path) alongside a ropewalk on its east side by the 1730s. This ropery was run by Paul Johnson, who married Catherine Lester, sister of the proprietor of the bell foundry. By the 1750s Thomas Glazebrook had a parallel rope walk immediatealy to the east. Johnson and Glazebrook both had houses fronting what was not yet Baynes Street, possibly those built in the 1730s. By 1765 Leith’s sugarhouse, adjoining Johnson’s house to the west, was occupied by one of the sugar-refining Dirs brothers (Carsten Dirs of Wellclose Square, or Court Henry Dirs of Pennington Street). </p>\n\n<p>In 1759 the Rev. Edward Baynes advertised the south side of his now intended eponymous road as building ground. A 20ft gap was left for what was to be Greenfield Street. Glazbrook took a 21-year lease of a field to the south, but by 1767 he was dead and John Trapp had taken over his ropewalk. Trapp was assigned Glazbrook’s field property and granted a 58-year lease of much of it in 1773 by Anthony Forman. Matthias Meacham, a Westminster pastry cook, leased property on the south side of Baynes Street to the east of the intended (Greenfield) road and opposite the Prince of Orange in 1761–2. He built another large public house at his east corner (on the site of 42 Fieldgate Street), again initially with 21-year leases, also securing a 58-year lease from Forman in 1773 in consideration of his spending on ‘buildings and accommodations for the Entertainment of Company’. Meacham’s premises were or became the King’s Arms public house, with grounds laid out as tea gardens, boasting skittle alleys, arbours and alcoves. Edward Meacham succeeded, and a concert room was added in 1855 when Johan Jochin Gerken was the proprietor. Richard Whiteshead, a coachmaker on Whitechapel Road (see p.xx), was given a 61-year lease in 1764 for building a brick house (the first so specified) on Baynes Street west of the Greenfield Street corner. On the north side, a row of nine brick houses went up west of the Prince of Orange, on a site that was later 21–37 Fieldgate Street, after 1766 when Baynes granted 61-year leases to George Twitchings, bricklayer, and Thomas Ffrum and William Cock, carpenters.[^6]</p>\n\n<p>Greenfield Street’s name is not topographically descriptive, rather it derives from the Forman family. Anthony and Richard’s sister Jane had married John Greenfield. It first occurs in 1772 when Richard Brinckley, a builder moving here from North Audley Street in Mayfair, began to build small houses at its north end on 59-year leases. He also built eight adjoining houses on the south side of what was still being called Baynes Street. By 1773 Brinckley was also working on New (later Yalford) Street and the connecting White Hart Court. Thomas Dodson and William Petty, carpenters, were substantially involved and fifteen houses were up and for sale in 1774. In the early 1780s the paving of Greenfield Street and what was now being called Fieldgate Street was taken in hand and John Holloway began to develop to the west of Plumber’s Row. The building of more than seventy houses in all along Greenfield Street continued to 1787, with a number of other builders involved. William Roper and Charles Wilmot had some involvement as surveyors, and Luke Flood as a painter, Wilmot and Flood also being owners of multiple houses. Trapp held on to the ropewalk to the west, consolidated with what had been Johnson’s for Mary Exeter by 1812. The Prince of Hesse public house established itself at the west end of Fieldgate Street’s south side by 1825.[^7]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), M93/001, pp.98–102; M/93/024, p. 194; M/93/026, pp. 401–2; M/93/028, pp. 51, 311; M/93/030, pp. 158,202–3; M/93/031, pp. 165–7: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), Map 233, Baynes Estate, 1729; P/SLC/2/16/7</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: LMA, M93/037, pp.263–4; M93/038, pp. 244–51: THLHLA, P/SLC/2/16/16–17; P/MIS/94: The National Archives (TNA), PROB11/1245/241; PROB11/1383/35; PROB11/2058/129: <em>Gentleman’s Magazine</em>, vol. 95, May 1804, p. 411: Grace’s Guide to British Industrial History for Forman</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: Faithorne and Newcourt’s map of London, 1658: Joel Gascoyne’s map of Stepney, 1703</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: LMA, MR/LV/05/026; M93/030, p. 158; Land Tax returns: THLHLA, Map 233: P/SLC/2/16/7; P/BSA/1/5/4/3: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography and Ancestry for Kenton</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: LMA, M93/028, p. 51: THLHLA, P/SLC/2/16/5–6; Map 233; cuttings 022: Bryan Mawer's online sugar refiners database: Post Office Directories (POD)</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: LMA, M93/037, pp. 160–5: MR/L/MD/0650: THLHLA, P/SLC/2/16/9–15, 19–20, 26, 29; P/HLC/1/14/12: POD</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: THLHLA, P/SLC/2/16/22–33; P/SLC/2/7/1–30; L/SMW/C/3/1; P/SLC/1/22/1: LMA, CLC/B192/F/001/MS1936/397/626942–4; Tower Hamlets Commissioners of Sewers ratebooks: TNA, PROB11/1601/95</p>\n",
"created": "2018-07-02",
"last_edited": "2020-08-26"
},
{
"id": 310,
"title": "From Black Lion House to Magenta House, 45-85 Whitechapel Road and Greatorex Street",
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"body": "<p>The Whitechapel Road frontage that was formerly numbered Nos 31–95 (as far east as Greatorex Street) is unified by a story of post-war redevelopment characterised by public- and private-sector collaboration and conflict. A minor event, but a determinant of what was to follow, was the insertion into the middle of a large bombsite gap at the centre of this stretch of a modest three-storey commercial block, put up around 1960 at Nos 57–59 immediately east of the south end of King’s Arms Court. Size Yard endured and towards its end in the 1960s was briefly known as Jubilee Square. Further east Nos 69–95 and Black Lion Yard had been spared, the latter continuing as the centre of the Jewish jewellery trade. On the north side of what had been Trumpet Yard there was a late nineteenth-century two-storey stable building that had become a clothing factory and been raised a storey as 83A Whitechapel Road. To its east the Greatorex Street frontage was another bombsite.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>Extensive slum-clearance and council-house building plans of the early 1960s that centred on Old Montague Street included Black Lion Yard and were confirmed by the Greater London Council (GLC) in 1967. This gave rise to organised resistance. A petition from the Black Lion Yard Jewellers’ Association gained more than 1,000 signatures (many of them said to be those of visiting tourists) and argued the uniqueness of the market, for the style and nature of the jewellery, and, it having Jewish traditions, for trading on Sundays. These traditions were emphasised, but the place was thought by others to be a haunt of fences. In fact the yard’s occupants in the mid 1960s were mixed, with as many Muslim/Asian as Jewish names: Mohammed Zaman Qureshi (a hairdresser), Mohammed Aslam, Nathan Silver, Ava Choudhury, Solomon Granatt, Morris Elgrod, Mudabbir Hussain (halal meat shop), Leon Elgrod, Bessie Gluckstein, Mohammed Anwar (Karachi Sweets), Ghulan Mohammed Khan, Mohammed Najeeb, Netty Levine, Abdul Matin (Sylhet Stores), Mohammed Anwar, Fishberg Ltd, Maurice Levrant (Chairman of the Association, initiator of the petition and owner of one of the seven remaining jewellers’ shops). Only 22 people were identified as living above the shops. There was an inquiry into the clearance orders after which Major Eric McArthur, Secretary of the East London Federation of Industry and Commerce, floated the idea of adapting the yard to be a food market for the many ‘Pakistanis’ working at the London Hospital and living on Old Montague Street. This was opposed by the Jewellers Association, as well as by the Race Relations Board, which thought it would tend towards segregation. Compulsory purchases were confirmed in 1968 and later that year Amanal Ali and Mohamed Bashir, both ‘Pakistanis’, died in a fire in a clothing factory in the yard. In 1970 the GLC changed tack, recommending that the site’s owners be themselves allowed to redevelop. But the jewellery trade continued to decline and Levrant shut up shop. A closure order in 1977 was followed by clearance to make way for the relocation of the Salvation Army’s Hopetown hostel, to open the way for housing development further north.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>The freehold of much of the land along Whitechapel Road had been acquired by Lyndon Properties Ltd (Irish developers). From 1977 they proposed a seven-storey office block and four-storey industrial/warehouse unit, and agreed to undertake this collaboratively with the GLC (with Tower Hamlets Council also co-operating). The scheme was agreed in 1978 with provision for a public walkway (what became the new King’s Arms Court). To guard against the developers building the offices and leaving the industrial unit unbuilt, so failing to provide the kinds of jobs that the councils sought, the GLC agreed in 1979 to buy the freehold and to sell the office site back on completion of the industrial building, which it would then acquire. However, Lyndon Properties revealed that they in fact held only a lease of 85–95 Whitechapel Road (the south-east part of the site). The GLC anyway prevailed on the developer to erect the industrial building first, to the east of Nos 57–59 obliterating the last of Black Lion Yard. It went up in 1980–1 to plans by John Spratley & Partners, architects (Martin R. Warne, job architect). Of three four-storey blocks, linked by staircase bays that were originally open, it was clad in pinkish brick under a mansard with Thrutone blue asbestos cement roof cladding. There were sixteen industrial units and the plans were revised to incorporate shops at either end. It opened as the <strong>Whitechapel Technology Centre</strong> (65, 75 and 85 Whitechapel Road). Among early tenants were SDM Computer Services and Tower Hamlets Advanced Technology Training. By 1988 the Centre (sometimes the Whitechapel College of Technology) was run by London Industrial PLC and used to construct and repair computer equipment. The staircases were enclosed with glazing in about 1989 and in 2015 the building was painted black and renamed East London Works. It accommodates a range of businesses, including some architectural firms.[^3]</p>\n\n<p>Lyndon Properties saw through the other western part of their project in 1982–3, again employing John Spratley & Partners as architects for the seven-storey speculative office block (with ground-floor shops) that is <strong>Black Lion House</strong> (No. 45). Its sleeker if bulkier Modernism included polished marble and brown metal cladding.[^4]</p>\n\n<p>Behind these buildings there remained a sizeable empty plot. This was used as a car park, but the Greatorex Street end was built on in 1989–90 by London Industrial PLC. <strong>Magenta House</strong>, 85 Whitechapel Road, was a four-storey block for offices and light industry, designed by Architects Group Practice.[^5] It was short-lived, replaced in 2011–12 when the rest of the car park was also built on for student housing, retaining the name Magenta House for iQ Student Accommodation. This development comprises three five- and six-storey blocks north of a gated passage, for 187 bedrooms with shared living and dining spaces, designed by Aros Architects for Capitalise Assets/Watkins Jones. There are white rendered elevations above granite plinths (a graffiti deterrent) and with irregularly arrayed bronze-coloured aluminium windows. Another part of the development was the bookending of the Technology Centre by identical metal-clad four-storey shop and office buildings, that to the west replacing Nos 57–59, that to the east on a previously open plot on the Whitechapel Road/Greatorex Street corner. In 2017 the shops house Quiznos Sub sandwich restaurant (west) and Sunnamusk Arabian perfumes (east). In 2020 Black Lion House is being raised by three storeys to be a 280-room hotel (Hyatt Place London City/East), and extended to the rear with a single-storey office pavilion. This is being done for Resolution Property with the Berkeley Capital Group, to plans by Buckley Gray Yeoman architects, with Galliford Try Building Ltd as contractors.[^6]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Ordnance Survey maps: Goad insurance maps, 1968: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), Building Control (BC) file 15929</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), GLC/MA/SC/03/1424–7; SC/PHL/01/380/AV61/837–42: <em>The Guardian</em>, 27 Jan 1967: <em>East London Advertiser</em>, 13 and 27 Jan 1967; 15 Sept 1967; 15 March 1968; 28 Aug 1970; 25 March 1977: <em>Jewish Chronicle</em>, 3 Feb 1967; 4 March 1977: <em>Hackney Gazette</em>, 16 July 1968: THLHLA cuttings 022</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: LMA, GLC/AR/BR/34/005000/129: <em>Greater London & Essex Newspapers</em>, 21 April 1978, p.38: THLHLA, BC file 15927</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: Historic England Archives, aerial photographs: THLHLA, BC file 15915</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: THLHLA, BC file 15927</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: Tower Hamlets planning applications online: newsroom.hyatt.com/news-releases?item=123735</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2017-03-29",
"last_edited": "2020-09-10"
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{
"id": 225,
"title": "former school (demolished), corner of Buckle Street and Leman Street, 1967",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
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"body": "<p>A digitised colour slide from the Tower Hamlets Archives collection:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/781502140548255744\">https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/781502140548255744</a></p>\n",
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{
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"title": "241–243 Whitechapel Road",
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"username": "surveyoflondon"
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"body": "<p>This stock-brick asymmetrical pair of around 1835, possibly built for Henry and Joseph Gibbs, was leased for quotidian shopkeeping. Its first-floor relieving arches are in other contexts typical of earlier decades. There had been a 500-year lease of the sites of Nos 243 and 245 in 1672. In the 1890s No. 241 housed the Hebrew Christian Testimony to Israel before it gained purpose-built premises at 189 Whitechapel Road. It was reportedly rebuilt in 1950–1 after war damage. Render was removed from both façades around 2012.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives, Tower Hamlets Commissioners of Sewers ratebooks: The National Archives, IR58/84806/2341–2: Post Office Directories: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, Building Control file 15476.</p>\n",
"created": "2017-11-17",
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"title": "First development of the London Hospital estate west of New Road",
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"body": "<p>Until the middle of the eighteenth century, Whitechapel’s ‘field gate’ marked an edge of the built-up district at the west end of a footpath that led across fields to Stepney, a route the other end of which was to become Stepney Way. Once this path had been bisected by the New Road in 1754–6 its west end was less rural and ripe for development. Buildings followed in two phases, reflecting two landholdings. The western section, haphazardly built up from 1759 was initially called Baynes Street, after Edward Baynes, the landowner. But he sold up a decade later and it soon came to be known as Fieldgate Street through the older association. The eastern stretch was built up from 1787 as Charlotte Street, part of the London Hospital estate and named in honour of the Queen. In 1894 the whole road was unified and renumbered as Fieldgate Street.</p>\n\n<p>Cooke’s Close, so called in the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, was a ten- or twelve-acre holding to the east of Baynes's land and south of Whitechapel Road properties on what by 1730 had become the Turner estate, from which it was separated by a ditch. It was held from the manor with the Red Lion Farm estate in the sixteenth century, descending from Sir Ralph Warren, mercer and Lord Mayor, to Anthony Holmead, merchant tailor, in 1598, and on to the Heath family.[^1] Cooke’s Close was mostly outside the parish of Whitechapel in Mile End Old Town, but its north part did cover what became Charlotte Street (the east end of Fieldgate Street) and the top ends of streets to the south that are now Settles, Parfett, Myrdle and Romford streets. The entire Cooke’s Close and Red Lion Farm landholding was sold to the Governors of the London Hospital by Henry Knight and Bailey Heath in 1755 and Thomas Heath in 1772.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>While Baynes and a successor, Anthony Forman, had taken action to develop their land, the part of the London Hospital estate immediately eastwards remained quiet until the 1780s. There was a four-acre tenter ground in its south-west corner, where now the southern parts of Settles, Parfett and Myrdle Streets run, present by the 1740s and occupied by John Cardell up to 1771. The builders of Greenfield Street were said to be infringing on hospital land in 1773 and in 1782 John Trapp, a local ropemaker, offered to spend £1,000 building on what was called Bun House Field, possibly a reference to Matthias Meacham’s tea gardens at the King's Head public house on the site of 32 Fieldgate Street. There was another ropewalk running east–west along the hospital estate’s northern edge.[^3]</p>\n\n<p>In April 1787 the hospital’s House Committee viewed ‘buildings now erecting in the vicinity of the Tenter Ground’ (presumably Greenfield Street) and decided to improve their rents by letting eight acres west of New Road on 61-year building leases. The hospital itself was safely distant and the completion of Greenfield Street seemed to demonstrate viability. John Robinson, the hospital’s surveyor, was directed to prepare an elevation and plan of ‘small streets’ in January 1788. Proposals for what were now lengthened to 99-year leases were invited and the first lots were let in July.[^4]</p>\n\n<p>Robinson had prepared a scheme for a rectilinear grid of narrow and mostly long streets, to be packed with terraces of two- and three-storey houses separated by small yards, scarcely gardens. Intended density was to be compounded by unintended interstitial development. Robinson’s approach was not repeated when development moved east nearer the hospital after 1810. Charlotte Street was laid down as a continuation of Fieldgate Street through to New Road, off of which Gloucester (Settles) Street and York (Myrdle) Street branched down to White Horse Street (Commercial Road). These roads were to be bisected by William (Fordham) Street. Building work progressed from the west and north, principally through Thomas Barnes, the prolific local bricklayer–builder,who had been active elsewhere on the hospital estate since at least 1773. Robinson attempted to impose close control and Barnes was reprimanded for using poor quality timber in June 1789. </p>\n\n<p>Barnes took most of the north side of Charlotte Street in three parcels, the westernmost in December 1789 having already built a row of thirteen two-storey houses on an 118ft frontage (so only 9ft each). The next sections eastwards had been similarly built up by Barnes with around twenty somewhat larger houses by 1792. Barnes also laid out Charlotte Court to the rear, building fourteen houses on its south side in the 1790s and another twenty-some on the north side around 1810, all small, with one-room plans; living conditions here were later documented as particularly poor. West of the eastern entrance to the court was the Queen’s Head public house (see 83 Fieldgate Street), another nod to Charlotte. The easternmost 111ft of frontage pertained to Thomas Kincey, a New Road wheelwright–coachmaker.[^5]</p>\n\n<p>Land on the west side of Gloucester Street went to John Langley, another builder, in March 1790. He proceeded from north to south. The other lots proved harder to place. Charles Wilmot, a surveyor based close by on Union (Adler) Street where he had probably been involved in Holloway’s developments, took a large plot bounded by Gloucester Street (west), Charlotte Street (north), York Street (east) and William Street (south). He had begun building on more northerly frontages by March 1793, working with John Stocker, a Whitechapel carpenter. The early buildings that still stand on Parfett Street and the west side of Myrdle Street were all part of Wilmot’s development. Everything else further east and south, including the New Road frontage went in due course to Barnes.[^6]</p>\n\n<p>Wilmot, seemingly unrelated to the notorious Bethnal Green magistrate Davy Wilmot, was born in 1756, the son of Zaccheus Wilmot, a coffee-house keeper close to the Tower of London, who died in 1757. Charles Wilmot married Sarah Chapman in 1778 and was paying land tax for a property on Prescot Street in 1779. He was active on Greenfield Street as a surveyor from 1781. From 1784 he had a lease on two houses at the north end of Union Street on its east side. Sarah died in childbirth in 1786. Wilmot remarried in 1792 and was living on Greenfield Street by 1796 (at No. 82 in 1805) when he was advertising and selling bricks made in Southend, Essex. This suggests a source for the early stock bricks that can be seen in and around Parfett Street and Myrdle Street. By 1800 he was selling Southend property. Wilmot died in 1815 and was buried at St Mary Matfelon, Whitechapel.[^7]</p>\n\n<p>The war years from 1793 were difficult for builders, and, as in many other places, plans were compromised in terms of quality and space to make ends meet by packing more houses in. Robinson evidently did not resist these densifying changes which had no real effect on the hospital itself. Essex (Romford) Street appears to have been an afterthought of the mid 1790s by Barnes. Wilmot inserted Nottingham Place (Parfett Street) after 1803, running north off William Street as a cul de sac, initially not opening into Charlotte Street other than as a footway. Thomas Street and Roberts Place (either side of the south end of Parfett Street) were squeezed in by Barnes after 1800. The surviving houses of Nottingham Place (Parfett Street) and the west side of York (Myrdle) Street seem all to have been built after 1800. By 1807 Wilmot had built seventeen houses on the west side of York Street (of these 8–28 Myrdle Street survive) and Nottingham Place had been begun. All was complete by 1812, including the survivors at 15–21, 37–53, 22–26 and 34–60 Parfett Street, like those on Myrdle Street all in Mile End Old Town, not Whitechapel.[^8]</p>\n\n<p>By the end of the nineteenth century, Fieldgate Street and the streets to its south, especially Plumber’s Row, Greenfield Street and Nottingham Place, made up one of the areas in and around Whitechapel where Jewish immigrant settlement was densest. On Fieldgate Street alone there were at least five and possibly more small synagogues or <em>minyanim</em>in the period from the 1880s to the 1930s.[^9]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Brtish Library, Add Ch 39408</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Royal London Hospital Archive (RLHLH),RLHLH/S/10/1</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: John Rocque's map of London, 1746: RLHLH, House Committee Minutes (HCM), 21 May 1771, p. 298; 1 June 1773, p. 87; 27 Aug 1782, pp. 333–4</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: RLHLH, HCM, 17 April and 15 May 1787, pp. 279, 285; 8 Jan, 22 April and 1 July 1788, pp. 323, 342, 353</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: RLHLH, HCM, 9 June 1789, p. 60; RLHLH/F/10/3: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archvies (THLHLA), P/BSA/1/5/1/1: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), Tower Hamlets Commissioners of Sewers ratebooks (THCS): Richard Horwood's maps of London, 1799 and 1813</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: RLHLH, HCM, 2 Feb. and 16 March 1790, pp. 99, 106; RLHLH/F/10/3: THLHLA, P/BSA/1/5/2: THCS: Horwood]</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: Ancestry: Old Bailey Online: LMA, O/009/056; CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/348/536366: <em>General Evening Post</em>, 21 Jan. 1792: <em>Daily Advertiser</em>, 7 July 1796: <em>The Times</em>, 1 Sept. 1800: The National Archives, PROB11/1569/141</p>\n\n<p>[^8]: RLHLH/F/10/3: LMA, Land Tax returns; THCS: Horwood</p>\n\n<p>[^9]: Russell and Lewis,‘Jewish East London’, 1899: Census returns: Jewish Communities and Records - United Kingdom: information kindly supplied by Dr Sharman Kadish</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2018-07-02",
"last_edited": "2019-03-19"
},
{
"id": 363,
"title": "Diamondstein the Tobacconist ",
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"username": "JK"
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"body": "<p>My family owned a wholesale tobacconist and confectioner at 248 Commercial Road from the early part of the 20th Century until the mid 1960s. It was started by my great grandmother who used to hand roll cigarettes to support the family. It became a highly successful business and only closed when the property was compulsorily purchased for redevelopment by the Council to become a tower block - itself now demolished. The company was called I Diamondstein when I was a child of the 60s and used to visit with my parents who then both worked in the business.</p>\n",
"created": "2017-05-22",
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{
"id": 283,
"title": "Premierland to Fairclough's Garage",
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"body": "<p>Before this current building, the site held two garages used by the Fairclough company of meat transporters to service their fleet of tractor-vehicles and trailers. My father worked there as an engineer, and I walked these garage premises a lot to call father to tea. The garages were addressed as in Back Church Lane, and led to a yard which could also be entered from Gowers Walk, where we had a 'free' flat because father was resident engineer. Before the garages, one of them was the Premierland entertainment venue, so I could say that I have walked through that.</p>\n",
"created": "2017-02-23",
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{
"id": 335,
"title": "Chicksand Street’s schools and Hopetown",
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"body": "<p>The westernmost section of what had been Francis George March Desanges’s silk-dying works on the north side of Chicksand Street was adapted to be a ragged school, said to be among several established through the reforming zeal of the Rev. William Weldon Champneys, so perhaps in the 1850s, though it was not listed in directories before 1868. The School Board for London accepted its transfer from parish control in 1872, when it was said to be attended by 493 children. The block of houses across the road to the west of Luntley Place was acquired and cleared and the ragged school replaced with Chicksand Street School in 1877–8, for 528 children and of three storeys but not a triple-decker, rather comparatively low, undemonstrative and without a hall. A second parallel range was added to the west for an Infants’ Department for 480 more children in 1886–7. Samuel Jerrard of Lewisham was the builder in both cases. The former ragged school across the road was retained as a cookery (later ‘domestic economy’) centre. From 1905 Chicksand Street School was a ‘school for special service’, that is one in a difficult neighbourhood at which teachers were paid a bonus. The accommodation for infants was found wanting in 1911 and plans for eastwards expansion were advanced up to 1913, but not seen through, presumably on account of war. The sharp decline in the roll that was a consequence of the war led to the closure of what had long been thought an unsatisfactory school in 1924.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>Chicksand Street School fell into dereliction before being converted in 1931 to be Hopetown (or Hopetown House), a Salvation Army women’s hostel. The project, first mooted in 1928, was overseen by Oswald Archer, the Salvation Army’s architect. The hostel (or common lodging house) was a successor to the Hanbury Street Shelter, founded in the early 1880s in a rented house by Elizabeth Cottrill, a Whitechapel Salvationist, as the Army’s first rescue home and women’s refuge. Very densely used, it came to be called Hope Town. The new premises, opened by Queen Mary, had dormitory accommodation for 305 women.[^2] Finch Street was renamed Hopetown Street in 1939 and the hostel continued here up to 1980, being demolished soon after to make way for GLC housing in the shape of the Hopetown Estate. It was replaced on the south side of Old Montague Street.</p>\n\n<p>In 1905 the LCC decided to provide a special school in this locality for children suffering from favus, a contagious skin disease. This was to be to the west, separated from Chicksand Street School by Womersley’s chemical works, fronting Osborn Place (demolishing most of the south side’s early Georgian houses) and replacing Osborn Court. But there were delays with acquisition of the site. The facility opened in temporary accommodation in 1906 and was soon designated Finch Street School, even though it faced Osborn Place. Building work was undertaken in 1907–10 by J. Grover & Son, to accommodate 60 ‘mentally ill’ and 60 ‘physically ill’ children up to the age of 14 with two classrooms, a bathroom, a medical room for examination and treatment, and a teacher’s room. However, before completion the number of favus cases declined such that only three pupils were set to return after the summer break in 1909, so the premises were adapted to be a cleansing centre for children infected with vermin. Such children had been excluded from schools until legislation in 1907–8 (the LCC General Powers Act 1907 and the Children Act 1908) made cleansing stations possible; others were simultaneously established in Finsbury, Bermondsey and the Strand. Nurses washed children in a timber-built shed that stood south of the school on the north side of Finch Street. Additional baths were acquired in 1913 and 1919–20, the last for the treatment of scabies in ‘Children’s Medicated Baths’. Thereafter the designation as a cleansing centre or station was changed to bathing centre.[^3]</p>\n\n<p>Finch Street School and the former bathing centre were converted by the LCC in the 1950s to be the Osborn Place Cookery Training Centre. The former bathing centre was demolished in the 1960s, the school around 1980.</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Post Office Directories: G. Reginald Balleine, <em>The Story of St. Mary Matfelon</em>, 1898, p. 35: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), P93/MRY1/112: School Board for London Minutes, 13 Dec 1871, p.9; 13 March 1872, p.180; 6 Jan and 17 Feb 1875, pp.137,318; 25 Oct and 22 Nov 1876, pp.1424,1704; 24 June 1886, p.195: District Surveyors Returns (DSR): London County Council (LCC) Minutes, 19 Dec 1905, p.2131; 21 Feb 1911, p.354; 8 July 1913, p.113: LCC Education Committee Minutes, 30 Jan 1924, pp.49–50; 8 April, 1 July and 4 Nov 1925, pp.261,475,758</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: LMA, GLC/AR/BR/22/ES/101866</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: LCC Minutes, 1 Aug 1905, p.778; 9 Oct 1906, p.633; 26 Feb, 7 May and 25 June 1907, pp.457,1008,1388; 9 Nov. 1909, p.931; 5 May 1914, p.1037: DSR: LMA, LCC/PH/SHS/03/065; Collage 220178–81</p>\n",
"created": "2017-03-30",
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{
"id": 492,
"title": "Teaching at Toynbee Hall in the 1970s",
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"body": "<p>From 1971 to 1973 I volunteered to teach English to a class of Bengali sewing machinists. It was on Friday evenings from about 6:30 onwards, I think. We’d all been working full-time all day, me teaching a BA University of London external degree at what was then North-East London Polytechnic in Barking (now UEL), the students bent over machines for hours, yet the class was lively.</p>\n\n<p>I was given no teaching materials, other than an ancient Bengali/English phrase book, but perhaps because I was improvising each week there was a wonderful sense of camaraderie. They were all young men. I asked about providing a class for women and I offered to teach this on another evening but such a class seemed to be impossible. The students were very young. I wondered if some were even legally able to work but their enthusiasm carried us all away into language games.</p>\n\n<p>Quite soon, they began to worry that I should have some gifts in return for my teaching. I realized that the notion of gift giving was important to them but obviously I didn’t want to accept anything. One student had the brilliant idea of asking me to attend Sunday lunchtime Indian cinema which was a revelation. The screen carried no subtitles but the film was fairly easy to follow. However few in the audience seemed to be watching. The lights were full on and everyone had kinds of picnics which were shared around as they moved and mingled throughout the film. On another occasion one student gave me hash ‘straight off the boat’. That night I tried smoking but spent hours vomiting. He’d omitted to tell me the strength.</p>\n\n<p>Sadly I had to stop after two years. My full-time teaching had become intensive. I had more responsibilities at work and had to research and publish if I was to continue as an academic.</p>\n\n<p>But the two years were a real delight. Toynbee Hall was at its best – continuing the old tradition of reaching out to the local community.</p>\n\n<p>Professor Maggie Humm</p>\n",
"created": "2017-11-10",
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"id": 1151,
"title": "Mark Button of Barneys Seafood remembers Tubby Isaacs and Petticoat Lane market",
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"body": "<p>Mark Button, managing director of <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/1310/detail/#story\">Barneys Seafood</a>, recalls the stalls in Petticoat Lane, including Tubby Isaacs.</p>\n\n<p>'[My father] bought a seafood stall in the 1960s which was at Aldgate, ... known as Barney’s [who] was the famous relative of Tubby Isaacs. Well, Gritzman was their name, it was Solly Gritzman who was <em>the</em> Tubby Isaacs [by then] … the two Gritzman brothers … the Tubby Isaacs brand has been going on a bit earlier … but as I say they both decided to do the same job in the same street and they were literally looking at each other day in day out and didn’t speak for many years, sadly. </p>\n\n<p>'....we ended up taking over the Barneys business in 1968/69, I believe, and from there we developed the wholesalers and into the early Seventies even when Tubby Isaacs decided he didn’t want to do his own jellied eels any more and asked my father, Eddie Button, to do his eels as well, with the understanding that no one knew, as there was a feud between the two brothers, no one could know it was the same supplier supplying both sides of the road… they’d even spit at each other…. From the 1970s to early 2000s we supplied the stalls at Aldgate and sadly there’s no more traditional jellied eel seafood outlets in the East End, as we know.</p>\n\n<p>'[Solly Gritzmann] was - a small man in size, but grand in stature, you know he could hold court with anyone - being at Aldgate was almost like being at a show, and as a child being taken to Aldgate on Sunday mornings when my father would bring me to work, he would say to me ‘Don’t let go my hand because if you do, I’ll never find you in this crowd.’ And that was the case and all I remember seeing was knees and coat tails and hundreds and hundreds of people hustling and bustling around, looking at these stalls where everyone was holding court and shouting out their wares you know ‘Jellied eels here, come and get your jellied eels, and various other items that were sold on that market.</p>\n\n<p>'And Solly he was a character... he would always take time to speak to you … good family man… enjoyed his trade and worked at it all of his working life, and I think anyone who was in that trade at the time was always the same, they worked very hard lots of hours, from the morning, being on the stalls, back in those days till midnight. My father worked at the Barneys stall, you know he’d work there in the evening from 6 till midnight and be at the fish market in the morning by 5am, do that job, come back make more jellied eels, his brothers would work with him, and they’d do various shifts at the stall and the he would do his shift again at the stall at 6 or 7 in the evening but those days you was constantly replenishing the stall as there weren’t too many options on fast food if you want to call it that… there [were] very few Indian restaurants on Brick Lane, and the Chinese restaurants, but we had none of the fast foods, McDonalds, or the burger type places, and chicken shops didn’t really exist, the area was very much .. busy.. mainly a Jewish population… the Bible shops had been there many years on Brick Lane, the salt beef shops used to be there, and… there was just a few jellied eels stalls as well around the area which was quite successful.</p>\n\n<p>'It was about the late Seventies early Eighties… and we closed the Barneys stall down as there wasn’t enough trade for two stalls ….up to about five or six years ago [we still had one stall] …. but sadly with the red routes, no parking, double lines, no taxi drivers allowed to stop, changing it all back to a two-way system from one way, the Congestion Charge, all the things which put people off of coming in to certain areas so it slowly killed the trade.'</p>\n\n<p>Mark Button was talking to Aileen Reid of the Survey of London at 55 Chamber Street, 26 June 2019.</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2020-11-08",
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"body": "<p>During the 1980s the landlord of the Queen's Head was George The Pole... and yes he was Polish.</p>\n",
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