HTTP 200 OK
Allow: GET, HEAD, OPTIONS
Content-Type: application/json
Vary: Accept
{
"count": 1059,
"next": "https://surveyoflondon.org/api/v1/documents/?format=api&page=17",
"previous": "https://surveyoflondon.org/api/v1/documents/?format=api&page=15",
"results": [
{
"id": 656,
"title": "Hopetown, Salvation Army women's hostel, opened 1931",
"author": {
"id": 230,
"username": "Clare_F"
},
"feature": {
"id": 240,
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": {
"type": "MultiPolygon",
"coordinates": [
[
[
[
-0.069852659367992,
51.51819052741031
],
[
-0.069894227613964,
51.51827192858128
],
[
-0.069894238077714,
51.51827193176139
],
[
-0.069847028569083,
51.51828055741319
],
[
-0.069847030392078,
51.51828055194359
],
[
-0.069803281864072,
51.51820008133099
],
[
-0.069852659367992,
51.51819052741031
]
]
]
]
},
"properties": {
"b_number": "16",
"b_name": "",
"street": "Chicksand Street",
"address": "16 Chicksand Street",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
"count": 14,
"search_str": "16 Chicksand Street"
},
"tags": []
},
"body": "<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2018/05/23/chicksand.jpg\" style=\"\"></p>\n\n<p>The derelict Chicksand Street School, depicted in <em>The Deliverer</em> of Oct 1931, had its entrance in Chicksand Street. The Salvation Army Women’s hostel which replaced it, opened by Queen Mary on 16 Dec 1931, had its front door on Finch Street.</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2018/05/23/finch.jpg\" style=\"\"></p>\n\n<p>Late in 1967 a penniless woman arrived, offering the warden this sketch in lieu of rent, which she graciously accepted, and it appeared on the Christmas card which all residents received.</p>\n\n<p>The hostel was called Hopetown after a building in Clapton which served as an interim Women’s Social Work HQ from c. 1908 to 1913. On 1 Jan 1939 Finch Street was renamed Hopetown Street. </p>\n",
"created": "2018-05-23",
"last_edited": "2018-05-23"
},
{
"id": 289,
"title": "Former Outpatients Department, Stepney Way",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
},
"feature": {
"id": 1188,
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": {
"type": "MultiPolygon",
"coordinates": [
[
[
[
-0.062135521845015,
51.51764176709899
],
[
-0.061842202698012,
51.517670085745486
],
[
-0.061848902036134,
51.51769938896618
],
[
-0.061550919793822,
51.51772590607731
],
[
-0.061559977080333,
51.51776552415219
],
[
-0.061447064288193,
51.51777557192973
],
[
-0.061449635978695,
51.51778682104097
],
[
-0.06118390946889,
51.51781046681395
],
[
-0.061173470769467,
51.517768252329546
],
[
-0.0611656045837,
51.517762055237526
],
[
-0.061159583649328,
51.517735562574764
],
[
-0.061165991378992,
51.51772693239806
],
[
-0.061115835114599,
51.517494904849876
],
[
-0.061108055251476,
51.51749055594055
],
[
-0.061100533853466,
51.51745850319045
],
[
-0.061102936626612,
51.5174532736114
],
[
-0.061094280097356,
51.517413095299034
],
[
-0.061827243127089,
51.517348112870636
],
[
-0.061830552360161,
51.517362587728314
],
[
-0.062066885754417,
51.51734155598123
],
[
-0.062135521845015,
51.51764176709899
]
]
]
]
},
"properties": {
"b_number": "",
"b_name": "",
"street": "Stepney Way",
"address": "Outpatients Department",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
"count": 9,
"search_str": "Outpatients Department"
},
"tags": []
},
"body": "<p>The north-west corner of the junction between Turner Street and Stepney Way is dominated by the former Outpatients Department of the Royal London Hospital, a substantial red-brick building constructed to designs by Rowland Plumbe in 1900–2. Plans to improve the outpatients department were conceived as part of an ambitious rebuilding programme carried out under the auspices of the hospital’s chairman Sydney Holland, 2nd Viscount Knutsford, whose fundraising talents earned him the nickname, ‘Prince of Beggars’.[^1] By 1897 the outpatients’ department had outgrown its basement accommodation. Earlier attempts to relieve overcrowding had led to the transferral of the surgical outpatients’ unit to the <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/1233/detail/#the-alexandra-wing-18646-demolished\">Alexandra Wing</a> in 1864–6, yet its medical counterpart had persevered in rooms in the <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/1230/detail/#west-wing-and-east-wing-extensions-183042\">West Wing</a> that dated from the 1830s. These ‘cramped, dark and badly ventilated’ basements were inadequate for the volume of patients, which soared to as many as 1,000 in an afternoon.[^2] A number of solutions were considered, including the feasibility of enlarging the existing department. In the event, a donation from the shipbuilding magnate Alfred Yarrow secured funds towards a new building. At its completion, the medical and surgical outpatients’ departments were reunited in the largest building of its type in Britain.[^3]</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/features/1188/SoL%20Whitechapel100105_7yM0rgA.jpg\"></p>\n\n<p><em>The former Outpatients Department from the south-east, photographed by Derek Kendall in 2016. </em></p>\n\n<p>A large chunk of the hospital estate, designated ‘Block M’, was taken for the new Outpatients Department. The intended site, occupied by thirty-five early nineteenth-century terraced houses, comprised almost an acre bounded to the south by Oxford Street (now Stepney Way), Turner Street east, Green Street (later Pasteur Street) north, and a terrace overlooking New Road west.[^4] The complex was erected by the Bermondsey builder William Shepherd, also contracted to construct a tunnel beneath Turner Street to connect with the hospital. Early drawings indicate that it was intended to construct the building in stages, deferring the second-floor lupus, photographic and radiographic suites, yet the department was complete when patients were first admitted in December 1902. Its formal opening was reserved for a royal ceremony the following June.[^5]</p>\n\n<p>The Outpatients Department would once have appeared in stark contrast in scale and materials to neighbouring stock-brick terraced houses, though its large footprint no longer seems remarkable due to later hospital expansion. The Outpatients Department has retained its workmanlike appearance, with plain red-brick walls punctuated by large windows on each of its three main storeys. The brickwork is relieved only by artificial stone strings, narrow horizontal grey-brick bands, and a practical glazed-brick plinth. The corners of the building rise to sturdy square towers with top-floor tank rooms capped by pyramidal roofs with ball finials. The former public entrance in Stepney Way is adorned by a shaped gable with a gauged brick cartouche, now concealed above a clumsy modern canopy. The entrance is positioned between robust stair towers, with doorways designed as private entrances for the physicians and surgeons.</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/features/1188/SoL%20Whitechapel100115.jpg\"></p>\n\n<p><em>Former public entrance to the Outpatients Department in Stepney Way, photographed by Derek Kendall in 2016. </em></p>\n\n<p>The Outpatients Department was planned with considerable ingenuity to ensure a continuous and orderly flow of patients through the building, and the separation of different types of cases. This sophisticated plan could only have been accomplished through close collaboration with the hospital’s medical and surgical staff. The public entrance opened into a vestibule that contained a registration office for new cases and ticket offices for returning, or ‘old’, patients. At the core of the building stood a vast and airy waiting hall that ascended to an open steel-framed roof crowned by a full-length lantern. It was furnished with a refreshment bar, drinking fountains, and uniform rows of benches designed to provide seating for 1,000 people. This central hall was wedged between a surgical department to the east, a medical department west, and a dispensary north. Plumbe’s utilitarian treatment extended to these internal spaces, which were lined with easily cleaned glazed walls and mosaic floors.[^6]</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/features/1188/Outpatients%20Department.jpg\"></p>\n\n<p><em>Ground plan of the Outpatients Department, redrawn by Helen Jones from a plan printed in 'The Lancet' in June 1903.</em></p>\n\n<p>The surgical department was formed of two ‘complete suites’, each containing a surgeon’s office flanked by an operating room, a recovery room, an examining room and a dark room.[^7] Waiting rooms for old and new cases of both genders were accessed directly from the central hall. These narrow, top-lit rooms communicated with dressing rooms, supervised by a clinical assistant’s office. A similar arrangement was accomplished in the medical department, with two suites formed of top-lit waiting rooms for old and new cases adjacent to a clinical assistant’s office and examining rooms. The west end of each suite comprised a physician’s office lit by a large bay window.</p>\n\n<p>The dispensary was flanked by two waiting lobbies, where patients would receive prescriptions before exiting to Pasteur Street. A large basement laboratory directly below the dispensary, accessed by a lift and staircase, produced medicine and drugs. In addition to this pharmaceutical laboratory, extensive store rooms, a boiler room, isolation rooms and staff rooms, the basement housed the bath department. This contained Turkish baths and medicated baths, for immersion in sulphur, mercury and carbonic solutions, along with rooms dedicated to the Tallerman treatment, a novel method of administering ‘superheated’ dry air to relieve rheumatic disorders. Tyrnauer hot-air baths were installed in 1909 for the treatment of similar complaints.[^8]</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/features/1230/bl23998.jpg\"></p>\n\n<p><em>Lupus patients receiving Finsen light treatment in the Outpatients Department, photographed by Bedford Lemere in 1917. (Historic England Archive)</em></p>\n\n<p>The first and second floors of the building contained more specialist departments. Their plans were arranged by a similar formula, with corridors encircling the central waiting hall and light wells above the top-lit surgical and medical rooms on the ground floor. An assortment of rooms for waiting, consulting, operations and recovery skirted the perimeter of the building, forming suites for each department. The first floor contained the aural, dental, obstetric and massage departments, whilst the second floor was dedicated to the ophthalmic, photography, lupus and electrical departments. These specialist departments boasted the latest medical innovations, including the use of Röntgen rays in radiography and the first Finsen lamp to arrive in Britain. Named in recognition of its Danish inventor and Nobel laureate, Niels Ryberg Finsen, the pioneering device emitted light radiation to treat lupus vulgaris, a tuberculous skin infection once common in east London.[^9] The hospital’s first lamp was donated by Queen Alexandra in 1900 and initially installed in a single-storey shed located in the hospital garden. By 1909 the lupus department was considered to be the finest of its kind in the capital, with treatment machines for up to twelve patients powered by roof-top generators.[^10]</p>\n\n<p>Subsequent alterations to the Outpatients Department included a roof extension built by W. Lawrence and Sons in 1909–11 to designs by J. G. Oatley, and modifications to the X-Ray Department carried out <em>c</em>.1938 by local builders Walter Gladding & Co. The building was remodelled in 1963, and substantial layout changes effected in the ground-floor surgical and medical suites. The building closed in 2012, when the hospital moved to its <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/1055/detail/\">new premises</a> and was granted immunity from listing in 2017.[^11]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: ‘Lord Knutsford', <em>The Spectator</em>, 1 September 1922, p. 20 (<a href=\"http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/2nd-september-1922/20/lord-knutsford\">online</a>); ODNB.</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: <em>The Builder</em>, 13 June 1903, p. 617; <em>Illustrated London News </em>(<em>ILN</em>), 20 June 1903, p. 962.</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: RLHA, RLHLH/A/4/24/7; <em>The Builder</em>, 13 June 1903, p. 617; Pevsner, p. 403; RLHA, RLHLH/A/5/48, p. 83.</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: RLHA, RLHLH/A/5/47, 20 November 1897, p. 32.</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: RLHA, RLHLH/A/5/48, pp. 209–10, 522, 527, 532–5; <em>The Lancet</em>, 20 June 1903, pp. 1759–61.</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: <em>The Lancet</em>, 20 June 1903, p. 1760–1.</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: <em>The Lancet</em>, 20 June 1903, p. 1760.</p>\n\n<p>[^8]: RLHA Aperture plans; <em>The Tallerman Treatment by Superheated Dry Air</em>, ed. Arthur Shadwell, 1898; <em>The Lancet</em>, 20 June 1903, p. 1760–1;<em> BMJ</em>, 4 December 1909, p. 1622.</p>\n\n<p>[^9]: <em>Oxford Concise Medical Dictionary</em>, 9th edn (Oxford UP, 2015).</p>\n\n<p>[^10]: <em>ILN</em>, 24 August 1901, p. 286; BMJ, 4 December 1909, p. 1623.</p>\n\n<p>[^11]: DSR; Pevsner.</p>\n",
"created": "2017-03-02",
"last_edited": "2018-05-23"
},
{
"id": 299,
"title": "24 Fordham Street",
"author": {
"id": 109,
"username": "stanley"
},
"feature": {
"id": 977,
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": {
"type": "MultiPolygon",
"coordinates": [
[
[
[
-0.062717782882212,
51.51589306861056
],
[
-0.062710381667285,
51.51581007883925
],
[
-0.063158780828758,
51.51579562321674
],
[
-0.063165550111197,
51.51587602248507
],
[
-0.063122283873812,
51.51587763342675
],
[
-0.063122813509071,
51.51589028304441
],
[
-0.063060349712505,
51.51589224524635
],
[
-0.063059791885024,
51.51588026047178
],
[
-0.062972216278652,
51.515883471128475
],
[
-0.06297222718401,
51.51589577952426
],
[
-0.062906524296316,
51.5158986861059
],
[
-0.062904915027894,
51.51588635130793
],
[
-0.062828542173125,
51.515889414251404
],
[
-0.062829505049494,
51.51590244503049
],
[
-0.062763915723476,
51.51590464675035
],
[
-0.062762867500594,
51.515891655909556
],
[
-0.062717782882212,
51.51589306861056
]
]
]
]
},
"properties": {
"b_number": "24",
"b_name": "",
"street": "Fordham Street",
"address": "24 Fordham Street",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
"count": 1,
"search_str": "24 Fordham Street"
},
"tags": []
},
"body": "<p>Lived in previous block of flats, which was called Commercial Mansions, number 12, from 1948 till 1958. My father worked as a presser in Empire House, and we were married in the synagogue in New Road which is now an Indian restaurant.</p>",
"created": "2017-03-24",
"last_edited": "2017-03-24"
},
{
"id": 949,
"title": "Aldgate Place",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
},
"feature": {
"id": 1442,
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": {
"type": "MultiPolygon",
"coordinates": [
[
[
[
-0.070921854694497,
51.51498364468987
],
[
-0.070540769095193,
51.514951281772646
],
[
-0.070585982363243,
51.514704808586835
],
[
-0.070963912170839,
51.51473565631881
],
[
-0.070921854694497,
51.51498364468987
]
]
]
]
},
"properties": {
"b_number": "",
"b_name": "Aldgate Place",
"street": "Buckle Street",
"address": "Clayton Hotel, Aldgate Place, Buckle Street",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
"count": 4,
"search_str": "Aldgate Place"
},
"tags": []
},
"body": "<p>The Wimpey offer to the Greater London Council in 1978 when it lined up acquisition of the Gardiner's Corner properties included a leisure centre on a triangle east of Leman Street otherwise bounded by Braham Street and the vestige of the old line of Commercial Road that had been named Drum Street. Initially set to be called ‘The Attlee Centre’, this would combine a theatre-conference hall and a sports hall with squash courts. It was a gestural product of planning gain, to satisfy the public-provision ambitions of the GLC and Tower Hamlets. Designs were taken forward through Wimpey and the Sedgwick Group, initially by Trehearne and Norman, Preston and Partners, then from 1982 by Frederick Gibberd Partners, soon renamed Frederick Gibberd Coombes and Partners. The Sedgwick Sports and Conference Centre with the Chaucer Theatre was built in 1982–5 and soon renamed the Summit Sports and Conference Centre. There was a lower-level auditorium with a stage to the east, originally intended to seat up to 700, but built for no more than 400, and squash courts and the sports hall on the upper storeys. There was something of a commercial angle in that the building was linked at basement level to the shopping plaza below the Sedgwick Centre. Leisure centres of the 1980s were usually sprawling low-slung buildings, but this one had its spaces vertically stacked and was externally unrecognisable for what it was. Anonymous, but blandly and blankly impregnable, it was uninviting from any external vantage point, and odd, gimcrack and ungainly as architecture – ‘a white-panelled exterior, tall, with silo-like corner towers; its faux-industrial appearance made even more ludicrous by the giant globe lanterns suspended on arms from the roof.’[^1] From the outset the auditorium was used more for conferences than for entertainment; in 1986 writing tablets were added to the seats. In so far as it had a purpose, the building was more of the City than of Whitechapel, to serve the area’s new office workers. It lasted only twenty years.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>The easternmost Sedgwick and Wimpey site was on the south side of Commercial Road and Braham Street. This was developed in the early 1980s as a four-storey car park, to designs by Trehearne and Norman, Preston and Partners. Of streamlined profile, it was faced in Holbrook smooth-brown bricks, and was demolished in 2014.[^3] </p>\n\n<p>Unrelated plans for an office building on the Gardiner’s department store site at 31–35 Whitechapel High Street in 1979–80 came to nothing and Lloyd’s Bank moved from Nos 27–28 to a jaunty new brick-faced building at No. 35 in 1986–7. This stood until 2016. Nos 45–47 had been cleared around 2006. </p>\n\n<p>Following the abandonment of the gyratory in 2008, the east end of Braham Street was available for development. Tishman Speyer (alternatively TST Aldgate Holdings LLC) had put together a scheme for a large building on this composite site that was named Aldgate Place, to complement Aldgate Union in the eastward march of the City. Plans of 2007 for a massive large-floor-plate twenty-one-storey office block were approved in 2009. Wilkinson Eyre were again the architects. The bulk of this single-block scheme, which did not extend as far south as Buckle Street, was slightly mitigated by the formation of an open way through on the old line of Drum Street. However, after the financial crash of 2008 demand for office space fell away and the German HSH Nordbank, which had advanced millions for the project, persuaded the American developer to abandon the scheme. In 2012 Tishman Speyer sold the two-acre site to a joint venture formed by British Land and Barratt London, a subsidiary of the housebuilding firm, which staked its plans on Whitechapel’s residential gentrification. Allies and Morrison were brought in as architects and, despite misgivings expressed by CABE, a huge scheme was approved in 2013. It proposed six buildings of from six to twenty-six storeys for 463 residential units, of which thirty-five per cent were to be ‘affordable’ housing, and a hotel, with retail and office uses to the north on Whitechapel High Street and ‘public’ open space laid out by Vogt Landscape Ltd and Townshend Landscape Architects to include the diagonal way through as New Drum Street. Walsh Associates were structural engineers. Work began in 2014 and the first phase was completed in 2017. This comprised the southern parts, the nine-storey white-faced hotel flanked by residential blocks with brown-brick verticals and white spandrel panels, to the east Metropolitan (renamed Blakeney) Tower, of twenty-two storeys and with the ‘affordable’ housing, to the west Gateway (renamed Wiverton) Tower, twenty-five storeys with a ten-storey southern section. The 212-room hotel opened as the Clayton Hotel City of London in 2019. The second northern phase, part of which was to have been a twenty-seven-storey tower, was abandoned in 2018, there being a glut of flats on the market locally. Tower Hamlets rejected attempts to alter the Section 106 agreement that were deemed to put at risk the continuity of the affordable housing. At the time of writing the High Street frontage remains a cleared site behind hoardings.[^4] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Bridget Cherry, Charles O'Brien and Nikolaus Pevsner, <em>The Buildlings of England: London 5, East</em>, 2005, p.427</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), GLC/AR/BR/34/005000/169: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archvies, Building Control files 25414–5: Colin Davies, ‘East End Summit Meeting’, <em>Architects Journal</em>, 23 Oct 1985, p.34</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: LMA, GLC/AR/BR/34/005000/169</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: <em>Evening Standard</em>, 16 March 2012: <em>Architects Journal</em>, 9 May and 24 July 2013: <em>Construction Enquirer</em>, Jan. 2018: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n",
"created": "2019-08-15",
"last_edited": "2021-03-31"
},
{
"id": 307,
"title": "27 Whitechapel Road",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
},
"feature": {
"id": 122,
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": {
"type": "MultiPolygon",
"coordinates": [
[
[
[
-0.069023766104944,
51.5167876412413
],
[
-0.068793603793373,
51.516578747857835
],
[
-0.068854756856642,
51.516547067549645
],
[
-0.069054122731668,
51.51672762843158
],
[
-0.069064027277095,
51.51677577138628
],
[
-0.069023766104944,
51.5167876412413
]
]
]
]
},
"properties": {
"b_number": "27",
"b_name": "",
"street": "Whitechapel Road",
"address": "27 Whitechapel Road",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
"count": 2,
"search_str": "27 Whitechapel Road"
},
"tags": []
},
"body": "<p>This building of 1926–7 was erected to designs by Higgins & Thomerson, architects, and first occupied in part by Isaac Woolf Silberstein for restaurant premises. Its predecessor, the premises of a manufacturing stationer, had from 1909 housed a cinema (‘Picture Palace’) run by Solomon Czershorski. Much earlier, in the 1780s, John Philip Webber, a sailcloth weaver, was the occupant of the building on this site.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: District Surveyors Returns: London County Council Minutes, 2 April 1912, p.843: The National Archives, IR58/84805/2224: Post Office Directories: Land Tax: Census</p>\n",
"created": "2017-03-29",
"last_edited": "2017-03-29"
},
{
"id": 620,
"title": "108A Whitechapel Road",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
},
"feature": {
"id": 864,
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": {
"type": "MultiPolygon",
"coordinates": [
[
[
[
-0.064314324202243,
51.51788892990234
],
[
-0.064192707985004,
51.517929930470984
],
[
-0.064073733170691,
51.51777934541772
],
[
-0.064200709572794,
51.51774105943853
],
[
-0.064314324202243,
51.51788892990234
]
]
]
]
},
"properties": {
"b_number": "108A",
"b_name": "",
"street": "Whitechapel Road",
"address": "108A Whitechapel Road",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
"count": 2,
"search_str": "108A Whitechapel Road"
},
"tags": []
},
"body": "<p>Twin large warehouses of 1878 here were cleared around 1890 for the Metropolitan and District Railway Company, to provide a supplementary blow hole, for additional ventilation of the steam trains running below; the anomalous address came about because this was a vacant site at renumbering in 1898. Electrification permitted redevelopment and the present building went up in 1922–4, intended for a shop with flats above. The freeholder was David Taub, the woollen merchant at No. 108, and the project was a speculation by Abraham Segalov, a watchmaker of Black Lion Yard and Clapton Common, and a Russian immigrant. It was built by the highly reputable Kirk & Kirk. Early occupants were the Jewish Free Reading Room, Benjamin S. Birkhahn, dental surgeon, the Hospital Saving Association, and the Vine Social Club. By an architect unknown, this is a fair four-bay neo-Georgian building, with handsome brown brickwork between a classically moulded artificial-stone shop surround and cornice, the attic brickwork having been painted. It is outwardly little altered, the fascia sign for Zaza’s Restaurant aside. The upper storeys have been adapted for college use.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: District Surveyors Returns: Post Office Directories: Transport for London Group Archives, LT002051/455</p>\n",
"created": "2018-04-19",
"last_edited": "2018-04-19"
},
{
"id": 950,
"title": "88–94 Wentworth Street (Universal House)",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
},
"feature": {
"id": 365,
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": {
"type": "MultiPolygon",
"coordinates": [
[
[
[
-0.07094438253597,
51.517112959817155
],
[
-0.070686306893161,
51.51715534454817
],
[
-0.070630224344453,
51.5170311044188
],
[
-0.070943038423118,
51.516974124966076
],
[
-0.070951736407362,
51.51699100261288
],
[
-0.070889049319522,
51.51700493272128
],
[
-0.070896371426636,
51.51701771905139
],
[
-0.071012930963449,
51.51699424551524
],
[
-0.071003459070221,
51.51697631008041
],
[
-0.071117569167397,
51.51695285216645
],
[
-0.07108720118477,
51.51689534926868
],
[
-0.071276360147528,
51.516856463064066
],
[
-0.07132935993162,
51.5169568192259
],
[
-0.071294688057963,
51.51696394689764
],
[
-0.071329015472892,
51.51702705586968
],
[
-0.071377417752486,
51.517017206960126
],
[
-0.071388787572565,
51.5170383511496
],
[
-0.07133875825389,
51.51704739447853
],
[
-0.07132341723974,
51.517050244652935
],
[
-0.071336421675348,
51.51708339034307
],
[
-0.07095586177927,
51.517136883665685
],
[
-0.07094438253597,
51.517112959817155
]
]
]
]
},
"properties": {
"b_number": "88-94",
"b_name": "Universal House",
"street": "Wentworth Street",
"address": "Universal House, 88-94 Wentworth Street",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
"count": 4,
"search_str": "Universal House"
},
"tags": [
"Gustav Wildermuth"
]
},
"body": "<p>Universal House is an office building, its west part a reconstruction of war-damaged remains of Wildermuth House, a model lodging house for single working men built in 1892–3 for Gustav Wildermuth (1835–1898), its east part complete replacement of 1965–6. Wildermuth, German-born and naturalized in 1874, had been running a lodging house at 31–34 George Yard (Gunthorpe Street) for more than twenty years, but this new building was of a different scale, of five storeys with a frontage of 136ft, and was said to have cost £25,000. It replaced a row of eight houses on Wentworth Street and four more returning to Angel Alley that had been ‘improved’ by the Earl of Pembroke, whose lease expired in 1891. Wildermuth’s George Yard lodging house had a dubious reputation, but his new premises were opened in August 1893 to some fanfare by George Holland, the veteran of the George Yard Mission.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>Wildermuth House was a rugged building of stock brick with red-brick window surrounds, internal iron columns and joists and concrete floors. The four upper floors each held eight dormitories and a central staircase to the rear had open five-foot-wide balconies. The ground floor had a ‘lofty’ kitchen and ‘reading room’, the basement a washing room and laundry, and there were garden seats in a rear yard. Charles Booth’s researcher George Duckworth, visiting in 1898, considered its occupants to be men of the ‘lowest class, vicious semi-criminal’.[^2] In 1901 it housed 388 single men, and a ‘general provision shop’ had been opened on the ground floor at the west end. Whitechapel District Board of Works had considered acquiring the lodging house in 1899, and in 1906–7 a Mr Kahan proposed adapting the east end of the building ‘for Jewish Immigrants passing from the Continent to the United States of America’. This was not taken up, instead in 1907–8 the Wildermuth family created a women’s section on the first and second floors on the west side with its own staircase; eighty women came to be housed. Wildermuth House remained in the hands of the family until it closed in 1920. No longer fully occupied, it was running at a loss and the LCC identified 900 vacant common-lodging-house spaces.[^3] </p>\n\n<p>The building was sold to A. E. Bosworth, music publishers based in Vienna, with a plan to house printing machinery. Instead it was converted to workshops and warehousing occupied by locally typical textile and clothing trades – tailors, gownmakers, mantle manufacturers, cap makers - along with the New Wentworth Social and Temperance Club, later Social and Bridge Club, on two floors with billiard tables. The east end was destroyed in the Blitz in 1941, the rest badly damaged. It was repaired in 1947 by Stanley G. Soper, architect, for Bosworth’s trustees, and more fully reinstated in 1955 for a new owner, Philip Goldstein Ltd, by W. Bisset Farquhar, surveyor, when internal stairs replaced the balconied staircase. Textile workshops and warehousing continued under Goldsteins until the 1980s.[^4] </p>\n\n<p>In 1965–6 a new wing was built on the east side, extending across the site of No. 94 (which had housed a tripe dressers since being built in 1893). This range was designed by Maurice Sanders Associates, architects, and set back from the street with a simple rectilinear façade of exposed concrete frame, brown-brick panels and continuous steel windows.[^5] Universal House was acquired in 1986 by Gurmeet Mandra who converted it to office use. Recent occupants have included AdviceUK, London Living Streets, which encourages walking in London, Baliga, an Ayurvedic health clinic, and Pristine London, a provider of construction services to developers. Since 2008 parts of the building have been adapted for educational use by the Central Film School and The Complete Works, a school catering for students excluded from mainstream education, also at 38 Commercial Street.[^6] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives, District Surveyors Returns (DSR): Census: Ancestry: The National Archives, HO45/9373/39248: <em>Barnet Press</em>, 5 July 1890, p.4: <em>East London Observer (ELO)</em>, 5 Aug 1893, p.6: <em>Tower Hamlets Independent and East End Advertiser</em>, 5 Aug 1899, p.8: <em>Daily Telegraph</em>, 18 Sept 1908, p.8</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Britsh Library of Political and Economic Science, London School of Economics, Booth Archive, B/351, p. 131: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), Building Control (BC) file 15608: <em>ELO</em>, 5 Aug 1893, p.6: <em>London Daily News</em>, 18 Feb 1905, p.5</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: <em>Hull Daily Mail</em>, 27 Apr 1920, p.3: <em>ELO</em>, 1 May 1920, p.6: THLHLA, BC file 15608</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: <em>ELO</em>, 1 May 1920, p.6: Post Office Directories (POD): THLHLA, BC file, 15608</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: POD: DSR: London County Council Minutes, 16 May 1911, p.1218: THLHLA, BC file, 15608</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: Tower Hamlets Planning applications online: POD: <a href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=2&v=-a3FXc38KQU\">www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=2&v=-a3FXc38KQU</a>:<a href=\"https://www.centralfilmschool.com/\">www.centralfilmschool.com/</a>:<a href=\"http://www.tcw.org.uk/\">www.tcw.org.uk/</a>: <a href=\"https://www.adviceuk.org.uk/about/contact-us/\">www.adviceuk.org.uk/about/contact-us/</a>:<a href=\"http://www.baliga.clinic/london-clinic\">www.baliga.clinic/london-clinic</a>:<a href=\"https://pristinelondon.co.uk/\">https://pristinelondon.co.uk/</a></p>\n",
"created": "2019-08-27",
"last_edited": "2019-08-27"
},
{
"id": 495,
"title": "199 Whitechapel Road",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
},
"feature": {
"id": 423,
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": {
"type": "MultiPolygon",
"coordinates": [
[
[
[
-0.062751025821007,
51.518713377913635
],
[
-0.062703008307433,
51.51872478453117
],
[
-0.062709694502384,
51.518738900306154
],
[
-0.062599161112712,
51.51876020020802
],
[
-0.062547913361328,
51.51865958014376
],
[
-0.06264997241392,
51.518637709398746
],
[
-0.06270212037316,
51.51862633234804
],
[
-0.062751025821007,
51.518713377913635
]
]
]
]
},
"properties": {
"b_number": "199",
"b_name": "",
"street": "Whitechapel Road",
"address": "199 Whitechapel Road (former Black Bull public house)",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
"count": 3,
"search_str": "199 Whitechapel Road (former Black Bull public house)"
},
"tags": [
"'Bangladeshi restaurant'",
"'public house'"
]
},
"body": "<p>This was the Black Bull public house from the early nineteenth century. Once taller, it was taken down a storey and refronted in a black-and-white Brewer’s Tudor style in 1925–7 by F. J. Eedle & Meyers, architects, for Thomas Barclay Ellis, the leaseholder, with Horace V. Clogg of Vallance Road as builder. A rear block appears to survive from the nineteenth-century building. The pub closed in 2007 and the premises have since been used as a restaurant, once the Bombay Grill, now a branch of Sonargaon, Bengali for ‘city of gold’. It retains a staircase from the 1920s.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives, Tower Hamlets Commissioners of Sewers ratebooks: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, Building Control file 15488</p>\n",
"created": "2017-11-17",
"last_edited": "2018-04-10"
},
{
"id": 444,
"title": "7-8 Davenant Street",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
},
"feature": {
"id": 444,
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": {
"type": "MultiPolygon",
"coordinates": [
[
[
[
-0.065992155100794,
51.51830166921137
],
[
-0.065887098962721,
51.51835337791054
],
[
-0.065789221022939,
51.51826327188508
],
[
-0.065599547334165,
51.51834996604178
],
[
-0.065488815177326,
51.51824884632271
],
[
-0.065919478440025,
51.518071434055805
],
[
-0.066056525174001,
51.51818387500053
],
[
-0.066044775545206,
51.51818993383309
],
[
-0.066062990401533,
51.518205353133325
],
[
-0.065946955903848,
51.51825634514006
],
[
-0.065992155100794,
51.51830166921137
]
]
]
]
},
"properties": {
"b_number": "7-8",
"b_name": "",
"street": "Davenant Street",
"address": "7-8 Davenant Street",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
"count": 2,
"search_str": "7-8 Davenant Street"
},
"tags": []
},
"body": "<p>This unprepossessing and much-altered building had its origins as a sugarhouse and was thus until its demolition in late 2020 the sole surviving remnant of a once widespread building type in Whitechapel. It was built in 1797–8 for James Ballenger and was originally taller, as sugarhouses usually were. Ballenger was the eldest son of Robert Ballenger (d.1801), a Roman Catholic sugar refiner whose premises at Star Court on the south side of Old Fish Street in the City were sold in 1797. That probably facilitated the move to Whitechapel, to a site immediately east of another sugarhouse – that built by Paul Turquand, which had come into the proprietorship of William Coslett. The surviving building is a simple brick block with a tall basement, square on plan with four bays of window openings on three sides, to the front, back and on the south flank. Sugar refining continued under other proprietors after Ballenger died in 1830, but the building was converted in the 1840s, Rayden Gower being the landlord to Brown & Co.’s chicory factory. A serious fire in 1848 caused upper parts of the building to collapse, also damaging adjoining properties.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>A two-bay house of around 1800 abutted Ballenger’s sugarhouse to the north. Land to the rear was adapted to use as a slaughterhouse, held by Abraham Saul Rodrigues, a shoemaker become a butcher, who had a shop at the site of 115 Whitechapel Road from about 1781 to his death in 1816. Perhaps Rodrigues was providing for the kosher requirements of Whitechapel’s already substantial Jewish population. These premises extended behind the sugarhouse and had become a dye-works by the 1840s.</p>\n\n<p>Reduced to three storeys after the fire, the former sugarhouse was adapted to be a clothing warehouse with a carriageway through its south side. It was unified with the former dye-works site by wholesale clothiers, namely S. Schneiders & Son around 1870, and Hyman Lotery around 1890. Lotery substantially rebuilt the warehouse in 1894–5 and raised it a storey in 1901, George Cambray being his builder. The lower-storey walls of the former sugarhouse appear to have been retained, along with several iron tie-bars, perhaps from 1848. Window openings had been enlarged, and there was rusticated rendering of the basement and a pediment over a central fifth opening on the raised ground floor. Durham Brothers’ Atlas Foundry in Bow supplied hollow-cylindrical cast-iron columns and a dogleg staircase was formed in the north-east corner. In the 1970s the brick walls were entirely concealed by white render. Loterys held on here into the late twentieth century. The enduring front block was converted in 2007–8, in part for educational use, Avon College operating from the property, which has otherwise been subdivided into small lettable units. Redevelopment of the site as a five-storey and attic block, also with an extra storey on No. 9, altogether owned by Aldgate Properties (UK) Ltd and Unicastle Ltd, began in 2020 to form 36 apartments to designs by Synthesis Architecture that were carried forward by Met Development Design and Build and Firm Stand Ltd.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: <em>Morning Chronicle</em>, 9 March 1797: The National Archives, PROB11/1363/267: Robert Wilkinson, <em>Londina Illustrata</em>, vol. 1, 1819, p. 144: Richard Horwood's maps, 1799 and 1813: Land Tax returns: Tower Hamlets Commissioners of Sewers ratebooks: Ancestry for Ballenger: Bryan Mawer's sugar industry database online: Post Office Directories: <em>Morning Post</em>, 3 June 1848: David Granick, <em>The East End in Colour 1960-1980</em>, 2018</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Ancestry for Rodrigues: Post Office Directories: Ordnance Survey map, 1873: Goad insurance maps, 1890 to 1953: District Surveyors Returns: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n",
"created": "2017-08-07",
"last_edited": "2021-04-01"
},
{
"id": 111,
"title": "Developments from 1784",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
},
"feature": {
"id": 308,
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": {
"type": "MultiPolygon",
"coordinates": [
[
[
[
-0.067496567815311,
51.51589253877067
],
[
-0.067329816922355,
51.51592882147948
],
[
-0.067313994004403,
51.515903740519775
],
[
-0.067285655221522,
51.51591108028059
],
[
-0.067273890464753,
51.51588586669939
],
[
-0.067248552659892,
51.51589046902255
],
[
-0.067167351332256,
51.515743576397455
],
[
-0.067193642426533,
51.51573542676791
],
[
-0.06717129258716,
51.51569502690211
],
[
-0.067371819133296,
51.51564515293278
],
[
-0.067482004602165,
51.515831045103695
],
[
-0.067463735896854,
51.51583606330445
],
[
-0.067496567815311,
51.51589253877067
]
]
]
]
},
"properties": {
"b_number": "47",
"b_name": "",
"street": "Adler Street",
"address": "St Boniface German Church, 47 Adler Street",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
"count": 14,
"search_str": "St Boniface German Church, 47 Adler Street"
},
"tags": [
"Catholic Church",
"Germans"
]
},
"body": "<p>Under Holloway’s ownership streets were laid out from 1784 with more than 150 small two- and three-storey houses, up by the 1790s on leases of from 61 to 81 years. Union (Adler) Street was formed where Windmill Alley had branched from Whitechapel Road. What had been Johnson’s rope walk to the east, then Baynes Passage, became Plumber’s Row, probably because a property at the north end of its west side pertained to Alderman Sir William Plomer. Great Holloway Street and Little Holloway Street ran east–west on the present line of Coke Street, and Mulberry Street crossed as what is now Weyhill Road continuing north to a small open space that John Prier laid out as Sion Square in 1788–9. Greater density was interposed with the formation from 1788 of Chapel Court between Union Street and Mulberry Street; that finished up in the twentieth century as Synagogue Place.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>Sion and Chapel have their explanation in the adaptation of an attempt to sustain the allures of the place as a pleasure ground. A large site on the east side of Union Street, 100ft by 160ft, was taken in June 1785 with an 81-year lease by George Jones, a ‘riding master’, with James Jones in partnership. They built a ‘riding school’ that incorporated ‘scenery and machinery’.[^2] This early circus opened in April 1786 as ‘Jones’s Equestrian Amphitheatre’. It had a copper-covered dome, its ceiling perhaps decorated with ‘painted palm-trees and other forms’,[^3] atop a circle of about 100ft diameter with galleries on a ring of columns for a capacity of 3,000 to witness the display of ‘a great variety of incomparable horsemanship, and various other feats of manly activity’.[^4]With William Parker, George Jones also held the other side of Union Row (present-day Mulberry Street) including the Union Flag public house. The circus venture folded in April 1788 with a send-off that included non-equestrian acts from Sadler’s Wells and Philip Astley’s Royal Grove. Astley’s Riding School and Charles Hughes’s rival Royal Circus, Equestrian and Philharmonic Academy, both close to Westminster Bridge on the Surrey side, had probably inspired if not actually produced the Joneses in the first place.[^5] </p>\n\n<p>At its closure the amphitheatre had been let for conversion to use as a chapel for the Countess of Huntingdon’s Connexion. Founded in 1783 as a dissenting denomination, the Connexion had already converted another circular pleasure pavilion, the Spa Fields Pantheon in Clerkenwell. The Union Street building became the Sion (or Zion) Methodist Chapel, a stronghold of Calvinistic Methodism that had its own school.[^6]</p>\n\n<p>Elsewhere on what had been Mulberry Gardens the Mulberry Tree public house stood on the north side of Little Holloway Street. The south end of Holloway’s estate, where the road frontage to White Horse Lane became the west end of Commercial Road, was by 1794 the site of Severn, King and Co., substantial sugar-bakers. Their property was extensively developed with a new 71-year lease granted to Benjamin Severn and Frederick Benjamin King in 1816. The sugar house burnt down in 1819 and the insurers refused to pay the loss, a cause célèbre. Rebuilding of a fireproof character ensued along the lines of a Mr Howard’s patent. But bankruptcy followed in 1829; the property was taken on by Fairrie Brothers and Co. by the time Holloway’s estate as a whole was sold off at auction in 1839.[^7] The refinery passed to Candler & Sons in the 1860s and was used for sugar and other warehousing up to the 1920s. There was then rebuilding for garages that included a petrol station to the west.[^8] </p>\n\n<p>This locality was for most of the twentieth century an important centre of Jewish institutions, notably two venerable synagogues displaced from the City that were constituents of the United Synagogue. The east side of Union Street south of Holloway Street was redeveloped in 1897-9 for the New Hambro Synagogue. This Jewish congregation, one of London’s oldest, moved from the City of London under Chief Rabbi Dr Hermann Adler (1839–1911), the son of and successor to Chief Rabbi Nathan Marcus Adler, founder of the United Synagogue. Lewis Solomon was the architect of a substantial and outwardly four-square Italianate building, with two entrances for men and one for women facing Union Street. The uppermost storey housed a committee room and caretaker’s flat. The interior seated 370 and had an unusual arrangement, with flights of stairs rising either side of the Bimah to reach the gallery at the Ark or east end for overflow male seating. The ladies gallery was to the west.[^9] </p>\n\n<p>The street was renamed Adler Street in 1913 and the property extended round to Mulberry Street for a Jewish Court to the south. The district had become predominantly Jewish, with some Germans still present. Booth’s survey noted tailors and bootmakers as prevalent in 1898, registering general good repair and ‘the constant whirr of the sewing machine or tap of the hammer as you pass through the streets’, as well as ‘the feeling as of being in a foreign town’.[^10] By the 1930s many of Mulberry Street’s houses were being condemned as dangerous structures and the synagogue closed in 1936. The London Mosque Fund attempted unsuccessfully to buy it in 1938–9 before securing property on Commercial Road.[^11]</p>\n\n<p>On the north side of the Adler Street/Holloway Street corner, the Grand Order of Israel Friendly Society built the Adler Assembly Hall in 1924–5, with F. J. Cornford as architect. This, which came to be called Adler House, was a neat three-storey polychrome-brick building with a Star of David between the upper storeys on a setback at the site’s corner. Its upper floor had a meeting room and a billiard room. Around 1931 it became the Regina Ballrooms and a boxing licence was approved in 1934.[^12]</p>\n\n<p>Heavy bomb damage in the Second World War led to the clearance of almost everything east of Mulberry Street, all but three houses on Plumber’s Row, and five houses and the Mulberry Tree pub on Mulberry Street. Plumber’s Row was entirely cleared and widened in 1962. The synagogue survived into the 1950s for use by the displaced Court and as a Jewish Reading Room, which transferred into Adler House. That had seen temporary war-time use as a synagogue and The Folkhouse (Beth-Am), then briefly in 1946–7 as the New Yiddish Theatre, before supporting a further range of Jewish community uses. Finally, from 1958 to 1977, synagogue use returned for the much-diminished Great Synagogue (Duke’s Place), bombed and then sold out of its historic Aldgate home. After a short period of commercial use Adler House was demolished around 1990.[^13]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), O/009/055–6: British Library, Crace Port.16.22.</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: LMA, MDR 1787/3/495; 1788/6/319–20; O/009/056.</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: <em>The Builder</em>, 4 Oct 1862, p.713.</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: <em>Morning Herald</em>, 20 April 1786.</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: LMA, MDR 1787/4/174: <em>The World</em>, 8 April 1788.</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: <em>Survey of London</em>: vol. 47, <em>Northern Clerkenwell and Pentonville</em>, 2008, p.57: John Coulter, <em>Squares of London</em>, 2016, pp.441–2.</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: LMA, O/009/056: Mawer: <em>The Times</em>, 12–14 April 1820, pp. 3, 14 Dec 1820, p.3; 29 Oct 1829, p. 4.</p>\n\n<p>[^8]: <em>The Builder</em>, 12 Dec 1874, p. 1042: Post Office Directories.</p>\n\n<p>[^9]: http://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/London/hambro/index.htm: <em>Jewish Chronicle</em>, 11 Aug 1899, p.13; 1 Sept 1899, pp.12-13: <em>A</em>, 6 Nov 1903, p.296: LMA, SC/PHL/02/1219: Sharman Kadish, <em>The Synagogues of Britain and Ireland: An Architectural and Social History</em>, 2011, pp. 128, 152-3, 340</p>\n\n<p>[^10]: London School of Economics Library, BOOTH/B/351, pp.35–7,49</p>\n\n<p>[^11]: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), L/THL/D/2/14/14; L/SMB/D/4/14: Ordnance Survey maps: Fatima Gailani, <em>The Mosques of London</em>, 2000, p.35.</p>\n\n<p>[^12]: LMA, GLC/AR/BR/07/3285.</p>\n\n<p>[^13]: Ordnance Survey maps: THLHLA, L/THL/D/1/1/224: LMA, GLC/AR/BR/07/3285: London County Council Minutes, 6 Feb 1962, pp.120–1: <em>Jewish Chronicle</em>, 19 Nov 1976: <a href=\"http://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/London/city_gsduke/\">http://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/London/city_gsduke/</a>: Historic England Archives, aerial photographs: Tower Hamlets planning applications. </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2016-08-26",
"last_edited": "2021-04-15"
},
{
"id": 951,
"title": "82 Wentworth Street (Dellow Centre)",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
},
"feature": {
"id": 364,
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": {
"type": "MultiPolygon",
"coordinates": [
[
[
[
-0.071489806542886,
51.517023172539695
],
[
-0.071243898612021,
51.51660982272529
],
[
-0.071190306454479,
51.516576885746375
],
[
-0.071306299769721,
51.51654960254589
],
[
-0.071326638948875,
51.51652155453997
],
[
-0.071374403242583,
51.5165233420156
],
[
-0.07170710495994,
51.516972518185476
],
[
-0.071689530249958,
51.51699956808665
],
[
-0.071662895989952,
51.51700659921577
],
[
-0.071622347338577,
51.51700294482352
],
[
-0.071489806542886,
51.517023172539695
]
]
]
]
},
"properties": {
"b_number": "82",
"b_name": "The Dellow Centre",
"street": "Wentworth Street",
"address": "Providence Row, The Dellow Centre, 82 Wentworth Street",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
"count": 13,
"search_str": "The Dellow Centre"
},
"tags": []
},
"body": "<p>The brown-brick building running from Wentworth Street south down the east side of Gunthorpe Street is the Dellow Centre, opened in 1994 by Providence Row, a charity that provides shelter and services to the homeless. It occupies the northern part of the site that was the George Yard Council Depot, the Wentworth Street frontage of which was rebuilt on a set-back line in 1902–3.</p>\n\n<p>Providence Row’s origins are in a night shelter opened in 1860 by Father Daniel Gilbert, a Catholic Priest, with the assistance of several Sisters of Mercy from Wexford, in a converted stable overlooking Providence Row, behind Finsbury Square. It moved in 1868 to Crispin Street in Spitalfields, to provide free accommodation and meals to destitute families for up to six weeks. A school freed parents to look for work. The Crispin Street premises remained open into the 1980s, by which time the establishment’s focus was on the single homeless. In 1988 Providence Row split into a charity and a housing association. It was felt that more good could be done further from the City than Crispin Street and the valuable site was sold. The charitable arm of Providence Row, now merged with two charities with complementary aims, St Botolph’s and the Just Ask Counselling Service, acquired the northern part of the former George Yard Depot. In 1991 planning permission was granted for new buildings designed by Aukett Limited, architects. Work began in August 1992 with Alfred McAlpine as contractors, and the centre opened on 17 April 1994.</p>\n\n<p>The building is on a similar footprint to that of those along Gunthorpe Street it replaced, the site being entered from Wentworth Street. The complex had three sections when it opened. At the north end, the Dellow Centre comprised ground-floor reception, interview, consulting, treatment and dining rooms and offices for the charity, with upper-storey night refuge for thirty people consisting of five-room clusters sharing lounges and bathrooms. In the middle, Bartlett House was five two-bedroom flats below a second-floor women’s hostel with eight <em>ensuite </em>bedrooms for the Providence Row Housing Association. At the south end, McAuley House was a ten-bedroom convent for the Sisters of Mercy, with a community room, sacristy and chapel on the third floor. </p>\n\n<p>The whole building is clad in brown brick with occasional red-brick courses and grey-sheet-clad attics. The Wentworth Street façade extends an extra bay eastwards with a semi-open screen wall to enclose the courtyard. There are neo-Georgian allusions typical of the mid-1990s in the full-height bows north and south and the projecting eaves. A single-storey arts and activity centre, fully glazed and semi-circular in plan, was built on the east side of the yard.[^1] </p>\n\n<p>Need for the charity’s day services increased and alterations were made in 2005 by the same architects, now Aukett Fitzroy Robinson, to expand the day centre across the ground floor of all three sections of the building, also providing space for twenty partner organisations. The flats in Bartlett House were converted to bedsits with <em>ensuite </em>bathrooms, reflecting the preferences of residents who stay for up to two years. A gatehouse and decorative steel gates were added on Wentworth Street, and a large array of solar panels on the roof.</p>\n\n<p>In 2011–12 a three-storey arts and activity day centre was slotted into a square space on the east side of the courtyard behind Universal House. Designed by Featherstone Young, it won an RIBA award. With perforated corrugated-iron façades in shades of green, it features a cantilevered first floor, faced in off-white cement board with an irregular zigzag profile that underlies a second-floor balcony. There is a bicycle workshop with an art studio, performance space and offices above. In 2015 the roof terrace on the main building was landscaped with trees, vegetable beds and greenhouses.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archive, Building Control file, 12120: A. A. Procter, <em>A Chaplet of Verses, </em>1862, pp.ix–x: LMA, A/FWA/C/D49: <em>Annual Reports of the Providence (Row) Night Refuge and Home</em>: Providence Row, internal reports, 1989, <em>c.</em>1996; commemorative book, 1994: <a href=\"http://www.providencerow.org.uk/\">www.providencerow.org.uk</a></p>\n\n<p>[^2]: www.designboom.com/architecture/featherstone-young-providence-row-activity-centre/: <em>Dezeen</em>, 9 April 2012, <em>AJ</em>, 21 June 2012: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n",
"created": "2019-08-27",
"last_edited": "2019-08-27"
},
{
"id": 276,
"title": "Old Montague Street, 1966",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
},
"feature": {
"id": 109,
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": {
"type": "MultiPolygon",
"coordinates": [
[
[
[
-0.0692539666137,
51.51735994954256
],
[
-0.069309609066988,
51.51743017181105
],
[
-0.069309607895365,
51.51743017704572
],
[
-0.069046792684063,
51.51748503790481
],
[
-0.068839289655483,
51.5172322558628
],
[
-0.06893437272717,
51.51720201480314
],
[
-0.068963164796877,
51.51724447386408
],
[
-0.068987887232963,
51.5172385195909
],
[
-0.069097749394579,
51.51738918429633
],
[
-0.069167841270277,
51.517371254275375
],
[
-0.069171379103157,
51.51738403523815
],
[
-0.0692539666137,
51.51735994954256
]
]
]
]
},
"properties": {
"b_number": "1",
"b_name": "",
"street": "King's Arms Court",
"address": "1 King's Arms Court",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
"count": 3,
"search_str": "1 King's Arms Court"
},
"tags": []
},
"body": "<p>This view westwards along Old Montague Street from No 42, on the left, the site of the Chevrah Shass synagogue, is from a slide taken in 1966 by David Granick, now in the collection of the Tower Hamlets Archives. All the buildings in this photograph on either side Old Montague Street have been demolished with the exception of those in the distance on the left, Nos 2 to 6, and the Archers public house on the corner with Osborn Street.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/829339909764820992\">https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/829339909764820992</a></p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2017-02-15",
"last_edited": "2017-04-19"
},
{
"id": 312,
"title": "7-11 Greatorex Street, the former Great Garden Street Synagogue with Morris Lederman House (now a Business Development Centre)",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
},
"feature": {
"id": 282,
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": {
"type": "MultiPolygon",
"coordinates": [
[
[
[
-0.067166439426153,
51.517710385822326
],
[
-0.067530245010778,
51.51757758341182
],
[
-0.067664513450046,
51.517722482210196
],
[
-0.06729665215752,
51.517848524184735
],
[
-0.067166439426153,
51.517710385822326
]
]
]
]
},
"properties": {
"b_number": "7-11",
"b_name": "Business Development Centre, formerly Great Garden Street Synagogue and Morris Lederman House",
"street": "Greatorex Street",
"address": "7-11 Greatorex Street",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
"count": 10,
"search_str": "Business Development Centre, formerly Great Garden Street Synagogue and Morris Lederman House"
},
"tags": [
"Federation of Synagogues",
"foundry",
"Morris Lederman",
"synagogue"
]
},
"body": "<p>Greatorex Street is named after the Rev. Daniel Greatorex, the vicar of St Paul’s Dock Street in the late nineteenth century. Until 1936 it was Great Garden Street, taking its original name from being the way from Whitechapel Road to Leonard Gurle’s seventeenth-century nursery. Daniel Fenning (1714/15–1767), a grammarian and textbook writer, was resident in Whitechapel from the late 1740s, and lived at what later became 7–9 Great Garden Street from at least 1760 to his death.[^1] This was a big double-fronted five-bay house, possibly built for Fenning. Next door, No. 11 was a later and smaller Georgian building, of two bays and accommodating offices. To their rear a square-plan skylit foundry building was added around 1870, probably by Charles Stanley Osborne, a bellfounder who became a metal manufacturer.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>This property was taken in 1894 and the back ‘warehouse’ converted to be a synagogue, an unusually large one for the area at the time, the work complete by 1896 when the synagogue was consecrated. Lewis Solomon was the architect, I. Silverman the President. A timber building was added on the south side in 1896–7 and the Great Garden Street Synagogue became part of the Federation of Synagogues. Refurbishment took place in 1914 and further more extensive rebuilding in 1923-4 followed amalgamations with the Wellclose Square and Voice of Jacob and Good Heart synagogues. This was overseen by Frank J. Potter, architect, £1,000 of the overall cost of about £8,000 being raised through loans from members as the Federation refused a request for a second advance. The work included a new entrance at No. 7 immediately south of the large house, and it is to this phase that much of the interior that survived up to the 1990s can be ascribed. The space remained top-lit with a large lantern, and had galleries on three sides on iron columns. On the fourth side (to the west, which is liturgically surprising in such an important synagogue) there was a half-dome on columns over the Ark. The centrally placed Bimah was a gift of 1932. There was only minor war damage. Membership of what was one of the area’s principal synagogues is said to have peaked at around 1700 families.[^3]</p>\n\n<p>Deemed unsafe the houses at Nos 7–11 were demolished in 1971 to permit redevelopment in front of the synagogue. This was carried out in 1972–4 to plans by Preston Rubin Associates, architects (Theo Rubin, job architect). This gave the Federation of Synagogues a ‘Social Services Building’, in fact a headquarters, strikingly designed to emphasise the first floor which housed a court to the north, with adjuncts of a judge’s lounge, prayers’ robing room and rabbi’s room. The ground floor accommodated a burial department and, under a steeply raking roof over two upper storeys, there were administrative offices for the Federation and the London Talmud Torah Council. The building was not formally opened until 1979 when it was named Morris Lederman House in honour of the Federation’s long-standing President.[^4]</p>\n\n<p>Much of the congregation and the Federation’s offices moved away. The synagogue, used for worship for the last time in January 1997, saw transitional use for raves and art projects. The complex (including the adjacent building to the north) had been acquired by the Bethnal Green Business Development Centre Trust, with the help of a European Union grant as part of the Bethnal Green City Challenge, for a conversion to offices and studios that was carried out in 1999 by Ankur Architects. The synagogue was gutted, with windows inserted into its external walls, for use as a Business Development Centre. A high-level coloured-glass Star of David round window, which once lit the gallery, survives at the centre of the west wall. Foundation stones of 1896, 1914 and 1962 are retained in an internal courtyard.[^5]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), M/93/028 and 159: <em>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</em> for Fenning: Land Tax</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: LMA, Collage 121144: Goad insurance map, 1890: Post Office Directories</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: District Surveyors Returns: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), Building Control (BC) file 13769: LMA, ACC/2893/246; ACC/2893/297/ 00/2–3: <em>Jewish Chronicle</em>, 22 August 1924, p.15: University of Southampton archives, MS248/A830/26/1: <em>Hamaor – Journal of the Federation of Synagogues</em>, 1997: Sharman Kadish, <em>The Synagogues of Britain and Ireland: An Architectural and Social History</em>, 2011, pp. 153–5 and 345</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: LMA, ACC/2893/144: THLHLA, BC file 13769: <em>Jewish Chronicle</em>, 19 January 1979</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: <em>East London Advertiser</em>, 20 October 1994; 27 February 1997, p. 13: <em>Hamaor – Journal of the Federation of Synagogues</em>, 1997: Tower Hamlets planning applications online: Rachel Lichtenstein and Iain Sinclair, <em>Rodinsky’s Room</em>, 1999, pp. 36-41, 168-70</p>\n",
"created": "2017-03-29",
"last_edited": "2019-11-28"
},
{
"id": 504,
"title": "241–243 Whitechapel Road",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
},
"feature": {
"id": 513,
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": {
"type": "MultiPolygon",
"coordinates": [
[
[
[
-0.061010380204674,
51.51899695947284
],
[
-0.061058295545783,
51.519073104887184
],
[
-0.061087461848907,
51.51911760329083
],
[
-0.061128032210508,
51.519181294198354
],
[
-0.061061880981308,
51.51919889254704
],
[
-0.060938516426617,
51.51901439398659
],
[
-0.061010380204674,
51.51899695947284
]
]
]
]
},
"properties": {
"b_number": "241",
"b_name": "",
"street": "Whitechapel Road",
"address": "241 Whitechapel Road",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
"count": 7,
"search_str": "241 Whitechapel Road"
},
"tags": []
},
"body": "<p>This stock-brick asymmetrical pair of around 1835, possibly built for Henry and Joseph Gibbs, was leased for quotidian shopkeeping. Its first-floor relieving arches are in other contexts typical of earlier decades. There had been a 500-year lease of the sites of Nos 243 and 245 in 1672. In the 1890s No. 241 housed the Hebrew Christian Testimony to Israel before it gained purpose-built premises at 189 Whitechapel Road. It was reportedly rebuilt in 1950–1 after war damage. Render was removed from both façades around 2012.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives, Tower Hamlets Commissioners of Sewers ratebooks: The National Archives, IR58/84806/2341–2: Post Office Directories: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, Building Control file 15476.</p>\n",
"created": "2017-11-17",
"last_edited": "2017-11-17"
},
{
"id": 313,
"title": "Red Lion and Spread Eagle Pub",
"author": {
"id": 12,
"username": "amymilnesmith"
},
"feature": {
"id": 384,
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": {
"type": "MultiPolygon",
"coordinates": [
[
[
[
-0.071127166728351,
51.515725506171414
],
[
-0.071127164071961,
51.51572549942702
],
[
-0.071045385181981,
51.51564522716393
],
[
-0.071143174809878,
51.515605203446455
],
[
-0.071221521925884,
51.51567779628602
],
[
-0.07117480682288,
51.51569691609548
],
[
-0.071205644751936,
51.51572624690164
],
[
-0.071151330117538,
51.51574847699307
],
[
-0.071127175305027,
51.51572550266116
],
[
-0.071127166728351,
51.515725506171414
]
]
]
]
},
"properties": {
"b_number": "94",
"b_name": "94 Whitechapel High Street",
"street": "Whitechapel High Street",
"address": "94 Whitechapel High Street, London E1 7RA",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
"count": 3,
"search_str": "94 Whitechapel High Street"
},
"tags": []
},
"body": "<p>This pub existed from aproximately 1839 to 1921 according to the Post Office Directory, belonging to multiple owners (male and female) including the Brown family in the 1880s and the Defries family in the early twentieth century. There was a high-profile robbery of the establishment in 1886. The publican was drugged before being robbed of £50. His attacker was sentenced to 18 months in prison with hard labour. </p>\n\n<p>Source: <em>The Times</em>, 1 Jan 1887, p. 13.</p>\n",
"created": "2017-03-29",
"last_edited": "2018-10-10"
},
{
"id": 441,
"title": "8-10 Greatorex Street",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
},
"feature": {
"id": 442,
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": {
"type": "MultiPolygon",
"coordinates": [
[
[
[
-0.066931741930423,
51.51783144911425
],
[
-0.066622224954662,
51.517963605738565
],
[
-0.066594018903949,
51.51797548229212
],
[
-0.066076636626661,
51.51820072540386
],
[
-0.066056525173727,
51.51818387500057
],
[
-0.065919478439883,
51.51807143405586
],
[
-0.065915849030395,
51.518066008897044
],
[
-0.065902523536916,
51.518054844035944
],
[
-0.066000379683973,
51.51801717318487
],
[
-0.066043209842979,
51.517999766286565
],
[
-0.066537431268959,
51.51779890425784
],
[
-0.06671784449577,
51.517725579541874
],
[
-0.066710856901496,
51.517718568312816
],
[
-0.066946429866983,
51.517634618639484
],
[
-0.067075868810343,
51.517774022771334
],
[
-0.066931741930423,
51.51783144911425
]
],
[
[
-0.066921004155458,
51.517787900224945
],
[
-0.066875657807192,
51.517743600465174
],
[
-0.066763167223498,
51.517789403065365
],
[
-0.066810175257519,
51.517832170483416
],
[
-0.066921004155458,
51.517787900224945
]
]
]
]
},
"properties": {
"b_number": "8-10",
"b_name": "",
"street": "Greatorex Street",
"address": "Greatorex Business Centre, 8-10 Greatorex Street",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
"count": 3,
"search_str": "Greatorex Business Centre, 8-10 Greatorex Street"
},
"tags": []
},
"body": "<p>Paul Turquand built a sugarhouse on this large and deep site in 1757. The premises expanded and were taken by George Lear & Co. (later Lear & Cobden) from 1780 to 1815. On another part of the site, Richard Witherstone had established a brewhouse in the 1750s, enlarged around 1780. James Schooling, an ironmonger, took over the whole site around 1817 and formed a stove and range factory around a central open yard. This continued into the 1890s (sometimes as Schooling and Everet), its fitting workshops at the east end of the site.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>Harry Richardson, a builder, then took the premises and rebuilt for stables. Other short-lived uses followed, including for Hebrew classes, and in 1906 H. Lotery & Co. spread from its base on St Mary Street onto the east part of the site, building offices and stores for its clothing enterprise in 1921–2, with Hobden & Porri as architects. Bomb-damage repair and reconstruction at this end of the site was carried out for H. Lotery & Co. in 1947–52 to plans by Arthur G. Porri. The same parties combined with Griggs and Son Ltd, builders, for work at the site’s west end in 1955–6 to give the property its present two-storey brick-faced front range and an extensive single-storey precast-concrete framed clothing factory and warehouse behind. Ormstein & Massoff immediately succeeded and this was Mornessa Ltd’s mantle (coats, suits, skirts and sportswear) factory and warehouse by 1959. Clifton Slimline Ltd and A. Dakri & Co. Ltd followed in the 1980s. The premises were converted in 2011 to house a college on the upper storey of the front range above the Greatorex Business Centre.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Land Tax returns: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, P/SLC/1/20/20: Bryan Mawer's sugar industry database: London Metropolitan Archives, CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/473/933469; M/93/159/1: Tower Hamlets Commissioners of Sewers ratebooks: Goad insurance maps 1890 and 1899: Post Office Directories</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: District Surveyors Returns : London Metropolitan Archives, GLC/AR/BR/22/038259: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, Building Control files 13774, 13776: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n",
"created": "2017-08-07",
"last_edited": "2018-08-13"
},
{
"id": 527,
"title": "Abdul Shukar Khalisdar describes how he started this business centre in 2012",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
},
"feature": {
"id": 442,
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": {
"type": "MultiPolygon",
"coordinates": [
[
[
[
-0.066931741930423,
51.51783144911425
],
[
-0.066622224954662,
51.517963605738565
],
[
-0.066594018903949,
51.51797548229212
],
[
-0.066076636626661,
51.51820072540386
],
[
-0.066056525173727,
51.51818387500057
],
[
-0.065919478439883,
51.51807143405586
],
[
-0.065915849030395,
51.518066008897044
],
[
-0.065902523536916,
51.518054844035944
],
[
-0.066000379683973,
51.51801717318487
],
[
-0.066043209842979,
51.517999766286565
],
[
-0.066537431268959,
51.51779890425784
],
[
-0.06671784449577,
51.517725579541874
],
[
-0.066710856901496,
51.517718568312816
],
[
-0.066946429866983,
51.517634618639484
],
[
-0.067075868810343,
51.517774022771334
],
[
-0.066931741930423,
51.51783144911425
]
],
[
[
-0.066921004155458,
51.517787900224945
],
[
-0.066875657807192,
51.517743600465174
],
[
-0.066763167223498,
51.517789403065365
],
[
-0.066810175257519,
51.517832170483416
],
[
-0.066921004155458,
51.517787900224945
]
]
]
]
},
"properties": {
"b_number": "8-10",
"b_name": "",
"street": "Greatorex Street",
"address": "Greatorex Business Centre, 8-10 Greatorex Street",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
"count": 3,
"search_str": "Greatorex Business Centre, 8-10 Greatorex Street"
},
"tags": []
},
"body": "<p>Local businessman Abdul Shukar Khalisdar worked in a clothing factory in this building as a youth, here he recounts how, in later life, he leased it to start his workspace business.</p>\n\n<p>\"I bumped into the old landlord that I used to work for in the factory, cleaning cotton on Greatorex Street [8-10 Greatorex Street]. He used to own that building, he asked me, \"What are you doing here?”</p>\n\n<p>He said, “I still own the building but these bloody tenants-” and he's complaining about the tenants not paying rent. I said what do they do from here? He said, “They're a college but the college business is all dead now and because of that, they're not paying my rent. I'm thinking of throwing them out.”..</p>\n\n<p>As we're talking, we're walking and I'm following him. As I'm talking to him, I'm interested in going into this building. So once he's telling me all this, he's pressing buttons for me. I went into the building and it's about 4000 square foot spread over two storeys with a small basement. They were running it as a college, but it's all dead, everyone's gone. You could tell that once upon a time, it was a thriving place but it's not anymore. Got thinking to myself, \"Hang on, this could be my first business centre.”…</p>\n\n<p>…I said to him [the landlord], \"hang on, what's the situation with the existing tenant?” He said, “He owes me three months’ rent so therefore I'm going to throw him out because he's not going to pay me. He's been promising me and now I've come down today. ..I said okay, what was the deal with these guys? He said, “They had a long lease eight years. They defaulted, this is how much they're supposed to pay rent each month”.</p>\n\n<p>[The landlord was] a very old-school Asian gentleman, Ugandan-Asian. He's very hard-working and he's in his late 60s but he still goes around minding the shops, minding all his business. I said to him, \"how much?\" He told me exactly the amount and I said, \"okay, if you're going to throw them out what are you going to do?\" He said, \"Well, I’m going to have to find another tenant.”</p>\n\n<p>I said, \"Well, talk to me I'm interested.\" He goes, “What are you going to do there?” I told him exactly one thing that I'm doing. I wanted to run one floor is going to be dedicated for my training and development business. The other floor I'm going to turn into small offices and rent it out. He said, “Okay”. He said, “You can have it.\" I said \"Well, what about these tenants?\" He said, “I'm going to serve them a notice.\" I said, \"but I don't want the existing lease. If you're going to give me a lease, I want the new assignment, a brand new lease.\"</p>\n\n<p>..He said, “You'll have to pay me a premium”. I said, \"no, I'm sorry I'm not going to pay you a premium, look at the state. You are desperate right now. Fine I'll pay you premium, but I want rent free.\" He said, “Okay if you give me three months’ rent as premium I'll give you three months’ rent-free.\" I said, \"no, I will need a year.\" Then he goes, “Forget the rent-free, forget the premium.\" I said okay, fair enough, forget all that.</p>\n\n<p>He goes, “Give me three months’ rent to clear the other guy's dues and I’ll assign the lease to you, I don't want the premium.” Technically I said, \"no, I'm not going to pay you on behalf of the other guy. I will pay you three month's rent as deposit. You can keep that, at the end of the lease you can give me that back, less of the dilapidation.</p>\n\n<p>I'm going to do a lot of work in here, I want it to be rent-free, but you're not going to give me rent-free either.\" He said, “No.\" I said, \"Fine I'll take it as it is.\" That's how it happened really, [and] I brought the architects in.</p>\n\n<p>I turned it into 22 serviced offices,..called the Greatorex Business Centre. That's how it started. The factory that I used to once upon a time work in, I've now turned it into a serviced office building. [And now] I've made [an] offer to buy [the whole building] with the view to build 74 apartments…</p>\n\n<p>Tower Hamlets is not what it was 20-30 years ago. We have the average council three-bedroom flat being sold for…let’s just say £180, 000…the average three-bedroom flat in Tower Hamlets I think is just under half a million pound. Now, from a business perspective it’s fantastic. For somebody who owns properties or who is in the property game, it’s a good thing. But when you take a step back and think about those that have been left behind by the regeneration and the mainstream provisions have failed. I’m talking about families that are still here, living on the same council estate or in the same flat that we were in when we were growing up 20, 30 years ago. If you ask these people would you still stay here, if you had the chance the answer is no. Would you like to be a home owner? Yes. Why aren’t you a home owner? Couldn't because I couldn’t afford it and we missed the boat now. I feel for those families because I think they’re beginning to feel ostracised or marginalised and it’s because of the social policy changes because of the gentrification that has taken place, where we are seeing a lot of white middle class families, not so much families, but professionals moving in. We are also seeing a lot of foreign buyers buying because it’s a good area, to invest in the rental market. A lot of stock is being owned by the rich now and the poor are still being left behind. That’s one part.</p>\n\n<p>..In so far as living conditions and standard of living is concerned, it’s definitely gone up. It’s improved… But whether the equity level has increased in those families or whether the disposable income of those individual households has increased but I don’t think it has. They are living well but they’re still living hand-to-mouth. They’re still just above the poverty line or below in some cases.</p>\n\n<p>My children, if they walk down the street [in Whitechapel/ Spitalfields] they will not be recognised. In fact, it is a challenge to try and get my children to walk down the street. Well, I say children while I have one daughter who’s three year old but that’s not the child but I’m talking about my nephews and nieces. They don’t understand. They had a very middle class upbringing… they come here every so often purely because they feel you have to go to Bangla Town, if you are a Bengali or you have to go to Southall, if you are Indian. That’s what they think.</p>\n\n<p>That sense of community is dying away, I think and those that are still in Tower Hamlets are concerned that the community is shrinking because those that are able to afford to get out are getting out and some are being left behind.\"</p>\n\n<p>Abdul Shukar Khalisdar was interviewed by Shahed Saleem on 10th June 2016</p>\n",
"created": "2017-12-02",
"last_edited": "2018-08-13"
},
{
"id": 281,
"title": "Lily Austin at the Roebuck Public House",
"author": {
"id": 101,
"username": "Pete"
},
"feature": {
"id": 613,
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": {
"type": "MultiPolygon",
"coordinates": [
[
[
[
-0.060289552921225,
51.52000892125181
],
[
-0.060286879791474,
51.520005760930346
],
[
-0.060166355858229,
51.52003947820785
],
[
-0.060160847216767,
51.520032449362226
],
[
-0.05970639544274,
51.520155226770356
],
[
-0.059710807421086,
51.52016092952866
],
[
-0.059518651440827,
51.520215490572035
],
[
-0.059512564248735,
51.52020717281191
],
[
-0.059063844086707,
51.52033796304043
],
[
-0.059074141662118,
51.52035157951227
],
[
-0.059055975946971,
51.520356480356625
],
[
-0.058951966764275,
51.52038574415594
],
[
-0.058849748657421,
51.520416898438704
],
[
-0.058823368857625,
51.52041875970091
],
[
-0.058775292742479,
51.52040995952855
],
[
-0.058735715353432,
51.52038418575662
],
[
-0.058716262272256,
51.52035231572314
],
[
-0.058403734290675,
51.51989671038118
],
[
-0.058497299220453,
51.51987144952073
],
[
-0.058582084480285,
51.51984914106043
],
[
-0.058857898256129,
51.52025214072288
],
[
-0.058846988996878,
51.52025222114404
],
[
-0.058837311186921,
51.52025506688368
],
[
-0.058831327755901,
51.52026217537856
],
[
-0.058831549058999,
51.5202675357201
],
[
-0.058837332948331,
51.520274732333704
],
[
-0.058850235442817,
51.5202815556098
],
[
-0.058864679645244,
51.520286685496785
],
[
-0.058881386958285,
51.52028989554017
],
[
-0.058898480378179,
51.520290351228155
],
[
-0.058916818838781,
51.52028555251154
],
[
-0.058919492017624,
51.52027724159061
],
[
-0.058914305358899,
51.52026619400672
],
[
-0.05944900155929,
51.52011563983706
],
[
-0.059444148714767,
51.52010884007606
],
[
-0.059635195085777,
51.52005571429474
],
[
-0.059639896920844,
51.52006168126916
],
[
-0.060173298813551,
51.51991090731141
],
[
-0.060182832999735,
51.51992458729116
],
[
-0.060220634024459,
51.51991443943455
],
[
-0.060289552921225,
51.52000892125181
]
]
]
]
},
"properties": {
"b_number": "2",
"b_name": "",
"street": "Durward Street",
"address": "Kempton Court (2 Durward Street and 7-23 Brady Street)",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
"count": 5,
"search_str": "Kempton Court (2 Durward Street and 7-23 Brady Street)"
},
"tags": []
},
"body": "<p>My mum was born above the Roebuck Public House in Brady Street in 1928. A stairway had to be installed at the rear of the premises so she didn’t have to go through the pub to get to her lodgings above. She would run up the stair as they passed the outside urinals. The urinals were full of tall men dressed all in black with beards and black hats.</p>\n\n<p>Her dad (a horse-keeper) worked nearby and she accompanied her mum around the local streets with a barrow selling cat’s meat (horse meat) at a penny a bag. She was attending the Roan School for Girls around 1942/3. I have her autograph book signed by her schoolmates along with her school badge.</p>\n\n<p>My mum was the youngest of a family of at least five siblings. There were two boys, one killed in the war, one killed in a motorbike accident, leaving three girls: Marie, Daisy and my mum Lily. Lily got married from 279 Whitechapel Road (the Working Lads Institute) aged 16 years in July 1945. Perhaps she shared a room there with her family during the war years. Next I remember was 5 Ireton Street, where I was born under the front window in January 1951. It seems I had a crib hanging in the alcove beside the fireplace which my dad made out of used orange boxes, tasking my mum to straighten out the nails for this re-use.</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/02/21/pete_austin_2.JPG\"></p>\n\n<p><em>Mum’s National Identity Card</em></p>\n\n<p>After a while my dad went into training to become a school keeper and we moved off to Dulwich Hamlet School. Mum wasn’t very impressed with this move saying everybody there looked down on her and when she went shopping she was surrounded by domestic servants! We didn’t stay there long.</p>\n\n<p><em><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/02/21/pete_austin_3.JPG\"></em></p>\n\n<p><em>Mum and me aged 1 year (with a hair style which demanded a lot of spit on her part). Why did mums do that??</em></p>\n",
"created": "2017-02-21",
"last_edited": "2018-01-08"
},
{
"id": 274,
"title": "St Paul’s German Reformed Church",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
},
"feature": {
"id": 353,
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": {
"type": "MultiPolygon",
"coordinates": [
[
[
[
-0.073950564821505,
51.515227043910336
],
[
-0.073777291005618,
51.51530155723316
],
[
-0.073739087584621,
51.515265251545756
],
[
-0.073726131772122,
51.515269772297955
],
[
-0.073742123748763,
51.51528796077325
],
[
-0.073643619369477,
51.51532443503333
],
[
-0.073465102911811,
51.515128756556074
],
[
-0.073581472314096,
51.515072529979086
],
[
-0.073629565574407,
51.515051068480155
],
[
-0.073501621234921,
51.514936838521024
],
[
-0.073588235846331,
51.51489498850516
],
[
-0.073950564821505,
51.515227043910336
]
]
]
]
},
"properties": {
"b_number": "4-10",
"b_name": "part of Calcutta House",
"street": "Goulston Street",
"address": "London Metropolitan University student services building, 4-10 Goulston Street,",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
"count": 10,
"search_str": "part of Calcutta House"
},
"tags": []
},
"body": "<p>Founded in 1697, St Paul’s Reformed Church was London’s third oldest German evangelical congregation. In 1771 the church removed from its original home in the Savoy Palace to a purpose built building in Duchy Lane. Yet little more than forty years later the church building was abandoned to make way for the development of the new Waterloo Bridge across the Thames. This was the first of two compulsory purchase orders that precipitated the relocation of the church on two separate occasions in order to meet the city’s growing infrastructural needs. Looking east, the church council favoured a site in the thick of Whitechapel’s Deutsche Kolonie for a new building. A vacant plot at Hooper Square, Whitechapel, was acquired in 1818 and a year later the church was completed and consecrated. Further additions of a boys’ school in 1834 and a girls’ school in 1852 were made, followed by an “imposing” rebuilding of both schools in the 1870.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>This active congregation was again uprooted in 1878 when their Hooper Square building blocked plans for a large-scale railway depot for the London Tilbury & Southend Railway. This transportation hub was to occupy much of present-day Goodman’s Fields and the Hooper Square church was to be replaced by an engine house. Undeterred by this second upheaval, by 1885 St Paul's had settled on rebuilding for the third time and selected a new site further north in Goulston Street. The land had been previously held by Henry Clarke, tobacco manufacturer, and used as a jam factory before it was acquired and cleared by the Metropolitan Board of Works in their “grandest and costliest slum clearance scheme”. The church council secured £14000 in Chancery to fund the relocation and a sum of £6750 was used for purchase, leaving £7250 to support design and construction costs. Designed by architect brothers, Thomas and William Stone, the foundation stone of the new church was laid on 2 July 1886 by Baron J. H. W. Schroeder, an Anglo-German merchant of noble Prussian origin. Building work was undertaken by W. Gregar of Stratford at a cost of £9930 and completed by January 1887. During the period of rebuilding, services were held in the schoolroom of nearby St Mary Matfelon.[^2]</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/02/14/st-pauls-goad008.jpg\"><em>Site plan of St Paul’s on Goulston Street from Goad map of 1890</em></p>\n\n<p>St Paul’s at Goulston Street was one of the Stone brothers’ most prominent commissions. The practice also completed several other Primitive Methodist chapels in London, along with bank buildings in Hammersmith and Putney. Apprenticed to Charles Hambridge for nine years before setting up practice with his brother in 1862, Thomas (1836-1893), the elder brother, was admitted as a fellow of the RIBA in 1892. Of their design for St Paul’s, the <em>Building News</em> noted that the purchased land, left-over from the recent improvement scheme, was “rather irregular in plan, of which the greatest advantage has been taken”. The solid Neo-Gothic building comprised three blocks spanning 200ft north to south along Goulston Street and was principally constructed of yellow stock brick and Bath stone. The main church building was centrally located along this stretch, sandwiched between a substantially narrower school wing to the south and residential wing to the north. Divided from the school to the south by an entry porch and sober bell-tower, the elevated ground-floor chapel seated 350 and a lecture hall beneath held 500. A light-well ran along both eastern and western edges of the chapel block to serve a range of further subsidiary accommodation in the basement, maximising the circulation and lighting opportunities of the constricted site. This strategy also allowed for two parallel rows of stained-glass windows to illuminate the main gathering space which was orientated towards a northern altar and preaching pulpit. The timber chapel ceiling took the form of a semi-dodecagon and pews were of pitch-pine. The <em>Building News</em> held the organ in especially high esteem and deemed it a “most complete instrument” in spite of its reported compactness. Occupying the upper two floors of the school block were the minister’s and caretaker’s rooms as well as a dispensary and rooms dedicated to the ‘London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews’, a legacy of outreach work begun at Hooper Square. To the north two four-storey houses were constructed to let, to help pay off the ambitious building scheme.[^3]</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/02/14/st-pauls_2.JPG\"><em>View of St Paul’s from the north-west. The Building News, 15 April 1887, p.554</em></p>\n\n<p>After the great exertion expended in the realisation of this substantial building project, a sharp decline in the fortunes of Whitechapel’s sugarhouses in the 1880s and a concurrent influx of East European Jews into the area resulted in an increasing dispersal of the German congregation throughout the city. In 1896 the church council was forced to close the school and let the associated rooms, limiting the extent of their educational activities to Saturday evening classes for children. Against the odds however, the church experienced a renaissance in the early twentieth century under a new pastor, Heinrich Deicke. Large attendances on Sundays, a new children’s service and an expanding women’s group were evidence of what was to be a mournfully short revival at St Paul's between 1905-1913. In 1914, newly appointed Pastor Loeffler was compelled to flee back to Germany having only taken up office one year earlier, his term cut short by the outbreak of war. Although violent attacks on German East Londoners were not infrequent during the difficult war years, St Pauls’ location may have protected churchgoers somewhat from the public gaze. Mrs John Streitberger (1868-1962), a member of the congregation during both the Hooper Square and Goulston Street iterations of the church, recalled of the First World War that \"our church being in Aldgate most people took it to be a Jewish Institution so we were not molested and able to carry on\". After Loeffler’s departure in 1914, St Paul's was overseen by the determined pastor of nearby St George's German Lutheran Church, Georg Maetzold, who remained active in his London ministry until 1917 when he too was forced to leave the country. Many in the congregation continued to meet, steadfast under extreme pressure, leading church treasurer of the time, J. Sandrock, to reflect that: 'Deep despair should have overtaken us on account of all the troubles and misery, but, as serious Christians we have accepted these great trials and shall endure them with patience…Earthly goods, money, possessions and honour have gone; our trust in God and the love of the Almighty cannot be taken from us. Our St Paul's congregation and our church is our fortress.' Although leaderless and depleted in numbers due to frequent emigrations back to Germany, both St Paul’s and St George’s limped on until Maetzold’s return in 1920.[^4]</p>\n\n<p>Maetzold continued to oversee St Paul’s until 1925 when a new pastor was installed in a spirit of optimism. The appointment was however shared with the German Evangelical Church in Sydenham, reflecting a loosening of ties between the German community and east London, the Kolonie now gone. Beginning in 1933, Dietrich Bonhoeffer notably led both churches in this combined pastorate whilst he formulated a new response to the Nazism infecting his beloved protestant church in Germany. He returned to his homeland two years later to engage in more direct resistance ministries. Meanwhile his successor at St Paul’s, Pastor Martin Boeckheler, reported that although the congregation was still reduced in size as a result of war and the stricter immigration laws that followed, the women’s ministry was still very active and a particularly charismatic music director oversaw a vibrant choir involving Germans and non-Germans alike. In 1936, to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the Goulston Street building, the church invested in a renovation of its fine organ. At this time, one service in every four was preached in English.[^5]</p>\n\n<p>Having survived the traumas of the First World War and three relocations, St Paul’s was bombed to ruins during an incendiary raid in January 1941. The popular music director, Eric Seymour, returned to observe that the organ and piano were in an unredeemable state and the rest of the building stood as “one huge mess of charred debris”. It was also reported that the 300 year old communion plate was stolen. Still, a heartbroken Seymour was hopeful, writing to a chorister in 1941: “Well! If we survive, we must have a ‘whip-round’ and build a new more modern church.” This time however there was to be no rebuilding and services were never restarted. In the succeeding decades, a remnant of the congregation gathered sporadically in the capacity of a trust charged with the management of associated church assets. At one of these sociable meetings in 1982, the re-establishment of St Paul’s German Reformed Church in the East End was again mooted in spite of the near complete loss of its German population. Nothing came of the idea and Whitechapel itself was deemed “most insalubrious and even dangerous” in any case.[^6] </p>\n\n<p>The only remaining evidence of St Pauls’ occupation of Goulston Street is a plaque unveiled in 2009 devoted to the memory of its most well-known pastor and theologian, Dietrich Bonhoeffer. After his return to Germany in 1935, such active opposition to Hitler ultimately cost him his life. Bonhoeffer was executed at Flossenbürg Concentration Camp in April 1945. Close to the vanished pulpit where he preached many sermons, his vocal resistance to fascist agendas is rightly remembered.[^7]</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/02/14/bonhoeffer.JPG\"><em>Plaque on the wall of London Metropolitan University, Goulston Street, commemorating D. Bonhoeffer</em> </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: LMA, ACC/1767/001</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: LMA, ACC/1767/003, ACC 1767/005, ACC 1767/008; MBW, 11 Jan 1884, p.752; Jerry White, <em>Rothschild Buildings: Life in an East-End Tenement Block 1887–1920</em>, Chapter 1; <em>Pall Mall Gazette</em>, 4 July 1885, p.8; <em>Daily Express</em>, 13 June 1888, p.8; <em>The Building News</em>, 15 April 1887, p.554; <em>The Builder</em>, 3 April 1886, p.530; <em>The Builder</em>, 3 April 1886, p.530</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: <em>RIBA Nomination Papers</em> fiche ref: 112/G1; <em>RIBA Proceedings NS</em>, v9, 1893, p.375<em>; Dictionary of British Architects 1834-1900</em>, Vol 2, p.880; <em>The Building News</em>, 15 April 1887, p.554; DSRs</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: LMA, ACC 1767/005, ACC 1767/008; <em>Der Londoner Bote</em>, Sept. 1962, pp.5-15</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: LMA, ACC/1767/004, ACC 1767/005, ACC/1767/009</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: LMA, ACC 1767/005, ACC 1767/007; <em>Daily Herald</em>, 24 March 1941, p.5;</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: ‘German Churches’, <em>St George-in-the-East Church website</em> [Online: http://www.stgitehistory.org.uk/media/germanchurches.html]</p>\n",
"created": "2017-02-14",
"last_edited": "2020-10-28"
},
{
"id": 290,
"title": "The Goulston Estate, 1678-1776",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
},
"feature": {
"id": 353,
"type": "Feature",
"geometry": {
"type": "MultiPolygon",
"coordinates": [
[
[
[
-0.073950564821505,
51.515227043910336
],
[
-0.073777291005618,
51.51530155723316
],
[
-0.073739087584621,
51.515265251545756
],
[
-0.073726131772122,
51.515269772297955
],
[
-0.073742123748763,
51.51528796077325
],
[
-0.073643619369477,
51.51532443503333
],
[
-0.073465102911811,
51.515128756556074
],
[
-0.073581472314096,
51.515072529979086
],
[
-0.073629565574407,
51.515051068480155
],
[
-0.073501621234921,
51.514936838521024
],
[
-0.073588235846331,
51.51489498850516
],
[
-0.073950564821505,
51.515227043910336
]
]
]
]
},
"properties": {
"b_number": "4-10",
"b_name": "part of Calcutta House",
"street": "Goulston Street",
"address": "London Metropolitan University student services building, 4-10 Goulston Street,",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
"count": 10,
"search_str": "part of Calcutta House"
},
"tags": []
},
"body": "<p>Son of William Megges III’s younger sister Alice, Sir William Goulston (c.1641-1688, knighted 1680) became a London merchant and active committee member of the Royal African and East India Companies, following the pattern set by his mother's forefathers. Goulston’s industriousness was recognised by his uncle William, who not only entrusted him with his wealth but the management of his Whitechapel almshouses too, demonstrating the “trust and confidence” Megges placed in his sister’s eldest son. Goulston served twice as an MP, once for Bletchingley in 1681 and another for New Romney in 1685, acquiring lands in Norfolk and in Kent through his wife, Frediswed née Morris.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>Regarding the Megges’ Whitechapel property, between his inheritance in 1678 and his death in 1688, Goulston was responsible for a major redevelopment of the site. Contemporary with the planning of the mercantile Wellclose Square to the south, it was in this substantial re-organisation and densification that the Harte’s Horne of the 1590s was destroyed. In its place two lines of terraced houses were erected along what was once known as ‘Boar’s Head Alley’, re-named ‘Goulston Street’ at this juncture. Goulston himself relocated to a house at the south-west corner of the newly created enclave which was accessible only from Whitechapel High Street via a wooden gate. The scheme was however incomplete until a second phase of building beginning c.1690 formed Goulston Square, an arrangement of well-appointed houses gathered around a rectangular quad. This cluster ‘topped’ Goulston Street to the north and partly occupied the former great garden of the Megges family. Goulston Square housed twenty-nine inhabitants in 1693/4 and by Hawksmoor’s 1712 speculative proposal for a church situated to the east of the new square, several blocks of houses had been apparently realised. By 1740, forty modest houses had been constructed with around fifteen of these assigned to the square<strong>.</strong> One of these was Mr Cowley’s Snuff House, a reflection of the relatively polite character of the square and its occupation by a number of middling-sort merchants. The south-east corner of the street, once the heart of ‘Megges’ Glory’, became the ephemeral ‘Rummer Tavern’. Daniel Pincot made artificial stone from the east side of Goulston Street briefly around 1768.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>William Goulston’s early death at the age of forty-six prompted a series of legal cases between his widow, son and two daughters as disputed claims to his estate were resolved. His lands in Whitechapel and Norfolk were passed over to Frediswed, his widow and sole executrix, who remarried another prosperous MP, Sir James Etheridge. Goulston’s various other properties in Kent were willed to his son Morris alongside his substantial stock in the East India Company. As it transpired, Morris agreed to hold the £5000 portions assigned to each of his sisters, Frediswed and Mary, in trust until their eighteenth birthday in return for his mother’s inherited claim to the lands and rents in Norfolk. Goulston’s only son seems however to have faltered in this task and found himself unable to extract the funds he had invested elsewhere, leading his mother and two sisters, alongside their husbands, to seek resolution in an Act of Parliament of 1703. This Act approved special dispensation for Morris to sell freehold and leasehold land in Kent in order to settle his debt to his sisters but the litigation was long running. The settlement confirmed a substantial family painting collection housed within his mother Frediswed’s house in Whitechapel, presumably that formerly of her husband on Goulston Street, and passed to Morris on his mother’s death in 1735. The Whitechapel estate too duly fell to Morris and it appears he was active in encumbering the newly built tenements and dwelling houses in a number of mortgages from the 1720s. Morris himself was survived by his second wife, Mary, who remarried after her husband’s death and relocated to Edinburgh. The Land Tax suggests that four new modestly-sized houses were built on Goulston Street or Square in the 1760s followed by sixteen in the early 1770s. The freehold claim to the Goulston estate was passed on to his widow who sold it at auction in 1776 to John Burnell, likely instigator of a final Goulston Street extension.[^3]</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/03/02/horwood_1792-3.JPG\"></p>\n\n<p><em>Horwood's map, 1792-3</em></p>\n\n<p>This significant intervention was planned in the closing years of the eighteenth century and by 1813 an extension to Goulston Street punctured the north-western edge of Goulston Square, necessitating the demolition of two houses in order to create a road that linked Whitechapel High Street all the way through to Wentworth Street. This new line of building took advantage of uninhabited land to the north of the square which was intriguingly identified as ‘Blackguards’ gambling ground’ on Horwood’s first edition London map of 1792/3. Relatively narrow, irregular and latterly eroded by rebuildings, over time Goulston Square deferred to Goulston Street and, around the mid-nineteenth century, Goulston Street and Square were renumbered to reflect a new coherence within its northern arm. Whereas numbers formerly ran continuously in a clockwise direction from south-east to south-west around the street and square and excluded the new extension (which was in fact originally named New Goulston Street), the new system regarded Goulston Street as spanning from Whitechapel High Street right through to Wentworth Street, odd numbers on the west and even on the east.[^4]</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/03/02/horwood013.jpg\"></p>\n\n<p><em>Horwood's map, 1813</em></p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Goulston (Gulston), Sir William, <em>The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1660-1690</em>, ed. B. D. Henning, 1983 [Online: <a href=\"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/goulston-(gulston)-sir-william-1641-87\">http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/goulston-(gulston)-sir-william-1641-87</a>]; TNA, PROB 11/356/609</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: J. Coulter, <em>Squares of London</em>, 2016, p.521; LMA, MDR/1736/005/253; 'Roger Whitley's Diary: April 1684', <em>Roger Whitley's Diary 1684-1697 Bodleian Library, Ms Eng Hist C 711</em>, ed. M. Stevens and H. Lewington, 2004 [Online: <a href=\"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/roger-whitley-diary/1684-97/april-1684\">http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/roger-whitley-diary/1684-97/april-1684</a>]; LMA, MDR/1726/003/299; D. Keene, P. Earle, C. Spence and J. Barnes, 'Middlesex, St Mary Whitechapel, Gulston's Square', <em>Four Shillings in the Pound Aid 1693/4: the City of London, the City of Westminster, Middlesex</em>, 1992 [Online: <a href=\"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/london-4s-pound/1693-4/middlesex-gulstons-square\">http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/london-4s-pound/1693-4/middlesex-gulstons-square</a>]; LPL, MS 2750/66; Land Tax: Caroline Stanford, ‘Revisiting the Origins of Coade Stone’, <em>Georgian Group Journal</em>, vol.24, 2016, pp.95–116 (101)</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: Houses of Parliament, HL/PO/JO/10/6/102/2266, f.87–90, f.91-92; TNA, C 7/572/46, C 9/447/153, C 9/447/154, C 8/452/41, C 8/467/63, C 8/467/74, C 9/460/1, C 9/469/69, C 11/1463/20, C 11/1456/30, C 11/1852/19, C 11/1394/36, C 11/1581/14, C 11/1490/13, C 11/333/26, C 24/1247, C 24/1252; LMA, MDR/1724/006/0266, MDR/1724/002/0131, MDR/1726/001/0107, MDR/1726/001/0108, MDR/1730/004/0400, MDR/1731/002/0119, MDR/1736/005/0253, MDR/1736/005/0252, MDR/1737/004/0324, MDR/1739/005/0439, MDR/1740/004/0609; THLHLA, L/SMW/D/6/1</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: J. Coulter, <em>Squares of London</em>, 2016, p.521; MBW, 17 Aug 1860, pp.620-1</p>\n",
"created": "2017-03-02",
"last_edited": "2020-10-28"
}
]
}