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"title": "Grand Palais Theatre, 1960s",
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"body": "<p>A digitised colour slide from the Tower Hamlets Archives collection:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/769184804743118848\">https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/769184804743118848</a></p>\n",
"created": "2016-12-19",
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"id": 248,
"title": "The Grave Maurice in 1844",
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"username": "stephen.r.harris"
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"body": "<p>On the Proceedings of the Old Bailey website we can read the account of the 1844 trial of Timothy Tobin and John McNally. The pair were found guilty of grievously assaulting a fellow customer after leaving the Grave Maurice pub. The account gives some colour to what the pub and its customers were like at this time, before it was rebuilt in 1874. The pub was described as being large, with a Parlour and a Taproom. Customers on the night in question included John Hatfield, a builder's labourer nicknamed Long Jack, McNally, an engine driver or stoker who wore a paper cap, Tobin, who was wearing a glazed hat, and (possibly) Patrick Fining, who said he lodged nearby and had shared three pots of porter in the pub with friends and stayed behind to listen to a man sing a song when his friends left. Serving in the pub were potboy James Davis and landlord Thomas Hill. </p>\n\n<p>Local landmarks referred to in the case were the Blind Beggar pub and Gilass' butter shop on Whitechapel Road, and a pub at the corner of North Street (this must be the Queen's Head, North Street being a former name for Brady Street). </p>\n",
"created": "2016-12-21",
"last_edited": "2019-01-09"
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"id": 502,
"title": "233 Whitechapel Road and 1 Court Street",
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"body": "<p>This was the Star and Garter public house which can be traced back to the early nineteenth century (see Stephen Harris's contribution) and was perhaps older. It was rebuilt around 1854 on a 61-year lease and closed in 2001. It has a five-bay return to Court Street.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives, Tower Hamlets Commissioners of Sewers ratebooks: Post Office Directories: The National Archives, IR58/84806/2336.</p>\n",
"created": "2017-11-17",
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"title": "The Bell public house",
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"body": "<p>The Bell is a longstanding pub, known by 1709, and probably extant much earlier, as it stood on the south corner of Black Bell Alley, known by the 1670s, on the site of New Goulston Street.[^1] A Society of Odd Fellows, ‘composed entirely of Jews’, with officers known various as Noble Grand and Great Warden met at the Bell in 1803, one meeting resulting in a court case following a drunken brawl between the members.[^2] More friendly presumably, the Phoenix Union Friendly Society was based at the Bell in 1829.[^3] By 1838 the Bell was tied to the <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/355/detail/\">King’s Arms Brewery</a> in Old Castle Street (on the site of Herbert House), acquired by Truman, Hanbury, Buxton in Brick Lane, along with the tied pubs, in 1864. The Bell was demolished for the widening of Middlesex Street and the new site, a few feet further east, reacquired by Trumans. The Bell was rebuilt for them by W. Shurmur of Lower Clapton in 1883 in a vestigially Queen Anne manner in stock and red brick with fielded brick panels and steeply pitched gables with rubbed-brick relief panels of bells on the canted corner and New Goulston Street frontages, possibly by the local architect Bruce J. Capell, who had recently designed the <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/361/detail/\">Princess Alice</a> in Commercial Street with the same client and builder.[^4] It was acquired, like a number of Whitechapel pubs, by Thorley Taverns group in 1997 and renamed the Market Trader, but reverted, in independent ownership, to The Bell in 2010.[^5] It currently has a sports bar with billiard table in the basement, main bar on the ground floor and dining room on the first floor, with residential above. Street artists, notably the French artist Zabou, have been invited on a number of occasions to decorate the window shutters and doors of The Bell: themes have included Jack the Ripper (2015), Hallowe’en (2016), Alice in Wonderland (2017) and the horror film The Shining (2018). The fascia sports a 2011 artwork made of bottletops that reads ‘YOU CAN RING MY DING DONG’ by the Spitalfields Brazilian artist Reuben Cezar, who gathers bottletops from pubs to make artworks.[^6]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: <em>Tatler</em>, 30 March to 1 April 1709</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: ‘Society of Odd Fellows: Lyon v. Martin and Others’, <em>Sporting Magazine</em>, June 1803, p. 160</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: <em>Accounts and Papers 1837, vol 51: Papers Relating to Friendly Societie</em>s, London 1837, p. 14</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: London Metropolitan Archives, District Surveyor's Returns (DSR)</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: Post Office Directories (POD): information Stephen Harris: <a href=\"http://www.thebellpub.co.uk/\">http://www.thebellpub.co.uk/</a></p>\n\n<p>[^6]: <a href=\"http://spitalfieldslife.com/2011/09/04/robson-cezar-king-of-the-bottletops-2/\">http://spitalfieldslife.com/2011/09/04/robson-cezar-king-of-the-bottletops-2/</a>: <a href=\"https://zabou.me/news/\">https://zabou.me/news/</a></p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2019-06-05",
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"id": 262,
"title": "The Royal London Hospital Medical College",
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"body": "<p>The Royal London Hospital has been associated with teaching since the early 1740s, when physicians and surgeons were permitted to take fee-paying pupils, along with dressing pupils, who paid an additional fee to dress wounds. The first lectures at the hospital took place in 1749 at the instigation of its founding surgeon, John Harrison. By 1781, a course of lectures on anatomy and surgery had been established. Despite such advances, pupils were obliged to attend lectures elsewhere in subjects such as chemistry and <em>Materia Medica</em>, the study of medicinal substances. Plans to extend teaching at the hospital were inhibited by a lack of room for lectures. While other hospitals in the capital with rival courses possessed new lecture theatres, including St Thomas’s (1775) and Guy’s (1777), lecturers at the London Hospital were confined to makeshift arrangements, such as teaching in the court room. The provision of a purpose-built lecture theatre in 1783–5 was to expand teaching at the hospital and elevate its status to that of a medical school. The institution that later became the Royal London Hospital Medical College, part of the University of London in 1900 before it was assimilated into Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (Queen Mary University of London) in 1995, was first based in a purpose-built school east of the hospital, on a site now occupied by the Grocers’ Company’s Wing. In 1854 the college moved to larger premises in Turner Street, which were rebuilt and enlarged in 1886–7 and 1898.[^1]</p>\n\n<h3><strong>Foundation and the first medical college, 1783–5</strong></h3>\n\n<p>In 1782 the hospital’s surgeons and physicians petitioned the House Committee for permission to build a lecture theatre. Represented by surgeon (Sir) William Blizard and physician Dr James Maddocks, who credited themselves for managing the ‘executive part’ of the enterprise, the surgical and medical staff promoted a model for hospital teaching that would combine practical experience with lectures in a range of subjects in ‘surgery and physic’. They perceived that sound practice relied on theoretical instruction, and that the hospital offered ‘continual opportunities’ for taught principles to be demonstrated. The establishment of a medical school would prevent students from travelling elsewhere for lectures and secure a ready body of trainees to treat urgent cases. It was also reasoned that the scheme would enhance the charity’s reputation.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>The medical school was allotted a site at the east end of the hospital with the condition that it would not impinge on the charity’s resources. Despite this financial separation between the charitable institution and its burgeoning medical school, a building committee of hospital governors was assembled to monitor its progress. A public subscription was launched to raise funds for a lecture theatre, which was expected to cost no more than £600; an initial estimate thought to have been exceeded significantly. Preliminary plans were presented to the committee in Spring 1783. It is not known whether these designs were produced by an architect, though James Spiller is credited with working on buildings at the hospital in the 1780s. It is evident that the medical staff possessed a large degree of autonomy over the form and layout of the building. Initial plans for a warm bath were postponed in 1783, when it was also decided that only one lecture theatre was necessary. These adjustments were approved, and the physicians and surgeons permitted to make arrangements for construction. In August, the building was reported to be at an advanced stage. Despite this progress, the hospital’s ‘new medical and surgical theatre’ did not open as advertised in October 1783. As an interim measure, the physicians and surgeons were permitted to lecture in the operating theatre. Work continued into November, when John Langley was paid for carpentry.[^3]</p>\n\n<p>The formal opening of the medical school took place in October 1785. It was housed in a single-storey brick building, initially detached from the hospital. Plans and illustrations indicate that its principal nine-bay elevation, which overlooked the gated forecourt, was composed of a central doorway flanked by blind recesses. Skylights were preferred to windows to secure well-lit and private teaching rooms. Its rectangular plan was divided into four main rooms and a separate courtyard to provide distinct spaces for lectures, classes and preparatory work. After his visit to the hospital in 1787, Jacques Tenon reported that the school contained a top-lit anatomical theatre with circular tiered seating. It was also equipped with a chemical laboratory and, on the other side of a corridor, an anatomical museum, a dissection room, and an injection room. Tenon noted that the courtyard was used for maceration, a soaking method used in anatomical preparations.[^4]</p>\n\n<p>A range of lectures in surgery and medicine was offered at the hospital from 1783. Blizard lectured on anatomy, physiology and surgery, and Maddocks on ‘physic’. Dr Thomas Healde delivered lectures on <em>Materia Medica</em> and pharmacy, and Dr John Cooke taught chemistry. A new discipline was introduced in 1785, when Dr Richard Dennison advertised a midwifery course. The scheme formed a ‘complete medical school’ based on a university medical faculty, which lays claim to being the earliest example of its kind established at a hospital in England. After the medical college moved to new premises in 1854, its former building transferred to hospital use. By the 1860s it had fallen into a state of dilapidation deemed beyond repair, yet it continued in use to alleviate hospital overcrowding. It was occupied by the post mortem and pathological departments, and later contained female isolation wards. Its site was cleared for the construction of the Grocers’ Company’s Wing.[^5] </p>\n\n<p><strong>The Garrod Building, Turner Street</strong></p>\n\n<p>Since 1854, the medical college has been based at its present site on the north-east corner of the junction of Turner Street and Stepney Way. The building has undergone successive alterations spurred by a rising volume of students and the need to modernize teaching facilities. Now named in recognition of the physician Sir Archibald Garrod, who spent much of his career at St Bartholomew’s Hospital, the building continues in educational use as part of Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry.[^6] </p>\n\n<p>By 1852 plans were in consideration to transfer teaching from the old medical college to larger premises to accommodate an increasing student body. The new medical college was built in 1853–4 by George Myers to designs by Alfred Richardson Mason, hospital surveyor. It was proclaimed to be ‘the most convenient, salubrious and handsome school in the metropolis’.[^7] On the ground floor, the college’s plan was split roughly into two parts, west and east. The west range was divided by a corridor extending from the main entrance in Turner Street to the east range. A museum and anatomical lecture theatre lay north of the corridor and to the south a labyrinthine arrangement of rooms included laboratories and a chemical lecture theatre. The east range comprised a dissecting room and a number of smaller rooms. Despite enlarged facilities and multiple lecture theatres, the new building failed to accommodate the rising volume of students attracted by the college’s growing reputation. Initial steps to reduce cramped conditions were taken around 1870, with a north extension formed of a museum, a reading room, and a microscopy laboratory. This was followed in 1879 with a three-storey addition built by Perry & Co., consisting of an additional reading room and extensions to the dissecting room and laboratories.[^8]</p>\n\n<p>By 1884 it was apparent that a long-term solution to overcrowding in the medical college was required. A building committee was entrusted with overseeing a significant enlargement, and Rowland Plumbe appointed as architect. The corner stone of the extension was laid on the principal elevation on 9 March 1886. Construction by William Goodman of Holloway continued until the following year and the building was opened formally in May 1887 by the Prince and Princess of Wales. Its completion secured a large medical college that accommodated the vast range of subjects offered as part of a four-year course, which saw students rotate between lectures in medicine, surgery, anatomy and chemistry to specialist areas such as forensic medicine and midwifery. In addition to lectures, classes and anatomical demonstrations, pupils received tuition in the wards and gained experience by working as clerks and surgical dressers in the hospital.[^9]</p>\n\n<p>This extensive remodelling of the college left the chemical lecture theatre, laboratories and intersecting corridors enveloped by new spaces. The Italianate façade of the chemical laboratories overlooking Stepney Way appeared in marked contrast to the taller adjoining building. The medical college possesses a plain exterior composed of yellow bricks with red brick dressings. Its principal elevation facing Turner Street is dignified by a stout Doric porch with a semi-circular headed entrance flanked by pilasters with red sandstone dressings and fluted bases. The height of the building is accentuated by paired Doric pilasters, which originally rose to a central bell-cote.[^10]</p>\n\n<p>The main entrance leads through a vestibule into a top-lit open well staircase with Doric columns culminating in arcaded galleries adorned by Ionic pilasters. On the ground floor, a lecture theatre with tiered seating is positioned north-west of the staircase, once adjacent to a dining room and a reading room. The east end of the ground floor contains a spacious double-height library with a wrought-iron spiral staircase ascending to a gallery. Extravagant decoration in the library, including an elaborate plastered ceiling by Jackson & Sons, was financed by donations from the hospital’s lecturers and medical staff. The first floor contains a double-height anatomical museum, originally with an L-plan curving around the north-west corner of the building. It was a brightly-lit, galleried room populated by anatomical specimens, with cabinet-lined walls and a lower level crowded with exhibits. The second floor comprised a top-lit dissecting room, a lecture theatre and laboratories for physiology, pathology and biology. Despite successive alterations, the building has retained its ornate library and dignified staircase, along with several doorcases with carved brackets and broken pediments.[^11]</p>\n\n<p>The medical college was a focus for further alterations in 1898, with the construction of specialized facilities for bacteriology and biology. The chemical theatre and laboratories at the south, which had survived the earlier remodelling, were replaced by a new four-storey block designed by Plumbe. The south elevation of the original building was replaced by a five-bay façade, its upper storeys raised above a loggia over a basement light well with scrolled columns resting on sturdy brick bases. This façade is surmounted by a pediment bearing a cartouche inscribed with its date. Construction was carried out by the Limehouse builders Harris & Wardrop.[^12] According to the hospital’s chairman Sydney Holland, this extension secured London’s ‘most perfectly equipped department’ for bacteriological research. Its basement contained a public health department with a museum, a lecturers’ room, classrooms and a photographic dark room. There was a biological laboratory on the ground floor in place of the old chemical theatre and laboratories, which moved to new first-floor rooms with a physiological chemical laboratory. The second floor included an anatomy classroom, a physics laboratory and an additional chemical laboratory, along with a laboratory, theatre and a professor’s room for physiology. A bacteriological department was located on the third floor.[^13]</p>\n\n<p>The medical college was enlarged again in 1899 by Harris & Wardrop, with a north extension to the ground-floor dining and reading rooms and the provision of a small research laboratory on the roof. A fives court was also built north-west of the college, adjacent to Turner Street. A more substantial three-storey extension followed in 1909, constructed by Harris & Wardrop to designs by the hospital’s surveyor J. G. Oatley. This range extends along the north side of the college in a utilitarian style, with a succession of large windows on each elevation to ensure brightly-lit teaching rooms. The north parapet bears two shaped gables adorned with inscribed brick cartouches. Its rectangular plan provided an extension to the ground-floor dining room and two spacious laboratories on the first and second floors, including a top-lit physiological laboratory. By this time, a subway connected the college with the outpatients’ department west of Turner Street.[^14] The medical college has since been modernized with the insertion of partitions to form seminar rooms and offices, and various roof extensions. The east elevation has been altered by the insertion of first-floor windows in place of raised brick panels. In 1912 the frieze above its east entrance was inscribed with the motto, <em>Amara Lento Tempera Risu</em>; a quotation from Horace admired by Professor William Wright, long-serving dean of the college. His favourite translation is thought to have been, ‘Temper bitter things with a quiet smile’.[^15]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Clark-Kennedy, Vol. 1, p. 47; Vol. 2, p. 166: Susan Lawrence, <em>Charitable Knowledge: Hospital Pupils and Practitioners in Eighteenth-Century London </em>(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 127: James Maddocks and William Blizard, <em>On the Expediency and Utility of Teaching the several branches of Physic and Surgery at the London Hospital </em>(<em>EUTPS)</em>, May 1783, p. 7: RLHA, RLHLH/A/5/3/38, cited by Lawrence, p. 191; RLHMC/A/13/8, pp. 5–9: http://www.qmul.ac.uk/about/history/index.html. </p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Maddocks and Blizard, <em>EUTPS</em>, pp. 5–9: Jacques Tenon, <em>Journal d'observations sur les principaux hôpitaux et sur quelques prisons d'Angleterre</em>, ed. Jacques Carré (Clermont-Ferrand, France: Association des publications de la Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines, <em>c</em>.1992): John Ellis, <em>LHMC 1785–1985: The story of England’s first medical school </em>(London Hospital Medical Club, 1986): RLHA, RLHMC/A/13/8, pp. 5–9; RLHLH/A/2/4, pp. 189–90; RLHLH/A/5/10, p. 347.</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: RLHA, RLHLH/F/8/7, p. 146; RLHLH/A/6/10; RLHLH/A/5/11, p. 48: Colvin, p. 972: James Maddocks and William Blizard, <em>Address to the friends of the London Hospital and of Medical Learning</em>, 12 August 1783, p. 9. </p>\n\n<p>[^4]: Tenon: Thomas Pole, <em>The Anatomical Illustrator or an Illustration of the Modern and Most Approved Methods of Preparing and Preserving the Different Parts of the Human Body </em>(1790): RLHA, RLHLH/X/51. </p>\n\n<p>[^5]: RLHA, RLHLH/A/5/31, p. 38: OS 1873: <em>BMJ</em>, 8 October 1887, p. 789: Ellis: Royal College of Physicians (online: <a href=\"http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/2902\">http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/2902</a>):<em>Public Advertiser</em>, 2 October 1873: <em>Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser</em>, 29 September 1785: ODNB. </p>\n\n<p>[^6]: Renamed in 2008 (online: http://www.qmul.ac.uk/alumni/pdfs/28560.pdf): ODNB. </p>\n\n<p>[^7]: DSR: RLHA, RLHLH/A/5/27, pp. 159–164: LCC Streets (1955), p. 721: <em>The Lancet</em>, 7 October 1854: Inauguration speech by Mr Luke, Senior Surgeon cited by Clark-Kennedy, Vol. 2, pp. 24–5. </p>\n\n<p>[^8]: DSR: <em>ILN</em>, 28 May 1887, p. 593: RLHA, RLHLH/A/5/27, pp. 23, 125; RLHLH/A/5/35, p. 108; RLHMC/A/13/8, pp. 5–9: Ellis, p. 43. </p>\n\n<p>[^9]: RLHA, RLHMC/A/13/8, p. 14; RLHLH/A/5/41, p. 507; RLHLH/A/5/42, p. 379: DSR: <em>The Builder</em>, 13 March 1886, p. 425: <em>ILN</em>, 28 May 1887, p. 593. </p>\n\n<p>[^10]: RLHA, RLMC/A/4/1, 3 November 1885. </p>\n\n<p>[^11]: <em>The Builder</em>, 13 March 1886, p. 425: RLHA, RLHMC/A/4/2, p. 6; RLHMC/A/13/8, pp. 5–9. </p>\n\n<p>[^12]: RLHA, RLHLH/A/5/42, pp. 280, 363: DSR. </p>\n\n<p>[^13]: <em>BMJ</em>, 22 July 1899, p. 248; <em>BMJ</em>, 19 February 1898, p. 521: DSR. </p>\n\n<p>[^14]: DSR: LCC Minutes, 23 March 1909, p. 719: <em>Dictionary of British Architects 1834–1914</em>, p. 281: RLHA, RLHLM/5/1, 9 November 1908, p. 151; RLHLH/S/2/62. </p>\n\n<p>[^15]: <em>BMJ</em>, 30 October 1937: Horace, <em>Odes Book II</em>, 16: RLHA, RLHLH/S/2/62. </p>\n",
"created": "2017-01-18",
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"id": 137,
"title": "The Fusco family at 102 Whitechapel Road",
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"username": "Nance"
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"body": "<p>My Italian great-grandparents Filomena and Antonio Fusco ran a café and boarding house at 102 Whitechapel Road, from about 1909-10, but they were definitely there in 1911 when the census records them as having six children, one servant (Abe Goldberg) and 36 boarders - a total of 45 people all living in 10 rooms! The boarders' ages ranged from 19 to 57, most were born in the East End, with a smattering from further afield - Scotland, Ireland and one from Austria. Most were occupied in low-paid unskilled work - hawkers, a tinker, a costermonger, general labourers - but there was a clerk, and a couple of tailors, which, like the fish curer and dock labourer also boarding there, is indicative of local employment. More unusual occupations included a coffin repairer and a farmhand. Antonio and Filomena ran this establishment until 1928 and at some point within the next three years the family moved to Fulham. My research has also unearthed details of former and subsequent businesses at this address as follows:</p>\n\n<p>1841 Chairmaker</p>\n\n<p>1851 Coffee Rooms</p>\n\n<p>1882 Bookseller</p>\n\n<p>1906-1908 The Carmen's Caterer - Proprietor Bill Rodgers</p>\n\n<p>1934 Gown Maker and Florist</p>\n\n<p>Sources: Ancestry.com. 1911 England Census; Post Office Directories</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2016-09-15",
"last_edited": "2018-08-09"
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{
"id": 454,
"title": "The Davenant School rebuilt",
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"body": "<p>Rebuilding of the original schools of the 1680s by the Charity School Trustees followed hard on the heels of the opening of the National School. Larger premises were wanted to accommodate 100 boys and 100 girls, again for the application of Bell’s system. The funding of this project had been given a start by Samuel Hawkins, who in 1805 bequeathed £600 towards the building of a new school, and a coachbuilder called Lewis (possibly Thomas Lewis, a coach-master of 45 Leman Street), who gave £500 in 1817. Mathias was still the Rector and the Treasurer for the trustees was Luke Flood (1738–1818), a painter, corn chandler and corrupt magistrate and commissioner of sewers who had premises on Whitechapel Road (on the site of No. 57). Flood left £1000 to the school when he died in February 1818, this the most munificent of the period’s gifts. Flood’s son-in-law was the architect Samuel Page who had been acting as a surveyor for the parish since at least 1807. Around 1813 Page was also involved in securing an improved endowment for the school. It seems likely that he was charged with designing the school building; it is a characteristically sub-Soanian work. He was probably working with Thomas Barnes, the local bricklayer and builder, another trustee and commissioner of sewers who contributed £100 to the fund in 1818. Major Rohde, the Leman Street sugar refiner, was also a Trustee. Another was William Davis, who succeeded Flood as Treasurer. The foundation stone was laid in June 1818 by the Duke of York; completion evidently followed quickly.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>The two-storey and basement five-bay yellow stock-brick building, roughly square on plan, was laid out to align with the workhouse. It originally had steps up at a central entrance to a raised ground floor, with a deeper railed area in front of the basement, and a dedicatory stone plaque in a blind arch above the entrance. There was a central staircase and a single classroom to each side on each of the main storeys. In the 1860s, after outbuildings to the west were given up, two blocks were built in the yard for boys, the front range being given over to the girls. The plaque had been taken down before major changes in the mid 1890s that were part of a thorough reformation (see the account of the Foundation School). The steps and the staircase were removed with the railings pushed back for a ground floor at pavement level for improved access to new buildings behind – a return to the open passage arrangement of the 1680s. The tympanum of the entrance arch gained a foliate terracotta panel (lost around 1980) and the legend above was changed from DAVENANT-SCHOOL to THE FOUNDATION SCHOOL in 1896, retaining WHITECHAPEL SCHOOL on the central blocking-course parapet above. The schoolrooms were converted in the 1890s to be a chemical laboratory and two workshops, a lecture room, library and dining room, with caretaker’s quarters.[^2]</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/12/11/sol-whitechapel-100776.jpg\"><em>The former Davenant School at 179 Whitechapel Road in 2017 (photograph by Derek Kendall)</em></p>\n\n<p>[^1]: LMA, Land Tax returns; A/DAV/01/012; E/BN/087: TNA, PROB11/1601/95: Ancestry: Post Office Directories: Howard Colvin, <em>A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects</em>, 3rd edition, 1995, p. 720: <em>East London Observer</em>, 27 April 1935: Wilkinson, <em>loc. cit.</em>, p. 140: Reynolds, pp. 24,32–3: Julian Woodford, <em>The Boss of Bethnal Green: Joseph Merceron, the Godfather of Regency London</em>, 2016, p. 107</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: District Surveyors Returns: Wilkinson, <em>loc. cit.</em>, p. 140: Ordnance Survey map 1873: <em>The Builder</em>, 8 May 1886, p. 698: LMA, A/DAV/02/005: TNA, ED27/3238: Reynolds, pp. 76–78: Historic England, London Region photographs</p>\n",
"created": "2017-08-24",
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{
"id": 291,
"title": "Bonhoeffer Plaque, 2009",
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"username": "Sigrid_Werner"
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"properties": {
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"b_name": "part of Calcutta House",
"street": "Goulston Street",
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"body": "<p>The production of the Bonhoeffer plaque hanging near to where one of his London churches (St Paul's German Reformed Church) stood came about through the initiative of the Historic Chapels Trust and the Friends of St George's German Lutheran Church and was financed by the St Paul's German Evangelical Reformed Church Trust, the Friends of St George’s German Lutheran Church with the support of the London Metropolitan University, who own the building that the plaque is hanging on. The plaque was unveiled on Monday November 9, 2009 by the Rt. Rev and Rt Hon Richard Chartres Bishop of London and Vice Patron of the London Metropolitan University.</p>\n",
"created": "2017-03-08",
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},
{
"id": 306,
"title": "21 and 23 Whitechapel Road",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
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"body": "<p>This was the site of the Green Dragon Inn, next to the Nag's Head Inn, like which it was both a coaching establishment and of early and obscure origins. The Green Dragon was a post-chaise house for journeys to Essex by 1760, and with the Nag's Head was run by ThomasWhitehead around 1770. Along with stables its yard acommodated one-room plan two-storey houses, which increased in number from five to fifteen in the 1780s, all along the west side up to Old Montague Street. Access from the south was on the inn’s west side.[^1] Around 1810 the inn was wound up and at least part rebuilt to form two three-storey houses. These appear to have been further rebuilt and raised around 1840 to make the two subsequently altered shop-houses presently at Nos 21 and 23. No. 21 was a baker’s premises and then dining rooms from the 1860s to 1912 and was much altered in 1922. Green Dragon Court or Yard, now entered from under No. 23 and in divided ownership, gained five more somewhat larger houses at the north end of its east side; there were 26 in total in 1838. Abraham Davis put up another eight further south in 1889–90 when occupancy was poor and Jewish.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: <em>London Evening Post</em>, 26 Aug 1760: Land Tax: Horwood's maps</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: London Metropolitan Archives, THCS/202–464: Ordnance Survey maps: District Surveyors Returns: Land Tax: London School of Economics Archives, Booth/B/351, p.133: Post Office Directories</p>\n",
"created": "2017-03-28",
"last_edited": "2017-03-28"
},
{
"id": 258,
"title": "Some notes on the Oliver Conquest",
"author": {
"id": 85,
"username": "stephen.r.harris"
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"street": "Leman Street",
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"body": "<p>This pub was established as the Garrick Tavern, most likely in 1831 at the same time as the Garrick Theatre, of which it was essentially a part. The first known licensees were John Norris and Edward Higley, the dissolution of whose partnership was announced in the <em>London Gazette</em> of 30 August 1831. </p>\n\n<p>Perhaps the best known manager of the Garrick Theatre was the impresario Benjamin Oliver Conquest, and he also held the licence of the Garrick Tavern from at least 1833 until 1843 when he moved to the Eagle on City Road. Meanwhile, the Garrick Tavern continued to be associated with the theatre until the latter's closure around 1881 and may have been rebuilt, along with the theatre itself, after a disastrous fire in 1846.</p>\n\n<p>In 1891 Leman Street Police Station was built on the site of the former theatre, but the Garrick Tavern survived next door. Also in 1891, the pub was leased by West & Co., brewers of Hackney Road. The ownership later passed to Truman's of Brick Lane. </p>\n\n<p>By the early 1980s the pub had been relaunched as Mr Pickwick's, with a Dickensian theme to the décor. In the 1990s and 2000s, by now Grade II-listed, the pub changed hands at least twice. It first passed from Grand Met to the Thorley Taverns pub chain around 1997 and was later owned by the Enterprise pub chain, before the licence was revoked by the London Borough of Tower Hamlets in 2010 and the pub closed.</p>\n\n<p>But there was life in the old pub yet and it re-opened in October 2010, refurbished and now under the name Oliver Conquest in honour of its most famous former landlord.</p>\n",
"created": "2017-01-10",
"last_edited": "2020-08-22"
},
{
"id": 177,
"title": "Gower's Walk of the 1950s remembered",
"author": {
"id": 72,
"username": "eric"
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"body": "<p>Memories of Eric Shorter, b. 1936</p>\n\n<p>As I walked it, ran it, cycled it, the Gowers Walk that I knew in the early 1950s was structured as I now describe. It was cobbled throughout.</p>\n\n<p>The western side is easy to describe: there was nothing save for the giant Tilbury Warehouse, with its frontage on Commercial Road. Its walls extended the length of Gower's Walk right down to Hooper Street, with the majority of it being the warehouse itself, and the rest tall retaining walls holding up one side of a fan of railway sidings at the southern end, and a small set of tracks joined by one-wagon turntables at the north end, all out of sight.</p>\n",
"created": "2016-11-02",
"last_edited": "2020-08-27"
},
{
"id": 501,
"title": "223–225 Whitechapel Road with 2–6 Fulbourne Street",
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"body": "<p>Aaron, Lewis and Matthew Worms, linen-drapers, haberdashers and mercers, had much of this site from the 1820s to the 1850s and other drapers followed. A large warehouse extended across the whole frontage and back along Thomas Street. A two-storey house at the back was adapted around 1880 to be the Tower Hamlets Working Men’s Club & Institute. In premises affected by the arrival of the railway line in 1883–4, this occupancy subsequently appeared under different names, including the Tobacco Workers’ Club and Institute. This appears to have been the venue in 1888 of penny-gaff shows that the Whitechapel District Board of Works attempted to suppress. The club was evidently successful and was enlarged twice, in 1894 and 1906. This ‘Socialist Club’, scantily furnished with a ground-floor coffee bar and notices in Russian and Yiddish, was where a group of Russian delegates, ‘revolutionists’ to the <em>London Daily News</em>, was received on 9 May 1907 upon arrival in London. The next day it hosted a conference preliminary to the Fifth Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (the forerunner of the Bolshevik Party), attended by Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Maxim Gorky, Josef Stalin and around a hundred others. The Congress proper ran from 13 May to 1 June at the Brotherhood Church, Southgate Road, Hackney.</p>\n\n<p>At this time, Morris Freedman, a furniture dealer, had the warehouse to Whitechapel Road. He was followed by Jay’s National Furnishing Company. In 1934–5 this company (also identified as the Gosford Furnishing Company) redeveloped the site as a shop and showrooms, with Alfred Spiers, architect, deploying a stripped Art Deco style, and G. O. Mallows as builder. The development extended to include reconstruction of the clubhouse, which had become a Zion Hall (4 Fulbourne Street). In 2017 the building houses clothing wholesaling below the Eastenders Snooker Club.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives, Tower Hamlets Commissioners of Sewers ratebooks; District Surveyors Returns: Post Office Directories: London County Council Minutes, 24 July 1906, p. 341: <em>London Daily News</em>, 9 May 1907, p.8: <em>Daily Mirror</em>, 10 May 1907, p.5: <em>Morning Post</em>, 11 May 1907, p. 5: William J. Fishman, <em>The Streets of East London</em>, 1979, p. 125: W. J. Fishman, <em>East End 1888: A year in a London borough among the labouring poor</em>, 1988, pp.321–2</p>\n",
"created": "2017-11-17",
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},
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"id": 418,
"title": "Walking past the gas shop in the 1950s",
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"properties": {
"b_number": "97-99",
"b_name": "",
"street": "Whitechapel Road",
"address": "Islamic Bank of Britain, 97-99 Whitechapel Road",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
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"search_str": "Islamic Bank of Britain, 97-99 Whitechapel Road"
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"body": "<p>To walk to Whitechapel Road, we would go down Greatorex Street, passing the bomb sites on the street, the little houses and the factories opposite Great Garden Street, turn left at the corner of Whitechapel Road, and pass by the Gas Shop, a shoe repair shop next door, Adolph Cohen Hair stylist (where Vidal Sassoon got his start), then Dolcis shoes and continued walking, past Davenant School, where my husband went to school, past Vallance Road, and go shopping along the Waste. I got my first record player plus three records at Wally for Wireless next to Whitechapel Station. There was always music playing along the Waste. Barrow boys calling out the price of fruit and veg. In the winter they had fires going to keep warm and to roast chestnuts plus lights everywhere when it got dark early. You could also get to Whitechapel High Street by going through Old Montague Street, but I never liked going that way as the houses were old and dilapidated. It was a bit scary as a child.</p>\n",
"created": "2017-07-17",
"last_edited": "2018-08-13"
},
{
"id": 347,
"title": "2–20 Spelman Street, 24–28 Chicksand Street, 11–29 Casson Street and 25–27 Monthorpe Road",
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"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
},
"feature": {
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"b_number": "17",
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"body": "<p>This block, once divided north–south by Little Halifax (Tailforth) Street, was redeveloped in 1900–03 as a distinctively homogenous complex of tenement housing. This was the work of Maurice (sometimes Moses) Davis, the eldest of the six Davis brothers who were all builder–developer–architects. Mostly active in Kilburn, where he lived, Maurice was less inclined than some of his brothers to take on East End projects. He obtained 99-year leases from William Dower Wilson and relatives. The architect Howard Chatfeild Clarke, identified as ‘Surveyor’, was an intermediary, drawing up building agreements and very probably though not necessarily architectural designs. Once work had started, the District Surveyor, Arthur Crow, took exception to the density of Davis’s development and enlisted the London County Council to take action against Davis for failing to provide statutory open space behind housing ‘for occupation by persons of the working class’. An initial judgement found in favour of Davis, seemingly because it could not be proven that the incomplete dwellings were intended for working-class people; this was an obstacle the Davis brothers encountered elsewhere. Undeterred, in 1903, once there were some occupants, Crow attempted to ascertain their nature, as well as what exactly was meant by ‘persons of the working class’. The High Court threw the case back to magistrates to take further evidence. Crow found basements used as living quarters when Davis had maintained they were intended only as cellarage. Davis was in Bournemouth, attending his eldest son in illness; his life hereafter was blighted by the early deaths of his sons. In 1905 the architect Lewis Solomon was brought in to produce an independent report. He found the tenements ‘exceedingly well built having regard to the neighbourhood’. Davis accepted his conclusion that five poorly lit basements should not be inhabited. But the LCC thought Solomon’s report inadequate and demanded that nearly all the buildings be reduced in height. Unsurprisingly, Davis rejected this as impracticable and Solomon tried to broker a compromise involving limited reductions in height. Davis did block up the offending five basement fireplaces, but the dispute rattled on inconclusively and in 1907 the LCC’s Solicitor expressed concern about the costs of the dispute. Davis fended off further intervention and the pursuit was given up in 1909. </p>\n\n<p>The buildings (23 of 35 survive) are of red brick with terracotta dressings that include over-door and attic pediments. There are wide tripartite windows and two-room rear-stair layouts, except on the top floors where single large rooms were intended and sometimes used as workshops. Intervening houses along Little Halifax Street were just one room deep and double-fronted. Most early occupants appear to have been of East European Jewish origin, and tailors and furriers were based here into the post-war period. The corner shops originally included a baker and a butcher, at 16 and 20 Spelman Street, respectively. Occupancy became largely Bengali and the bake-house behind 16 Spelman Street was adapted to be the Shah Monowar Ali Sunni Madrasha (school). The southeast (Casson Street/Finch Street) corner of the estate suffered Second World War bomb damage and was cleared, as were the Little Halifax Street houses, opening up space for a playground.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives, GLC/AR/BR/22/BA/017865: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, P/MIS/336: District Surveyors Returns: Isobel Watson, ‘Rebuilding London: Abraham Davis and his Brothers, 1881–1924’, 'The London Journal', vol. 29, no. 1, 2004, pp. 62–84: Goad insurance maps</p>\n",
"created": "2017-04-07",
"last_edited": "2017-05-03"
},
{
"id": 229,
"title": "81 New Road, c. late 1970s",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
},
"feature": {
"id": 816,
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"properties": {
"b_number": "81",
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"body": "<p>A digitised colour slide of the former Duke of Gloucester public house from the Tower Hamlets Archives collection:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/769186336821608448\">https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/769186336821608448</a></p>\n",
"created": "2016-12-19",
"last_edited": "2016-12-19"
},
{
"id": 211,
"title": "Some information on the Culpeper",
"author": {
"id": 85,
"username": "stephen.r.harris"
},
"feature": {
"id": 361,
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"properties": {
"b_number": "40-42",
"b_name": "The Culpeper, 40-42 Commercial Street",
"street": "Commercial Street",
"address": "The Culpeper, 40 Commercial Street",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
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"search_str": "The Culpeper, 40-42 Commercial Street"
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"body": "<p>This pub was present in Commercial Street as the Princess Alice by 1850, when the landlord was listed in the Post Office Directory as James Budden. The pub was named after Queen Victoria's third child Alice, born in 1843 and later to become the Duchess of Saxony. By the early 1980s, the pub-sign was featuring the SS Princess Alice, which sank disastrously in the River Thames off North Woolwich in 1878, but the name of the pub clearly pre-dates that tragedy.</p>\n\n<p>The pub was rebuilt in its present form in 1883 to the designs of B.J. Capell, architect of Whitechapel Road, with a gothic element to the architecture. It was a commission for Truman's Brewery of nearby Brick Lane. Truman's registered the freehold of the building in 1928 and some Truman's signage is still visible on the exterior of the building today. </p>\n\n<p>The pub features (as do most around here) in the tales of the Jack the Ripper murders, with murder victim Frances Coles and suspect John Pizer known to have used the pub.</p>\n\n<p>Perhaps the best known licensee was Alfie Harris, who arrived with his wife Hetty in August 1935 and remained as tenant until his death in 1969. It is said that Alfie kept the pub open throughout the second world war, even on occasions when enemy bombing fell uncomfortably close. </p>\n\n<p>By 1986 the pub had been renamed the City Darts and it passed to the Thorley Taverns pub company. The game of darts had long been a mainstay here. Twenty years on and it became a freehouse, with the name reverting to Princess Alice. The latest change came in 2014, when the pub re-opened after refurbishment as Culpeper.</p>\n",
"created": "2016-12-14",
"last_edited": "2019-06-05"
},
{
"id": 195,
"title": "66 Royal Mint Street",
"author": {
"id": 79,
"username": "lyndakeen"
},
"feature": {
"id": 1356,
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"b_number": "66",
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"street": "Royal Mint Street",
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"body": "<p>My great grandfather Woolf Moses also known as Woolf Moss rented space here. Trade Directories for 1890, 1891 and 1893 give Woolf's bootmaking business address as 311 Cable Street. In 1890 he had this second trade address at 66 Royal Mint Street.</p>\n",
"created": "2016-11-12",
"last_edited": "2019-05-31"
},
{
"id": 484,
"title": "German Mission Day School, 17 Leman Street (1861–1897)",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
},
"feature": {
"id": 1448,
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"properties": {
"b_number": "",
"b_name": "Leman Locke",
"street": "Leman Street",
"address": "Leman Locke, 15–17 Leman Street",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
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"search_str": "Leman Locke"
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"body": "<p>Built in 1861–3, the German Mission Day School replaced an eighteenth-century tenement and family-run bakery. The purpose-built school was one of a handful clustered on Buckle Street and the eastern extension of Alie Street, primarily serving the large local German population during the nineteenth century.<a href=\"#_ftn1\">[^1]</a></p>\n\n<p>The school was designed by City architect, Edward Ellis. With a long elevation to Buckle Street and a steeply pitched gable roof, the two-and-a-half storey building assumed a typically institutional Gothic Revival style. It was formed of London stock brick with black and red headers above its openings. A large ground-floor corner schoolroom for boys was accessed through decorative double-doors located in a lower extension facing onto Leman Street, while an office and a schoolroom for girls were situated on the first floor. The top floor provided separate living accommodation for the school’s two teachers.<a href=\"#_ftn2\">[^2]</a></p>\n\n<p>Unusually, the German Mission Day School was not associated with one particular church. Instead, it was supported by a consortium of German churches and managed by a separate religious institution known as the ‘Mission Among the German Poor and Sailors in London’. Intended to serve poor children of seamen and preceding the Public Schools Act of 1868, this charity school was reliant on subscriptions from wealthy members of the City’s German community. The Mission School may have acted as something of a counterpart to the newly opened St George’s Infant School, which was established in order to allow working mothers to return to work.<a href=\"#_ftn2\">[^3]</a></p>\n\n<p>Education was an important aspect of the Mission’s work from its inception in 1849 when a small evening and Sunday school was established operating out of a leased house elsewhere in Whitechapel. Recognising the need for a morally instructive education amongst the diverse local German population, the newly built Mission School’s first cohort of pupils numbered seventy-five; the roll rose to 150 within a few years. But by the end of the century many German families had moved out of Whitechapel and leaders of the school concluded that, in the light of this and the great many free English schools then in operation, the ‘German Poor School’ should be given up. The school closed in 1897 and the schoolhouse was let out for commercial purposes, the rent channelled into funding adult and child German education in other parts of the capital.<a href=\"#_ftn3\">[^4]</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\">[^1]</a>: PODs 1859-1862</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\">[^2]</a>: The National Archives, WORK 6/142/29</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\">[^3]</a>: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), W/SGG/A, Accounts for St Georges’, 1891; Accounts of 1892</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\">[^4]</a>: <em>Ibid.</em>; S. Low, <em>The Charities of London in 1861</em>, 1862, p.75, 279; P. Panayi (ed), <em>Germans in Britain Since 1500</em>, 1996, p. 76-80</p>\n",
"created": "2017-10-06",
"last_edited": "2020-10-23"
},
{
"id": 390,
"title": "Giles Kinchin and the Mulberry Garden",
"author": {
"id": 145,
"username": "marion"
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"properties": {
"b_number": "47",
"b_name": "",
"street": "Adler Street",
"address": "St Boniface German Church, 47 Adler Street",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
"count": 14,
"search_str": "St Boniface German Church, 47 Adler Street"
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"tags": [
"Catholic Church",
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"body": "<p>My ancestor, Giles Kinchin, gardener of Ratcliff, acquired the lease to the Mulberry Garden, Mile End Old Town, in about 1679. No deed survives, but from the baptisms and burials of his children at St Dunstan, Stepney, and St Mary, Whitechapel it is apparent that Giles and his wife moved to Mile End Old Town at around that date.</p>\n\n<p>Two generations of the Kinchin family lived and worked at the Mulberry Garden until 1729, and were members of the Clothworkers' Company, in whose records can be found details of at least ten apprentices that were bound to them in that period.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>The tax return of 1693/4 or ‘ Four Shillings in the Pound Aid’, records Giles 'Kinchen’s' property as having a rental value of £34 to be taxed at £6.8s.[^2] This is in contrast to the extensive nursery ground just north of the Whitechapel Road of William Gurle, son of Leonard Gurle, valued at £25 and taxed at £5.</p>\n\n<p>The lease of the Mulberry Garden passed to John Martyr (who had been apprenticed to Giles) when he married Ann, his master's widow, in 1705. An increasing number of Kinchin family members and their apprentices were dependent on the four-acre Mulberry Garden for their living. By 1732, they numbered five adults, three children, and three apprentices. As silk production appears not to have succeeded in England at this time, owing to silkworms not thriving in the cold climate, it is likely that the Garden was used as a market garden, and that in the early period, the Kinchin family benefited from the demand for food from London's expanding population.</p>\n\n<p>John Martyr worked the Mulberry Garden for 18 years until his death in 1723, leaving the lease to his stepson William Kinchin.[^3] On 13 May 1725, William insured the house for £150, and goods and merchandise at the garden for a further £150, with the Sun Insurance Company.[^4]</p>\n\n<p>By 1728, however, the Garden had failed, and William sold the lease to his brother-in-law, Rowland Stagg.[^5] With only poor relief as a means of support, William went to New England probably as an indentured labourer. Rowland Stagg gave testimony in 1734 for the gardener's apprentice, Richard Hastings, that his master, William Kinchin 'about three years and a half since being in low circumstances went to Boston in New England and hath lived there ever since'.[^6] William died in Boston in 1746.[^7] Rowland Stagg, who ran a successful cooperage at Great Stone Stairs, Ratcliff, sold the lease of the Mulberry Garden a few years later.</p>\n\n<p>It may have been a fall in the price of fruit and vegetables that secured the fate of the Mulberry Garden. Increased pollution from coal fires may also have meant that the exhausted soil was no longer productive. The land was eventually sold for development, and the Kinchin family entered the East London maritime trades.</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: www.londonroll.org</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/london-4s-pound/1693-4/middlesex-windmill-alley</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: London Metropolitan Aarchives (LMA), MS9172/121, will no 156</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: LMA, Sun Insurance Policy no. 35798.Sun11936. Vol 20. page 70.</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: LMA, Middlesex Deeds Register 29 March 1728/9.1728 book 1. memorial 462.</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: London Freedom of the City Admission papers 1734 Aug-1735 Feb. Richard Hastings</p>\n\n<p>[^7]: New England Historic Genealogical Society: Boston Church Records, page 543, 26 April 1746.</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2017-06-10",
"last_edited": "2021-04-15"
},
{
"id": 234,
"title": "Photograph of bollards marking site of Royal Brunswick Theatre, 1964",
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"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
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"properties": {
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"street": "Dock Street",
"address": "Wombat's City Hostel, 7 Dock Street",
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"body": "<p>These iron bollards, which survive, are marked RBT for Royal Brunswick Theatre, which stood, briefly (1828), on the west side of Ensign Street (then Well Street). Like its predecessor, the Royalty Theatre (1787-1826) it was destroyed by fire. The image is a digitised colour slide from the Tower Hamlets Archives collection:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/761853569037398016\">https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/761853569037398016</a></p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2016-12-19",
"last_edited": "2020-12-11"
}
]
}