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"title": "Shaheed Minar",
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"body": "<p>In 1999 the south-west corner of Altab Ali Park gained a Shaheed Minar (Martyrs’ Monument), a semi-circular concrete plinth with five white steel screens, representing a mother and children, the former to the centre, bow headed in front of a blood-red circle. This is a smaller version of Dhaka’s Shaheed Minar, originally designed by Hamidur Rahman, which commemorates activists of the Bengali language movement killed in 1952. Long desired and petitioned for, the Whitechapel monument began to be planned in earnest in 1996, though not at first with this site in mind. The Bangladesh Welfare Association marshalled contributions from 54 organisations and worked closely with the Council, principally through Mike Howes, the Acting Head of Leisure. Another copy of the Dhaka monument was made in Oldham in 1996–7. Its designers, the Free Form Arts Trust, Hackney based and represented by Tim Ward, were brought in and commissioned to make Whitechapel’s structure larger. Landscaping and the plinth were handled by the Council and Arts Fabrications made the monument which was unveiled on 17 February 1999 by Humayun Rashid Choudhury, Speaker of the Bangladeshi Parliament. [^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Tower Hamlets Local History Library & Archives, TH/9360/L/THL/G/2; P/MIS/361: Historic England, GLHER MLO3933: Kenneth Leech, <em>Brick Lane 1978: the events and their significance</em>, 1980: Ansar Ahmed Ullah and John Eversley, <em>Bengalis in London’s East End</em>, 2010, pp.53–4, 90–1</p>\n",
"created": "2016-06-27",
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"id": 888,
"title": "Additions and alterations in the twentieth century",
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"body": "<p>The rebuilding and expansion of the hospital under Plumbe’s supervision created a large medical complex that functioned on modern and efficient lines, requiring few alterations for some time. The important work of the hospital during the First World War has been chronicled in the second volume of A. E. Clark-Kennedy’s institutional history. After emerging from the war in significant debt owing partly to higher wages and the rising cost of medical treatment, the hospital opted to introduce a fee of 10s. per week for inpatients who could afford it. This shift from the institution’s policy of providing treatment without any charge to its patients was bolstered by the Insurance Act of 1911, which protected workers from a loss of earnings during illness. The hospital was associated with discussions over the organization of healthcare through its physician Lord Dawson of Penn, whose 1920 report foreshadowed the establishment of the NHS. Despite the introduction of patient fees, the hospital’s finances were so troubled that 200 beds were closed temporarily in 1921. Approximately half of these beds were reopened after a fundraising appeal in 1923, but the rest were sacrificed to provide space for specialist equipment, offices and staff accommodation, leaving a total of approximately 850 beds in the hospital. [^86]</p>\n\n<h3><strong>Interwar alterations</strong></h3>\n\n<p>The interwar period witnessed few substantial alterations to the main hospital building, owing to financial struggles and the longevity of the improvements made by Plumbe. The works department was headed by J. G. Oatley, who continued as hospital surveyor till his retirement in 1933. He was succeeded by his son, Norman Herbert Oatley, who served until the 1950s. Most alterations were precipitated by the installation of specialized departments, which multiplied in general hospitals after the First World War. By 1926, the hospital contained eighteen operating theatres and fourteen specialized departments. The central block and the front block were the focus for alterations in the main hospital building, but a number of departments were established in purpose-built detached blocks in the immediate vicinity. The clinical theatre adjacent to the chapel in the front block was transferred to the Bearsted Clinical Theatre to provide space for laboratories, and all but one of the traceried windows were replaced with a series of workmanlike apertures. A gynaecological operating suite was installed on the third floor of the central block, with a bay window that survives on the north front. This facility was funded by a donation from Louis F. Stanton Bader, a coal dealer of Boston, USA, in gratitude for the treatment of his wife by the obstetric surgeons Russell Andrews and Eardley Holland. In 1929, a radium laboratory was installed on the second floor of the front block.[^87] </p>\n\n<p>A covered way was constructed in the quadrangle by William Wood & Sons of Taplow in 1929–30. The pergola extended from the rear entrance of the central block along the east side of the garden, providing shelter for patients and staff. It was financed by Sir William Paulin, the honorary treasurer of the hospital. A memorial tablet designed by Edwin Lutyens was unveiled in the front hall in 1933 to commemorate Sydney Holland, the hospital’s chairman. Isolation wards were installed in the Grocers’ Company’s Wing by Walter Gladding & Co. in 1935, facilitating the conversion of the Fielden Isolation Block to wards for private patients.[^88] </p>\n\n<p>[^86]: Clark-Kennedy, Vol. 2, pp. 173–99, 201–10: Timothy Alborn, ‘Senses of Belonging: The Politics of Working-Class Insurance in Britain, 1880–1914’, <em>Journal of Modern History</em>, Vol. 73, No. 3 (September 2001), pp. 561–602. </p>\n\n<p>[^87]: Sydney Holland, <em>In Black and White </em>(London: Edward Arnold, 1926), pp. 148, 385: RLHA, RLHINV/441: <a href=\"https://backbayhouses.org/346-marlborough\">https://backbayhouses.org/346-marlborough</a>: Clark-Kennedy, <em>Vol. 2</em>, pp. 220–1: Richardson, <em>English Hospitals</em>, p. 11: ODNB. </p>\n\n<p>[^88]: British Journal of Nursing, September 1933, p. 262: RLHA, RLHINV/811; RLHLH/S/2/52; RLHLH/D/4/28; RLHLH/S/2/49; RLHLH/S/2/50: DSR.</p>\n",
"created": "2019-04-29",
"last_edited": "2021-05-10"
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"id": 85,
"title": "Davis's Terrace and the Davis Brothers",
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"body": "<p>Israel & Hyman Davis were two of the seven builder brothers Davis. Of the brothers, only these two ever used the trading name ‘Davis Brothers’ (though sometimes their brothers’ buildings have been attributed to them.) Like their father, Woolf, and elder brothers Maurice and Abraham, Israel and Hyman had started in the fur trade. They appear first to have first won a building lease from the London Hospital [^1] (like others before 1903, granted only for 60 years) in Settles Street (40-72 even, ‘Davis’s Terrace, 1890’) by tender. Then (when the Hospital’s experience of its in-house redevelopment of Parfett Street to the east, after a closed competition, had been disappointing) another lease for a red brick terrace, 10-28 even, south from Fordham Street, from 1899 .[^2] The two terraces seem to embody two distinct phases in architectural development, and it is interesting to note that between the two phases of building the youngest brothers, Nathaniel and Ralph Davis, the only ones of the seven known to have had any formal training, had started their own business.</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives, MDR/1891/1/579, 4/682</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: London Hospital estate records, LH/A/9/41</p>\n",
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"title": "12 Dock Street, Dr. Barnardo's Shelter",
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"body": "<p>This was the site of Dr Barnardo's Shelter for women and infants in the nineteenth century. A few Toynbee Hall residents in their investigation of local shelters, provided this critical description of the institution:</p>\n\n<p>\"Accommodation for 30, nearly always full. Here there is no investigation and no payment. The inmates are not supposed to remain more than three nights out of ten, but the rule is not strictly enforced. A pint of cocoa and a piece of bread and butter, which varies according to the age of applicant and number of infants, is also given. The Shelter is open nominally from 9 p.m. till midnight, but cases are admitted at any hour. No efforts are made to follow up and find work for cases.\"</p>\n\n<p>\"Shelters: Their use and abuse,\" <em>The Toynbee Record</em>, v. iv, no. 2, November 1891, p. 25.</p>\n",
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"title": "former St Mary's clergy house, c. 1977",
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"body": "<p>The former clergy house, seen when in use as a post office c. 1977, from a digitised colour slide in the Tower Hamlets Archives collection:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/770983342686830592\">https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/770983342686830592</a></p>\n",
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"title": "A Visit to a Ragged School - 1859",
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"body": "<p>A contributor to the <em>East London Observer </em>of 2 July 1859 - submitting under the name of A Christian - reported an impromptu visit to the George Yard Ragged School. This extract gives a good idea of the needs that George Holland was trying to address.</p>\n\n<p>The bible lying open before me, pointing to the 6th verse of the 5th chapter of Matthew, 'Blessed be they which do hunger and thirst after righteousness, for they shall be filled' —I asked a very little, pale, thin-faced boy, what our Saviour meant by that? He reflected a moment, and then said, 'Why, sir, I suppose he means that we are blessed on coming out of church on a Sunday morning, when we are hungry and thirsty, and that we shall have something to eat.' I remarked to Mr. Holland that that was a very strange answer, 'Not so, sir,' said he, and calling the boy to him, asked, 'What have you had to eat today?' 'Nothing, sir.' 'Well, my boy, and what did you have yesterday?' 'One slice of bread, teacher,' and the boy's dim eyes filled. 'There, sir,' said Mr. H., 'that will account for the boy's strange answer.' Alas! I saw at once, too plainly, that it did account for the seeming strangeness of his reply. In reply to my questions, Mr Holland informed me that hunger and nothing to eat was the case with a great number of the children, and that he had known them at times fall off the forms to the floor from sheer exhaustion, caused by the want of food. He deplored and lamented the want of funds whereby this pitiable state of things might be remedied. Upon handing the superintendent a trifle to purchase some bread with, a pleased light broke over the countenances of many.</p>\n",
"created": "2018-10-23",
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"id": 359,
"title": "Gwynne House, Turner Street",
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"body": "<p>Gwynne House stands at the north-west corner of the Turner Street and Newark Street crossing in bold contrast to its contemporary neo-Georgian neighbour, the Good Samaritan public house. This block of flats was built in 1937–8 to designs by H. Victor Kerr, the architect of a number of interwar buildings in east London, including Commerce and Industry House in Middlesex Street (demolished), 67–75 and 101 New Road, 9–17 Turner Street and 47 Turner Street (demolished). Kerr practised as an architect during the interlude in his military career between the world wars, in which he ascended to the rank of Major (Hon. Lt. Col.). Of his surviving works in Whitechapel, Gwynne House is the most assertive expression of the Modernist style. This five-storey block has a sleek white-painted façade with a curved staircase tower and a rhythmic succession of slender balconies with rounded edges. Gwynne House bears a resemblance to Wells Coates’s Isokon Building, which set a precedent in style, configuration, and the provision of ‘minimum’ flats intended for professionals.[^1]</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/05/04/sol-whitechapel100099.jpg\"><em>Gwynne House from the south-east, photographed by Derek Kendall in 2016. </em></p>\n\n<p>Gwynne House replaced five early nineteenth-century terraced houses at 75–83 Turner Street and 23a Newark Street on the London Hospital Estate. By the 1930s this piece of ground had been earmarked for future hospital expansion. Despite initial reluctance to part with the site, the hospital agreed an 80-year lease with Lloyd Rakusen & Co. of Leeds in 1935. After their plans to build a biscuit factory were rejected by the LCC, Rakusen & Co.’s interest in the lease was transferred to a developer for a block of flats. Construction was by Moore & Wood, working as general contractors in association with specialized subcontractors. The reinforced concrete frame was enveloped by smooth external walls filled with cork insulation, and capped with a flat timber roof coated with asphalt.[^2]</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/05/04/sol-whitechapel100104.jpg\"></p>\n\n<p><em>Gwynne House and the Good Samaritan public house on the west side of Turner Street, photographed by Derek Kendall in 2016. </em></p>\n\n<p>At its completion in 1938, Gwynne House provided twenty modern flats that were designed to attract ‘students, social workers and professional people in east London’. An additional rooftop flat was allocated to a caretaker. Each floor was divided into four small flats built to a standardised rectangular plan with a hallway, two bedrooms, a living room, a kitchenette and a bathroom. The elegant ‘tower feature’ encased an electric lift and a staircase, lit and ventilated by angular slits in the exterior wall.[^3] It also concealed a rubbish chute, a telephone kiosk, a switch room, and service ducts that communicated with a basement boiler room.</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/05/04/sol-whitechapel100081.jpg\"><em>Gwynne House from the south, photographed by Derek Kendall in 2016.</em> </p>\n\n<p>Gwynne House was quickly identified by the hospital as a convenient base for medical practitioners, nurses and students, though rents were judged to be ‘somewhat high’.[^4] One of its first tenants was a young (Sir) John Ellis, who was later appointed physician to the London Hospital and Dean of the Medical College. Other prominent residents included Edith Ramsay MBE, a local social campaigner, and the nurse educationalist Dr Sheila Collins OBE. By the 1980s Gwynne House had been acquired for the hospital as rented accommodation for staff from all departments. Barts and the London Charity sold the block to a private developer in 2011. The exterior has seen minimal alterations, aside from the replacement of the original Crittall windows and the recent insertion of jaunty porthole doors. The original metal fence at the front of the block survives, characterised by sinuous lines echoing the projection of the tower. A narrow rear garden shelters a sycamore tree, a lime tree, and an ‘ancient’ mulberry tree.[^5]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Bridget Cherry, Charles O’Brien and Nikolaus Pevsner, <em>London: East</em>, <em>The Buildings of</em> England (New Haven and London: Yale University Press), pp. 83, 439–40; <em>The Builder</em>, Vol. 189 (19 August 1955) p. 305; TNA, WO 339/23092; <em>Supplement to the London Gazette</em>, 26 July 1915, 27 October 1939, 2 December 1952; Royal London Hospital Archives (RLHA), RLHLH/A/9/43, London Hospital Estate Sub-Committee Minute Books, 1922–48, pp. 124, 126; Historic England List Description, ‘Numbers 1, 1A, 1B and 1D and 2–32 Isokon Flats’, List Entry Number: 1379280.</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: RLHA, RLHLH/A/5/62, House Committee Minutes, 1933–4, p. 264; RLHLH/A/5/63, House Committee Minutes, 1935–6, p. 85; RLHLH/A/9/43, Estate Sub-Committee Minutes, 1922–48, pp. 112, 116, 119, 121; <em>The Builder</em> (19 May 1939), p. 948.</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: <em>The Builder</em> (19 May 1939), p. 948.</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: RLHA, RLHLH/A/5/64, p. 209.</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: Tower Hamlets Planning, PA/09/01253, PA/12/02533, ST/96/00138, PA/07/03128; ‘Barts and the London Charity sells one of last Whitechapel staff housing blocks, <em>East London Advertiser</em>, 30 January 2012 (online: <a href=\"http://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/news/health/barts_and_the_london_charity_sells_one_of_last_whitechapel_staff_housing_blocks_1_1192277\">http://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/news/health/barts_and_the_london_charity_sells_one_of_last_whitechapel_staff_housing_blocks_1_1192277</a>); Information from Roy Emmins, resident and former caretaker (1980–96) at Gwynne House; RLHA, RLHLH/Z/2, Gwynne House Subject File; The Gentle Author, ‘The Whitechapel Mulberry’, <em>Spitalfields Life</em>, 30 March 2015 (online: http://spitalfieldslife.com/2015/04/30/the-whitechapel-mulberry). </p>\n",
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"body": "<p>In 1940 a bicentenary campaign was launched for a programme of repair and reconstruction. The earlier building works overseen by Plumbe were commended for their solid construction and spacious planning, which obviated the need for large-scale redevelopment. The hospital required new departments to pursue advances in medicine, such as dietetics, blood analysis and psychology. Research was restricted by a lack of space and the dispersal of laboratories around the hospital. William Goschen, the hospital’s chairman, urged that it would be ‘impossible to keep pace with modern developments without an extensive scheme of reconstruction’.[^89] In the first phase of the proposed scheme, the clearance of attic nurses’ dormitories was intended to provide room for clinical laboratories and new aural wards. Later phases promised to secure improved facilities for the radiology department, a new wing for a casualty department and fracture clinic, wards for infected surgical cases, and a new genito-urinary clinic, dental department and light treatment clinic. The hospital also intended to modernize the operating theatres and the general wards.[^90] </p>\n\n<p>The bicentenary programme was abandoned due to the onset of the Second World War, which plunged the hospital into preparations for air raids and casualties. In 1940, the Alexandra Home, the Eva Lückes Home and the medical college were hit by bombs. The hospital evaded severe destruction until August 1944, when the east wing was damaged severely by a V-1 flying bomb. The hospital also emerged from the war in significant debt, with meagre hope of repairing bomb damage and carrying out improvements without assistance from the state. The establishment of the NHS in 1948 brought the hospital under the administration of a board of governors that reported to the Ministry of Health. All patient fees were eliminated and salaries introduced for the medical staff, who had previously devoted their time to the hospital as honorary consultants while maintaining private practices elsewhere.[^91] </p>\n\n<p>Two ambitious rebuilding schemes were mooted after the Second World War. The first proposal by Adams, Holden & Pearson, drawn up in 1947, was not implemented due to limited funds, and the second scheme by T. P. Bennett & Son was drastically curtailed in the 1970s by the listing of historic buildings. The unexecuted scheme of 1947 proposed to extend the hospital’s footprint southwards to Varden Street, producing an extensive and functional teaching hospital with 1,000 beds. The main hospital building was to be remodelled to contain administrative offices, laboratories, and wards in the Alexandra Wing and the Grocers’ Company’s Wing. The southern portion of the hospital complex was to be mostly cleared for new buildings. A low-lying receiving block and accident department, flanked by medical and surgical ward wings, was designed to provide a new public entrance to the hospital. An operation block was planned for the site of the medical college, adjacent to a rehabilitation department and surgical wards. Extensions to the Edith Cavell Home and the Eva Lückes Home were intended to accommodate more than 700 nurses. A scattering of buildings on the hospital’s estate, including St Philip’s Church and the students’ hostel in Philpot Street, were to be preserved and engulfed by a series of uniform buildings grouped to provide distinct quarters for outpatients, inpatients and the medical college.[^92]</p>\n\n<p>In the event, inflation put paid to these plans for redevelopment. Post-war alterations and additions proceeded in a piecemeal manner, based on the framework set out in the bicentenary campaign. The works department embarked on numerous alterations in the years immediately after the war. A new receiving and accident department was formed in the front block, along with first-floor research laboratories replacing children’s wards on the south side of the central block. These laboratories were assigned to bacteriology and industrial diseases.[^93] Additional works were carried out in 1952–3, including the formation of a genito-urinary department, alterations to the laundry, and the enlargement of the dental division of the outpatients’ department.[^94]</p>\n\n<p>The most significant alterations to the main hospital building in the 1950s were carried out by W. H. Watkins, Gray & Partners, an architectural firm with substantial experience of hospital work. Watkins, Gray & Partners worked in association with the hospital’s surveyor R. M. Halsey, who succeeded Oatley. The upper storeys of the bomb-damaged east wing were rebuilt in 1958–9, followed by a five-storey extension to the west wing to provide additional wards. Bennett & Son oversaw further alterations to the main hospital building, along with the construction of the Holland Wing and the rebuilding of the Alexandra Wing. Leonard Abbott, an associate (1966) then partner (1973) in the firm, supervised the works due to his specialism in hospitals. The main public entrance to the hospital was altered around 1969 by the application of marble cladding.[^95] Bennett & Son also developed proposals for the rebuilding of the hospital on expanded lines, with large blocks engulfing the eastern side of its estate. This fifteen-year project aimed to raise the size of the hospital from approximately 750 beds to 1,300 beds by 1972. The scheme was partially realised by the construction of Knutsford House, the Institute of Pathology, the Princess Alexandra School of Nursing, John Harrison House, a computer centre, and a cluster of nurses’ homes. The listing of the main hospital building in 1973 thwarted plans for its redevelopment, and only the Alexandra Wing was rebuilt.[^96] </p>\n\n<p><strong><em>Link Block, 1959–62</em></strong></p>\n\n<p>The post-war building programme encroached on many of the open spaces surrounding the hospital. The quadrangle was mostly sacrificed for the Link Block in 1959–62. This six-storey extension was designed by Watkins, Gray & Partners in association with R. M. Halsey and consulting engineers Oscar Faber & Partners. The block provided additional wards and kitchens, connecting the west and east wings. The upper floors were elevated by a series of reinforced-concrete piers to preserve a route between the remainder of the quadrangle and the hospital’s gardens. The north and south elevations incorporated metal-framed projecting balconies, breaking the monotony of sheer expanses of brickwork. Single-storey clinics for dialysis and radiology, flanking the ground-floor passageway, were added by Bennett & Son in 1967–8.[^97]</p>\n\n<p><strong><em>Holland Wing, </em></strong><strong>c.<em>1968 </em></strong></p>\n\n<p>The Holland Wing, named after the hospital’s longstanding chairman, replaced the southern portion of the Grocers’ Company’s Wing and the Bernhard Baron Pathology Institute in the late 1960s. This five-storey block designed by Bennett & Son was described in design stages as a ‘decanting building’, a name that captured its assorted administrative, medical and teaching functions. The block was positioned on the west side of East Mount Street, with brick-clad elevations divided by horizontal bands of glazing and mosaic. Each floor contained a central north–south corridor, extending from the Grocers’ Company’s Wing to a lift lobby at the south end of the block. The internal spaces were divided by partition walls to ensure future adaptability. A cardiac department was installed in the basement, and the ground floor contained staff offices and a board room. The first and second floors were devoted to a maternity department, composed of delivery suites, isolation rooms, and four-bed wards with ancillary rooms. An intensive neonatal unit was located on the third floor. The fourth floor contained research laboratories and facilities for the medical college, including a library and a conference room.[^98]</p>\n\n<p>[^89]: Cited by Clark-Kennedy, Vol. 2, p. 228. </p>\n\n<p>[^90]: RLHA, RLHLH/X/230. </p>\n\n<p>[^91]: Clark-Kennedy, <em>London Pride</em>, pp. 208–212, 217, 228–32, 242–3: <em>London Hospital Illustrated</em>, Vol. 1, No. 9 (1940–41); Vol. 2, No. 1 (1945). </p>\n\n<p>[^92]:<em>London Hospital Illustrated</em>, Vol. II, No. 3 (1947): <em>Architectural Design</em>, April 1947, pp. 97–9. </p>\n\n<p>[^93]: RLHA, RLHLH/S/2/151; RLHLH/S/2/54. </p>\n\n<p>[^94]: RLHA, RLHLH/S/2/152; RLHLH/S/2/92: <em>Hospital & Health Management</em>, September 1952, pp. 306–12; <em>Hospital & Health Management</em>, September 1953, pp. 327–9. </p>\n\n<p>[^95]: RLHA, RLHLH/S/2/156. </p>\n\n<p>[^96]: RIBA Biographical file: RLHA, RLHLH/P/1/12; RLHLH/P/6/11/29; RLHLH/P/6/11/31; RLHLH/A/5/67; RLHLH/P/6/11/5; RLHLH/P/6/11/6; RLHLH/S/2/32. </p>\n\n<p>[^97]: RLHA, RLHTH/S/10/22; RLHLH/P/6/11/27; RLHLH/P/6/11/33/2: RLH League of Nurses, ‘Nursing at the London Hospital in the 1960s’, p. 2 (online: <a href=\"http://www.rlhleagueofnurses.org.uk/html/library.html)\">http://www.rlhleagueofnurses.org.uk/html/library.html)</a>: Dathan et al, ‘<em>One Year’s Experience in a Ministry of Health Dialysis Centre</em>’, <em>BMJ</em>, 11 April 1970, pp. 102–5. </p>\n\n<p>[^98]: RLHA, RLHINV/61; RLHLH/A/24/82; RLHLH/P/2/7; RLHTH/S/10/17: PA/66/00726.</p>\n",
"created": "2019-04-29",
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"title": "School Motto",
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"body": "<p>The school motto was 'Tel Grain Tel Pain'</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2017-10-24",
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"id": 930,
"title": "Travelodge London City",
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"body": "<p>This ‘flagship’ hotel of the Travelodge Group opened in 2018 on, essentially, the site of the sixteenth-century Boar’s Head playhouse and all the buildings that succeeded it. It sits immediately to the south of the service road that served the market-stall storage and car park beneath Cromlech House, and also occupies the full width of the site between Middlesex Street and Goulston Street. The owners of the site are Cromlech Property Company Ltd, part of Daejan Holdings, previously the Freshwater Group. The first application for this site and the rest of the site to the south up to Whitechapel High Street, was in 2005, for a seventeen-storey fully glazed office building, to the south and eight-storey hotel to the rear, both to the designs of John Seifert Architects. Planning permission was given in 2008 but with recession work did not start and was superseded by a further application approved in 2013 to build only the hotel, to the designs of If Architecture, whose director previously worked at John Seifert.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>The revised design built in 2016-17 is of six storeys at its north end rising swiftly to eight on the rest of the building, the top two set back on the west side. The frontages up to the sixth floor are stone clad, with the seventh and eighth and the central portion of the south side clad in darker brown shades of terracotta. Windows on the south side are shallow triangular oriels, one face terracotta projecting beyond the other, which is glazed, alternating on each floor, to prevent overlooking and restricting development in the site to the south. The hotel has 395 rooms and a ground-floor café/bar. The main contractors were Tolent Construction Ltd.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Tower Hamlets planning applications online (THP): <a href=\"http://www.ifarchitecture.co.uk/projects/hotels-resorts\">http://www.ifarchitecture.co.uk/projects/hotels-resorts</a></p>\n\n<p>[^2]: THP: <a href=\"http://www.tolent.co.uk/single-post/2017/08/01/Travelodge-Middlesex-Street-London\">http://www.tolent.co.uk/single-post/2017/08/01/Travelodge-Middlesex-Street-London</a></p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2019-06-05",
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"id": 163,
"title": "Petticoat Lane and Tubby Isaacs' jellied eel stall, 1940s",
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"body": "<p>Memories of Eric Shorter, b. 1936</p>\n\n<p>Another of our regular week-end outings was to Petticoat Lane at its original site in Middlesex Street. I don’t remember why we went: mother rarely shopped for anything, and the crowds of people were suffocating, and there were places where as a small lad I was bothered about being crushed. It was common for me and mum to get separated because of the pressure of the crowds.</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/07/05/vlcsnap-2016-11-27-21h44m06s667.png\"></p>\n\n<p>Petticoat Lane Market, looking north from the corners of Aldgate High Street (left) and Whitechapel High Street, a still from the 1955 film <em>A Kid for Two Farthings</em></p>\n\n<p>But at the top of Petticoat Lane, at its junction with Aldgate High Street was Tubby Isaacs' jellied eel stall. He was always there, and his customers seemed to discard their eel vertebrae on to the pavement.</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/07/05/vlcsnap-2017-06-26-12h38m46s713.png\"></p>\n\n<p>Solly Gritzman, or 'Young Tubby Isaacs', who took over the jellied eel stall after Tubby departed for the US in 1938, seen at his stall in the 1968 BBC film <em>Georgia Brown: Who Are The Cockneys Now?</em></p>\n",
"created": "2016-11-01",
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"id": 331,
"title": "32-38 Osborn Street",
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"body": "<p>A nine-storey sugarhouse was built on the site of 30–34 Osborn Street around 1799 for Josiah Lucas and Henry Martin (d. 1817). It was soon fire-damaged, then when run by Lucas and Son all but destroyed by fire in 1824. The premises and stock were insured to the sum of £28,8828, so were perhaps rebuilt, with Bulmer & Co. as successors in the 1830s.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>From around 1905 to the mid-1930s, the building at No. 32 housed Alec Snelwar’s Warsaw Kosher Restaurant, frequented by Leon Beron, a notorious slum landlord who was murdered in 1911, and otherwise linked to gangsters and anarchists. No. 38 was Morris (Curley) and Rosie Kersch’s Curley’s Café from 1937, a haunt of artists and anti-fascists until this group of shophouses was destroyed in the Blitz.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>The site was redeveloped in 1961–2 for Commerce House (Gower Street) Ltd, to designs by J. E. Morgan and Partners, surveyors of 226 Whitechapel Road, by Courtney & Fairbairn Ltd, builders. Of four storeys, basement and attic and brick-faced, the building was intended for office use with ground-floor shops. However, it immediately fell to use as cutting and machine rooms for clothes manufacturing, and was extended in 1987–8. The ground floor, a restaurant since 2003, became the Sonargaon Restaurant, Bangladeshi and Indian Cuisine.[^3] This was replaced in 2018–19 with a six-storey block for fifteen flats (The Osborn Apartments) over commercial spaces, including a basement gym. The developer was Goldenstone working with Kitesgrove, Mirfield Contracting Ltd, Moreno:Massey, architects, and Barnes Webster & Sons Ltd, builders.[^4]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Bryan Mawer's sugar database: Richard Horwood's maps, 1792–1819: The National Archives, PROB11/1590/43: <em>Bells Weekly Messenger</em>, 9 May 1824, p.150</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?div=t19110228-43: Post Office Directories: Rachel Lichtenstein, <em>On Brick Lane</em>, 2007, p. 332: information kindly supplied by Rachel Lichtenstein</p>\n\n<p>[^3]:<em> </em>Post Office Directories: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, Building Control file 14712: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: Tower Hamlets planning applications online: <a href=\"https://www.goldenstone.co.uk/our-developments/the-osborn-apartments/\">https://www.goldenstone.co.uk/our-developments/the-osborn-apartments/</a></p>\n",
"created": "2017-03-30",
"last_edited": "2020-08-26"
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{
"id": 1102,
"title": "City Reach, 19 Leman Street",
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"body": "<p>This building was erected in 2004–5 to designs by Osel Architecture Ltd for Stronglink Ltd. The seven-storey block of offices and apartments, faced with Portland stone and brick, replaced the former parish school and houses behind at 24–26 Buckle Street. Its ground-floor retail units have remained unlet.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Tower Hamlets planning applications online: Google Street View</p>\n",
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"title": "St George’s House, 4 Gunthorpe Street",
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"body": "<p>This block of flats of 1886 on Gunthorpe Street’s west side was built as Sir George’s Residence for Respectable Girls, part of wider redevelopments enabled by the Goulston Street Improvement of 1877. The slums cleared here were Inkhorn Court, a dead-end alley behind 90 Whitechapel High Street, and 4–7 George Yard. The block was built as a home for working women by George Luke Hodgkinson (1849–1917), never knighted, let alone sainted, and Edmund Hugh Hodgkinson (1857–1943), wealthy marine insurance brokers, as a memorial to their ship-owning father, Sir George Edmund Hodgkinson (1817–86), whose will provided funds ‘to be applied for … religious or charitable objects’.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>This plain dignified building in keeping with the other dwelling-block improvements of the 1880s, of stock brick with red-brick bands and window heads. There is a date stone of 1886 in a small shaped parapet gable. The ground floor had two large dining rooms, four bedrooms and a scullery, with similar arrangements on the upper floors, the larger rooms divided into cubicles, much as later prevailed in Rowton Houses. The lodging charge was 3<em>s.</em>6<em>d.</em>a week which included breakfast, tea and supper. Uptake was initially slow – in June 1887 only eight of the sixty places were occupied. Not all the Hodgkinsons’ wealthy supporters were uncritical of the building’s appearance – Mary Jeune, later, as Lady St Helier, an LCC Alderman, thought that the ‘exterior should be more attractive, and especially the entrance – poor girls (are) easily led by appearances’. Henrietta Barnett felt that the girls should be ‘made as free and easy as possible’.[^2] By 1891 fifteen were resident, most in the rag trade or domestic service, with a couple of tea packers, presumably at Brooke Bond in Goulston Street. A decade later there were fifty women, more than half in the rag trades, the rest in other factory work (biscuits, whisky, cigarettes, confectionery, tea and stationery), with similar numbers and a slight shift from rag-trade to tea and clerical work in 1911. The name of the home, often simply Sir George’s Home, was in time corrupted to St George’s.[^3] </p>\n\n<p>In 1916 or 1917, perhaps on G. L. Hodgkinson’s death, the home ceased to be a women’s hostel and was divided into flats. Commercial activity crept in alongside residential – two of the flats were tailoring workshops in the 1950s and 1960s, and a cold store was installed on the ground floor connecting with the kitchens of Blooms at 90 Whitechapel High Street. In 1997–8 the building, by then used only as a kitchen, store and warehouse, was converted for London & Regional Residential Co. Ltd to the designs of Paul C. Tasou of Tasou Associates, architects, by Belgrave Construction Ltd to form eleven flats, adding a mansard attic and roof terraces.[^4] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Ancestry: <a href=\"http://www.findagrave.com/memorial/146962556/george-edmund-hodgkinson\">www.findagrave.com/memorial/146962556/george-edmund-hodgkinson</a>: Metropolitan Board of Works Minutes, 18 March 1887, p.473: 29 July 1887, p.197: Nigel Watson, <em>150 Years of the London P&I Club, 1866–2016</em>, 2016, pp.9–12,14,22: Wellcome Library, H64/E01/004</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: <em>Pall Mall Gazette</em>, 14 June 1887, p.13</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: Post Office Directories (POD): <a href=\"http://spitalfieldslife.com/2015/04/21/sir-georges-residence-for-respectable-girls/\">spitalfieldslife.com/2015/04/21/sir-georges-residence-for-respectable-girls/</a>: ed. C. S. Loch, <em>The Charities Register and Digest</em>, 1890, p.291</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: <em>Mid-Sussex Times</em>, 5 July 1927, p.8: POD: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archvies, Building Control file 18013</p>\n",
"created": "2019-09-12",
"last_edited": "2021-03-30"
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{
"id": 489,
"title": "Anne Thorne talks about designing the Jagonari Centre",
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"body": "<p>I was working at Matrix, a feminist design cooperative which I helped found with some other women, and we were approached by various women’s groups, one of which was Jagonari, who came to us [in 1982] and said they’d got a plot of land next to the Davenant Centre which was going to be turned into a community centre for local people, and that they wanted us to help them and advise them about what they could do on the site.</p>\n\n<p>They said they wanted a place [for] childcare, they wanted a place to have big meetings, to play badminton - they wanted all sorts of things. We asked how much funding did they have and how big is this building. They said they thought it could be a Portakabin and they could fit everything in there. We asked, how many people do you think there are.</p>\n\n<p>What became clear was that there were a lot of women who would use these facilities if they were available, and they did a lot of research [within] the local community. It was a really interesting group of women who started it, they were from mixed Asian communities, there was a Hindu women, a Bengali Muslim woman, a Bengali woman who was not Muslim, so quite a mixed community.</p>\n\n<p>We’d been talking about being feminist architects quite a lot, and talking about how few women there were around who were architects at that point. When we set up Matrix there were approximately 5% of architects who were women, so we were in the minority. And once women heard about us they were very keen to use us.</p>\n\n<p>Matrix was set up in 1982, and this was the biggest earliest project that we did, so it was quite exciting. The whole ethos of Matrix was if women haven’t ever been architects, how do we know what women would like, and on the whole women haven’t actually been asked what they want, they make do and women are generally very good at making do.</p>\n\n<p>So when they said they wanted to do all of these activities we said, well that doesn't sound like a single story building in a Portakabin, that sounds like quite a big building, why don’t we see how big the building is and then go to the GLC who at the time were talking about funding this project and saying that they were very concerned that there was no provision within the Davenant centre for any women’s organisation.</p>\n\n<p>It was an empty site, through bomb damage, with just a hoarding. It belonged to the Davenant centre, which was a derelict school, in a real state, quite extraordinary.</p>\n\n<p>[Jagonari was founded by] five women who came together and said we’ve got to something about what’s going on locally and find a space for women to meet. There were a lot of issues in the local area about particularly a much older generation of men who had been in that area for some time, and there were a young group of women coming over to marry the men, and who were finding the change really difficult and finding life in London very difficult, and actually didn’t have the family support or connections that they had back home and were feeling incredibly isolated and really needed the facilities such as the creche and a place to eat and learn to cook and understand English as a foreign language teaching, learn how to use the library as their own resource.</p>\n\n<p>So the women who were involved in setting it up were very much involved in those different communities in different ways, and were quite a strong group of women.</p>\n\n<p>[The founders were] mostly Bangladeshi women, two of them were not. The whole idea was that it would be for Asian women but not centred on any one religious community, and they felt that was really important this it would welcome people from all communities but be specifically tailored.</p>\n\n<p>We put these drawings together and had it costed and it was estimated at £690,000. So we put in an application to the GLC and much to our amazement we got the money, so the GLC funded the project.</p>\n\n<p>They [Jagonari founders] were very convincing women.</p>\n\n<p><strong>On the design of the building</strong></p>\n\n<p>An important aspect of the building was that it was the first fully accessible building, with full disabled access.</p>\n\n<p>The courtyard was geometric, and we spent quite a lot of time talking about symbols and geometry and what could and couldn’t be used. It was really important issue for the women.</p>\n\n<p>Initially we had a very different design [on the front elevation] from this one, but the people from the Historic Buildings Council were very concerned that it should match the Davenant Centre, which we thought was a mistake because of the rhythm of that street. So in the end it ended up being a compromise between what English Heritage would accept and [a design that reflected the cultural identity of the users].</p>\n\n<p>Initially Jagonari said they didn't want the building to have an Asian feel to it. There had been an awful lot of very serious attacks on the Asian community shortly before. All of the women in the group had had something put through their letterbox. So they were really concerned about security. But gradually as we talked through the building and as they got the money and things emerged that people got really excited about they felt really proud about the building, and the attitude changed, which was really nice.</p>\n\n<p>In the end we ended up with this metalwork over the windows with 11mm laminated glass behind it, because they [Jagonari] were really concerned that people would throw things, missiles, at it. The metal screening was partly about giving privacy and partly about security and the design came from studying lots of Asian buildings and talking to the group about what they wanted. We asked everybody to bring in photographs that expressed what they thought a building should look like. We had various options for the designs. [The mosaic pattern around the entrance door was] designed by [the artist] Meena Thakor.</p>\n\n<p>On the first floor there is a hall which is accessed by the lift and stairs. This was a taller floor to ceiling height than the other floors, with a potential for a stage in the hall, for music and weddings, performances.</p>\n\n<p>On the second floor, classrooms, a library, and a media resource room. On the upper floors admin offices and resource rooms.</p>\n\n<p>The building was very well used and I was asked to come back and extend the creche at the rear. There were lessons going on, mother tongue teaching, it was used from morning to night. It was a really important hub. They were funded from the creche facilities and gradually got funding from different people. </p>\n\n<p>Anne Thorne was in conversation with Shahed Saleem on 16.10.17</p>\n",
"created": "2017-10-24",
"last_edited": "2020-10-12"
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{
"id": 1104,
"title": "Leman Locke, 15–17 Leman Street",
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"body": "<p>In 2009 Pinehill Capital SA Ltd proposed a twenty-three storey tower designed by Formation Architecture for this site north of Buckle Street. The planning application was refused permission on multiple grounds, including concerns about the impact of such a building on the listed buildings to its south. However, in 2010 the project was allowed on appeal. It was taken forward in revised form by OCM Luxembourg Leman Street Apart-Hotel SARL, which in 2012 gained permission for a 251-bedroom hotel designed by David Miller Architects. This went up in 2014–16 with Bennett Construction Ltd as contractors. It was seen through in its internal design by Grzywinski+Pons, architects, which firm disclaims responsibility for the ‘sterile’ tower.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Tower Hamlets planning applications online: Planning Inspectorate appeal 2129093: gp-arch.com/blog/2016/10/26/leman-locke</p>\n",
"created": "2020-07-31",
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{
"id": 451,
"title": "St Mary Street School",
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"body": "<p>The Whitechapel Society for the Education of the Poor was formed in September 1812 as an early branch of the National Society (see above). Daniel Mathias, Whitechapel’s Rector since 1807, headed this initiative towards educating more of Whitechapel’s poor children. A survey of the parish had uncovered 5,161 children under the age of seven and 3,204 above that age. Of the latter, 991 attended the thirty-two schools already in the parish, leaving 2,213 uneducated. Few parents attended church, providing an additional motive for the evangelical Society. A scheme coalesced for the establishment of a new school with a hall large enough for 1,000 to be taught on Bell’s (National Society) principles; it would also be used for religious service on Sundays. The first thought was to procure an adaptable building, but by early 1813 there were plans to build on land to the north of the 1680s school and a lease (from John Wildman) was agreed. In the event the Society decided to use this land to extend the parish’s burial ground eastwards and to build the school on the west part of the burial ground of the 1790s to face what had been made St Mary Street. The Vestry gave up the land and the Bishop of London approved the project in the summer of 1813. However, funds were wanting; despite a grant of £300 from the National Society, the building fund was more than £1000 short of its target of £2500. The Duke of Cambridge laid a foundation stone on 12 October 1813 in an opulent ceremony said to have been attended by thousands that brought in £677 11 6 in donations. Completed in 1815, the building was among the earliest purpose-built National schools. It was also, as Nikolaus Pevsner had it in an unconscious recognition of the intended secondary use, ‘like a chapel’.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>Its architect remains unknown, though for circumstantial reasons Samuel Page is a candidate (see the entry on the rebuilding of the Davenant School). It was a single-storey stock-brick barn of about 80ft by 120ft. Its round-headed window openings, some very tall, had cast-iron Gothic tracery. There were porches at both ends and a western clock turret. The main square room to the west was for the teaching of 600 boys, with a half-sized room beyond for 400 girls, all convertible into a single space. Two rows of square timber posts helped support a vast queen-post truss timber roof. There was a hot-air heating system, devised and paid for by Davis with John Craven, another Goodman’s Fields sugar-baker. Tom Flood Cutbush (the son-in-law of Luke Flood, Treasurer to the Davenant School) procured an organ, which he played himself, also arranging performances of oratorios in the 1820s.</p>\n\n<p>In 1844–5 the Rev. William Weldon Champneys oversaw reconfiguration of the east end, the girls’ room reduced, raised and given a railed balcony to create space below for an infants’ school, with living rooms for the master and mistress. Other subdivision for classrooms in the western corners followed in 1868–9 with G. H. Simmonds as architect. The west porch was lost when St Mary Street was widened in 1881–2. George Lansbury, an alumnus around 1870, recalled ‘what a school-building! No classrooms, one huge room with classes in each corner and one in the middle.’ [^2] The east part of the burial ground, disused from 1853, was taken for a playground from 1862. This was shared with the Davenant School and a disinfecting house was inserted in its north-east corner in 1871. The National School was also known as the Whitechapel Society’s School, St Mary’s School or St Mary Street School. In 1874, 360 children were presented for examinations, a decade later 443. It had less cachet than the Davenant School, which, to Lansbury, was for ‘“charity sprats” – girls and boys dressed in ridiculous uniforms’.[^3] After administrative changes (see below) there were adaptations in 1889–90, including the addition of a caretaker’s house to the north. The school continued under LCC maintenance as Davenant Elementary Schools, its roll gradually declining from 784 in 1900 to 300 in 1938. It closed in 1939. After post-war use as a second-hand clothing warehouse and despite calls for its preservation, the building was demolished in 1975.[^4] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Nikolaus Pevsner, <em>The Buildings of England: London except the Cities of London and Westminster</em>, 1952, p. 426: LMA, P93/MRY1/090; E/BN/102; CLC/011/MS11097/1: <em>Annual Report of the National Society etc</em>, 1813, pp. 34–5: <em>Gentleman’s Magazine</em>, vol. 83, Nov. 1813, pp. 493–4: Reynolds, pp.35–43</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: As quoted in Reynolds, p.51</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: As quoted in Reynolds, p.51</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: LMA, A/DAV/001/18: District Surveyors Returns : <em>The Builder</em>, 19 Dec 1868, p. 936: Ordnance Survey map 1873: Metropolitan Board of Works Minutes, 15 Dec 1882, p.922: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (hereafter THLHLA), LC6865, Annual Report, 1883–4; L/THL/D/1/1/65: <em>Endowed Charities (County of London)</em>, 1904, p. 51: London County Council Minutes, 29 Jan. 1907, p.111: TNA, ED21/12131; /35337; /57367: <em>Eeast London Observer</em>, 27 April 1935: Reynolds, pp. 43–51: Historic England, London Region historians’ files TH1 and TH26; photographs 1973 and 1975</p>\n",
"created": "2017-08-24",
"last_edited": "2021-09-14"
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{
"id": 171,
"title": "Ladies of the night in Gower's Walk, 1940s",
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"body": "<p>Memories of Eric Shorter, b. 1936</p>\n\n<p>At the week-ends, Faircloughs vehicles seemed to work less, and hence on a Saturday night meat trailers would be lined up all down by the Tilbury Warehouse wall. The Tilbury had no pavement by its side, but did have very wide kerb stones to prevent vehicles scraping against it. At night these wide shadowy places would be used by ‘ladies-of-the-night’, who would be brought by pimps in large black cars. They would tout for business along the Commercial Road, and bring their customers back to go behind the trailers. When the trailers were removed Gowers Walk was filled with spent contraceptives. I remember one embarrassing incident where, one night, I watched the goings-on from my bedroom window. Turning my head I saw my parents looking at me out of another window.</p>\n",
"created": "2016-11-01",
"last_edited": "2016-11-01"
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"id": 362,
"title": "Staff at Davenant in the 1950s and 60s",
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"username": "StepneyBoy"
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"properties": {
"b_number": "179",
"b_name": "Davenant Youth Centre (former Davenant School)",
"street": "Whitechapel Road",
"address": "Davenant Youth Centre, 179 Whitechapel Road",
"feature_type": "WHITECHAPEL_BUILDING",
"count": 18,
"search_str": "Davenant Youth Centre (former Davenant School)"
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"tags": [
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"body": "<p>The Headmaster's name was Mr A E Philpot when I attended 1957-1964. The Physics teacher was Mr Fyson. School prize days were held at the Queen Mary College in Mile End. School sports days were a coach ride away in Becontree (I think). </p>\n",
"created": "2017-05-21",
"last_edited": "2021-09-14"
},
{
"id": 964,
"title": "3 Osborn Street",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
},
"feature": {
"id": 389,
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"properties": {
"b_number": "3",
"b_name": "3 Osborn Street",
"street": "Osborn Street",
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"body": "<p>No. 3 Osborn Street is a substantial four-storey-over-basement building of about 1830 that began as the Russell Coffee House. Its site was part of Samuel Cranmer’s Swan Yard holding in the seventeenth century. By 1710 a house here was among several contiguous properties held by Joseph Bowler, an affluent cordwainer. His daughter, Sarah Eve, and her tallow-chandler husband, Thomas, may have lived in that house. Ownership passed to James Read, a distiller, and on to his son and grandson, William and John. The constitutional reformer William Hale Demeza was in occupation in the 1790s, followed up to 1813 by a greengrocer, then in the 1820s by a confectioner.[^1] </p>\n\n<p>A fire in 1827 started here, destroying the house as well as 74–76 Whitechapel High Street. After rebuilding, first use by 1833 was as the Russell Coffee House, with lodgings above. This was run by John Portridge, also a corn chandler, who swiftly went bankrupt; he was succeeded in 1834 by Richard Brooks (1790–1854). A room in the coffee house was used as the headquarters of the Whig abolitionist Dr Stephen Lushington in his campaign to be elected MP for the Tower Hamlets in 1839. Substantial rebuilding, perhaps involving refacing, took place after another fire in 1847. Brooks’ widow, Dinah Harrison (1804–85), ran the coffee house till 1862 when it was taken over by James Stent, who extended lodgings into No. 5 and small houses at 1–4 Bull Court to the rear. Stent still owned the premises at his death in 1914, though the running of the business had been subcontracted to Sidney Fuller by 1891. By 1915 No. 3 had become the estate office of Joseph Donn, a former draper with extensive properties throughout London, and a home at 25 Princelet Street. His son Albert Donn (1895–1968) continued here before the building slid into mixed residential and rag-trade use from the 1950s to the 1980s, above a betting shop in the 1960s.[^2] The upper floors were formally converted to be a four-bedroom flat in 1999. Since 2006 the shop has specialised in money transfer, principally to Bangladesh.[^3]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: londonroll.org: Ancestry, including London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), London wills, Joseph Bowler, MS9172/103/9: LMA, Land Tax returns; CLC/B/192/F/001/11936/438/802731; 446/830273; /503/1031261; /451/856880: TNA, PROB11/909/363</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: <em>London Evening Standard</em>, 17 June 1827, p. 1: <em>Morning Post</em>, 7 Feb 1839, p. 5: LMA, District Surveyors Returns: Post Office Directories: Census: Ancestry: <em>London Gazette</em>, 14 May 1918, p.5758; 9 Aug 1921, p.6296: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, P/BON/7; L/THL/J/1/2/158/2; P/FOW/5/1; L/THL/J/1/2/325/2</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: <a href=\"https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/05708792\">beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/05708792</a> and <a href=\"https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/07740603\">07740603</a></p>\n",
"created": "2019-10-04",
"last_edited": "2019-10-04"
}
]
}