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"body": "<p>This narrow shophouse, currently a perfume shop, was built in 1900 to the designs of Bird & Walters, almost exclusively pub architects, for the New London Brewery Company. The date stone in the gable, 1900, shows when it was rebuilt but it had been a pub, known as the Angel, some time as the Griffon, later Ye Olde Angel, certainly since 1612. By the later 17th century, the name the Angel was in use, the adjoining alley of the same name is recorded.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>The earliest reference to the Angel is in a will of 1612 when it was still named the Gryffon, and was in the occupation of James Knowles. The testator, Edmund Hartley, tallowchandler, had surrendered to the Manor of Stepney to enable his interest to be transferred for the benefit of his daughter Margerie.[^2] By 1716 it was held by Roger Fisher, and was known briefly around 1730 as the Tallow Chandler’s Arms.[^3] By the time Fisher, the lessee and licensee, surrendered to the Manor and bequeathed it to his wife and thence to his nephew, also Roger Fisher, in 1733, it was described as ‘formerly known by the sign of the Griffin and now known by the sign of the Angell, situate … on the north side of White Chapel Street’.[^4] In the 1760s and 1770s, when ‘The Angel , formerly the Griffin’ was held by successively Ann Edwards and Sarah Bullock, of the neighbouring Swan brewery, the Middlesex magistrates sat on occasion in the Angel, including at the indictment of the extortionists who had targeted the cross-dresser and some-time (as James How) parish officer, Mary East.[^5]</p>\n\n<p>Its appearance shortly before its rebuilding in 1900 is known from photographs and a watercolour of 1884.[^6] These and an insurance map of 1890 suggest it still was essentially the sixteenth- or early seventeenth-century Angel/Griffin, with a later canted oriel bay to the first floor, with a single mid-nineteenth-century window surround above and a dormer window in the red-tiled roof.[^7] The rebuilding in 1900 was for the New London Brewery Company, which had its brewery in Durham Street, Kennington Lane, and was in liquidation by 1928.[^8] The architects were Bird & Walters, a prolific firm with offices in Seymour Place, Marylebone, which designed more than 70 pubs between the early 1860s and the early 1900s.</p>\n\n<p>The identity of 'Bird & Walters', despite their ubiquity as pub architects, has remained obscure, perhaps because they appear in fact to have been several people. The effective founder was Isaac Bird (1807-1884), from a family of Marylebone builders at 21 Seymour Place, Bryanston Square, where he had an office by 1834, later at No 72.[^9] He is unrelated to his almost exact contemporary, Isaac Bird, of the Bird family of builders and auctioneers active in Whitechapel and Bethnal Green. Isaac Bird of Marylebone was joined in partnership at 72 Seymour Place in 1867 by Aaron Walters (1833-94), a Devon architect who had had an office in Paddington since the late 1850s.[^10] Both men left substantial estates, yet passed almost entirely below the professional architectural radar - neither was a member of the Royal Institute of British Architects or saw their work published in the architectural press.</p>\n\n<p>The apparent mystery, that many of their pubs, including the Angel, were designed after the deaths of both Isaac Bird and Aaron Walters may be that three of Walters's sons, Allan (1862-1910), Marshall (1866-1929) and Herbert (b. 1873), were all architects.[^11] </p>\n\n<p>The frontage of the former pub is an appropriately simplified version of the larger pubs designed by Bird & Walters in the 1890s (eg the former Cow and Calf, 25 Eastcheap, City). It is faced in red brick with stone dressings beneath the overpainting, the style is an eclectic mix of Tudor (windows) and neo-Baroque (dentil cornices), with a dainty second-floor balcony, which has lost its balustrade. It had ceased to be a pub by 1910, presumably because its diminutive size made it uneconomical, though the shop retains a few plaster details.[^12] Use since 1910 has been as a jeweller’s with ladies’ tailor, later a furrier upstairs. Abraham Shoot, watch supplies, also occupied rooms from 1911, the business occupying the whole building, latterly with his son Maurice by 1933 until 1960, when the firm consolidated in larger premises in Clerkenwell.[^13] Subsequently No. 85 has had numerous occupants including handicraft importers and knitwear sales. It has been a perfume and cosmetics shop since c. 2000.[^14]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: <em>Daily Advertiser</em>, 25 July 1744, p.3: <em>Builder</em>, 21 July 1900, p. 56</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), DL/C/B/007/MS09172/026, f.197</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: LMA, MR/LV/05/026: The National Archives (TNA), PROB 11/660/1</p>\n\n<p>[^4]: TNA, PROB 11/660/1</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: <em>Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser</em>, 10 July 1770, p. 2: G. H. Wilson, <em>The Eccentric Mirror</em>, London 1813, pp. 15-22: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), P/SLC/1/17/7</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: Historic England Archives, AL1944/015 and 016: LMA, SC/GL/CHA/016/E2/12 via <a href=\"https://collage.cityoflondon.gov.uk/view-item?i=16020\">https://collage.cityoflondon.gov.uk/view-item?i=16020</a></p>\n\n<p>[^7]: Goad insurance maps</p>\n\n<p>[^8]: <em>London Gazette</em>, 9 March 1928, p. 1713</p>\n\n<p>[^9]: Post Office Directories: Ancestry</p>\n\n<p>[^10]: POD: <em>Architects' Directory</em> (1868): <em>Architects' Compendium</em> (1894)</p>\n\n<p>[^11]: Census: Ancestry</p>\n\n<p>[^12]: POD: TNA, IR58/84796/1372</p>\n\n<p>[^13]: POD: <em>IPP Industrial Directory</em>, London 1962, p. 636: <em>Horological Journal</em>, July 1959, pp. 408, 441, 447: ‘Portrait Corner: Maurice Shoot’, <em>Horological Journal</em>, June 1965, p. 16</p>\n\n<p>[^14]: POD: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
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"id": 217,
"title": "A theft from the Angel",
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"body": "<p>On 11 September 1745, the Old Bailey heard the case of Mary Randall, accused of the theft of a silver tankard from the Angel public house in Whitechapel. The full account can be read on the Proceedings of the Old Bailey website.</p>\n\n<p>Mary Randall lived in Whitechapel and had worked for the Angel's licensee as a servant in 1743. On the day of the theft she came into the pub at around 2pm and asked for a tankard of beer. She had said she was waiting for a coach to Bow, but remained at the pub until 8pm, drinking in what was described as the 'common public room'. The licensee was Richard Cross, and his wife Sarah Cross was drinking in the room where a group of brewery workers were also present, served by a barmaid called Mary. The pub was described as functioning as the Taphouse to Mrs Edwards' Brew House. One of the drinkers, George Fell, a cooper at the brewery, had been drinking from a silver tankard - but after a while it was noticed that others had left and the silver tankard was missing. It had been last seen being taken into a candlelit side room by Randall, who herself had formerly been drinking from a pewter tankard and had now disappeared.</p>\n\n<p>Randall and the silver tankard were quickly reunited at a nearby pawnbrokers in Houndsditch, where she pleaded for pardon, having pawned the tankard for six guineas. It was readily identifiable as it bore Richard Cross's mark 'RCS'. </p>\n\n<p>Mary Randall was found guilty of theft and sentenced to transportation for seven years.</p>\n",
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"title": "Dog's bravery award, 1858",
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"body": "<p>In 1858, a dog named Bill, employed by the London Fire Brigade, was the subject of an award for his bravery at the premises of Mr Upson, 47 Whitechapel High Street (site of Central Tower):</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/07/06/bill-the-fire-dog.JPG\"></p>\n\n<p>Cornish Times, 16 Jan 1858, p. 5</p>\n",
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"body": "<p>When I was still in primary school we had our first Asian child join the class, her name was Mena and she lived in the tenement houses in Old Montague Street. She lived at the very top and she was the only member of the family that spoke English. She invited me back one day to her flat and we walked up the tenement stairs. All I could smell was the spices and all these wonderful aromas. There was a big double brass bed and they had boxes under the bed - all their worldly goods. The kitchen was partitioned off with a curtain. The bathroom and the toilet were down one flight. The mother welcomed me and, because she didn't have any English food as such, she'd bought a packet of Jacob's Cream Crackers with a pot of strawberry jam especially for me. She put it on a plate and she gave it to me. I thought, 'I don't want that, I want what I can smell. Give me some of that!' but I ate the crackers and the strawberry jam. </p>\n\n<p>It was opposite a kosher butcher that sold chickens on Old Montague Street. The building was a three-storey tenement block. There was a whole row of them and she lived on the very top floor. The building is now gone. </p>\n\n<p>Next door to the chicken shop there was a greengrocers. It was a brother and sister that owned it and they lived above the shop. If my mother ran out of vegetables she would send me round there to knock on the side door and say 'Mum's run out of potatoes, or vegetables…Can she have some?' The shopkeeper would go into the shop and then give some produce to me and I would run home.</p>\n",
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"body": "<p>The Baker and Basket public house on the site of 16 Leman Street was in existence by 1816 when William Day was the victualler. In 1852, John Reid, who owned several other East London public houses, sold the freehold of the Baker and Basket, along with that of the adjacent pair at Nos 18–20, two houses above a single saddlers’ shop, which gained a new shopfront. There was rebuilding by Furze & Co. at the pub in 1886, a rear section facing Beagle Street divided off. Nos 18–20 were by this time a harness factory with rear workshops. By 1918 when a partial rebuilding was undertaken, Taylor Walker & Co. had the pub. The group was destroyed in the Second World War. Redevelopment as Beagle House for Colonial & Eagle ensued in 1956–7.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>A row of three small houses on the site that became Nos 22–24, extending south to the corner of Camperdown (Duncan) Street, was occupied by 1800 by employees of Craven and Lucas, sugar refiners, whose main refinery adjoined to the west. By the 1860s that business had failed and in 1869 the houses were demolished to make way for a warehouse built by Browne & Eagle, wool merchants.[^2] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives, CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/468/922758; District Surveyors' Returns (DSR): <em>Sun</em>, 1 March 1852, p. 1: Goad insurance map: Census: Post Office Directories (POD): Bomb damage maps</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: POD: Richard Horwood's maps: DSR</p>\n",
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"body": "<p>A timber-framed building on this site by the early eighteenth century was the George Inn, which, with livery stables to the rear, was inherited by William Fillingham in 1749. Charles Fillingham was making saddles and harnesses here around 1800, John Fillingham (1763–1817) had the freehold of the house at No. 12, and later Fillinghams continued to make saddles at 8 Whitechapel Road into the 1920s. The George Livery Stables were run by George Starkins Wallis from around 1815 into the 1850s, and then by Charles Webster Ltd up to 1913. </p>\n\n<p>Some of this frontage had been recently rebuilt in 1770, possibly including the site of Nos 10–14. The most westerly house by the rectory was where John Henry Prince, later to achieve modest fame as a Methodist writer, was born in 1770. By 1750 Richard Whiteshead, a coachmaker, was established to the east of the George. He was followed by James Exeter, then William Hammer and his descendants from around 1810 into the 1840s at what became Nos 20–26. The sugarhouse behind the site of Nos 28–30 was first run by John Brissault from around 1736, then by James Lewis Turquand from about 1765. It passed to George Wolrath Holzmeyer in 1779, and then in 1799 to William Wilde, who, it appears, had by 1805 built a new sugarhouse on a larger and deeper rectangular footprint on the site that was later that of the Bell Foundry’s back workshop. John Henry Wagentrieber ran this sugarhouse by 1812 up to about 1827 after which it may have been demolished.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>The pub, called the George and Dragon by 1841, was rebuilt in 1881–2 for Courage & Co. Ltd by Ashby Brothers, builders, and its name changed again to the Old George. But the licence was lost and the premises converted to shop use by 1914; there were partial rebuilds in 1923 and 1927. These were followed in 1934 by the insertion of a two-storey faience-trimmed neon-embellished shop-front, designed by North, Robin & Wilsdon, architects, and made by Crabb & Son Ltd of Tulse Hill. This was for Boris Bennett (1900–1985, born Sochaczewska in Poland), who traded as Boris Studio and became ‘the doyen of Jewish wedding photographers’. [^2] The building was acquired by Buck & Hickman Ltd in 1952, when first-floor windows were inserted, and is presently occupied by Haji Nanna Biryani with flats above.</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), M/93/037, pp.160–5,263–4; M/93/038, pp.244–51; THCS/294–424; Land Tax Returns: Bryan Mawer's sugar-refining website: Richard Horwood's maps of London, 1792–1819: <em>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography sub</em> Prince: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), Map 233: The National Archives (TNA), PROB11/1593/177; IR58/84803/2076: Post Office Directories</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: British Library, Crace Port.16.22:<a href=\"http://spitalfieldslife.com/2014/11/21/boris-bennett-photographer/\"> spitalfieldslife.com/2014/11/21/boris-bennett-photographer/</a>: <a href=\"http://www.jewisheastend.com/boris.html\">www.jewisheastend.com/boris.html</a>: LMA, District Surveyors Returns: Metropolitan Board of Works Minutes, 14 July 1882, p. 92: THLHLA, Building Control File 42763: TNA, IR58/84803/2080 </p>\n",
"created": "2016-06-27",
"last_edited": "2020-09-18"
},
{
"id": 266,
"title": "The Crown and Seven Stars",
"author": {
"id": 2,
"username": "surveyoflondon"
},
"feature": {
"id": 1340,
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"b_name": "The Artful Dodger (formerly the Crown and Seven Stars)",
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"body": "<p>There was a public house of the name Crown and Seven Stars at the corner of Blue Anchor Yard and Rosemary Lane (the name of Royal Mint Street until the late 1850s) by 1790.[^1] The present building was described as 'recently built... with superior elevation' in 1829.[^2]</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"/media/uploads/2017/01/25/seven-stars.JPG\"></p>\n\n<p>The signage on the front suggests reuse of an existing building, but it seems likely, given that the premises included a warehouse in 1829, that it refers to use of part of the building for the retail and wholesale sale of wines and spirits concurrent with its use as a public house which has apparently been unbroken since 1790. The pub was renamed the Artful Dodger in 1985.[^3] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives, Sun Fire Office records, CLC/B/192/F/001/MS11936/366/567713</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Morning Advertiser, 14 April 1829, p. 14</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: <a href=\"http://pubshistory.com/LondonPubs/Whitechapel/CrownSevenStars.shtml\">http://pubshistory.com/LondonPubs/Whitechapel/CrownSevenStars.shtml</a></p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2017-01-25",
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},
{
"id": 148,
"title": "Victoria Home, 177 Whitechapel Road",
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"body": "<p>‘The men behave remarkably well […] and many of them form friendships and club together their means both for food and lodging, so that when one is out of work his neighbours help him. […] The most comfortable-looking room in the Victoria Home is the large hall where the men can read the newspapers, and where meetings and services are held, but the whole house is bright, cheerful, and well-warmed, and the men I saw seemed thoroughly comfortable. Recitations and music brighten the winter evenings.’[^1]</p>\n\n<p>The Victoria Homes, founded in the late 1880s by a group of philanthropic businessmen led by Lord Radstock, were two large-scale model lodging houses for working men in Whitechapel. The Victoria Homes were more austere than Rowton Houses and the London County Council's model lodging houses, and the lodgers were required to be respectable and sober. The first Victoria Home opened in 1887 at 39 & 41 Commercial Street (on the site of Ladbroke Court), at the corner of Wentworth Street. Victoria Home No II opened its doors at 77 (later 177) Whitechapel Road in 1891. Enlarged in 1897, at around which time it had ‘front’ and ‘centre’ buildings, the Home lay behind Whitechapel Road and occupied part of the site to the west that was later taken by the neighbouring Booth House. For a few pennies per night (4d or 6d in 1902-3), the Homes offered warm communal rooms on the ground floor with dormitories above. In 1919 the Salvation Army bought 177 Whitechapel Road and took over the management of the shelter and its 450 lodgers. They demolished Victoria Home in 1993 and redeveloped the site with Victoria Court.</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: ‘Working Men’s Homes in Whitechapel’, <em>The British Weekly</em>, 8 April 1897 (LSE Booth Archive, B227, 161-2).</p>\n\n<p>https://www.royalholloway.ac.uk/history/research/researchprojects/athomeintheinstitution/athomeintheinstitution.aspx</p>\n\n<p>http://www.geffrye-museum.org.uk/whatson/exhibitions-and-displays/gallery-2009/Default.aspx?id=29536&page=3</p>\n\n<p> </p>\n",
"created": "2016-10-19",
"last_edited": "2019-08-30"
},
{
"id": 769,
"title": "193 Jubilee Street",
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"username": "JenniferKam"
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"body": "<p>My great-great uncle, Maurice Schneider, was a ladies' tailor and worked in 193 Jubilee Street on this site for many years. My great-grandfather, Barnett Schneider, worked with him until he moved to the US. They were both from Poland.</p>\n",
"created": "2018-10-31",
"last_edited": "2018-10-31"
},
{
"id": 777,
"title": "My life in war and peace from 1938 to 1949",
"author": {
"id": 274,
"username": "Lipman"
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"street": "New Road",
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"body": "<p>I was born in 1938 and lived at 118 Romford Street with my mother (Clara Lipman, née Pivnick), father (David Lipman) and sister (Millicent Lipman, later Mrs Vincent) until approximately 1949, when we left for the Woodberry Down Estate, near Manor House. Whilst I was evacuated during the War for some of the time with my mother and sister, my father stayed behind and served in the Auxiliary Fire Service. Whilst still in Romford Street during the War, I can still recall my mother waking me at night to tell me that 'Hitler was coming' and we went down to the air-raid shelters which were situated between Romford Street and Myrdle Street. On one occasion my father carried me down to shelters past a burning incendiary bomb.</p><p>Our flat consisted of a bedroom, in which my parents, sister and I slept and another room in which we had a coal fire, table and chairs and a large radio. Our kitchen had no hot running water and no fridge. It led directly into the toilet. </p><p>At the Fordham Street end of Romford Street, part of the Romford Street buildings had been destroyed by bombs, and this became a (rather dangerous) playground for the children of the area. The <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/914/detail/\">Victoria Boys Club</a> was situated in Fordham Street, as was the <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/977/detail/\">barber shop</a> at which I would wait for my hair to be cut. In those days, young boys had to wait until adults were attended to: no fair queuing system for us. There was a <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/684/detail/\">Central school</a> in Myrdle Street, which my sister attended, whilst I went across Commercial Road to the Fairclough Street primary school and from there, after school, to the Christian Street synagogue in which there was a Talmud Torah Hebrew school. Returning from the synagogue building we sometimes had to run across a bomb-site and avoid stone throwing youngsters. At the corner of <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/983/detail/\">Fordham Street and Myrdle Street</a> was a grocery, run by a Mr Levy, and in 1951, when I started secondary school at the Hackney Downs Grammar School (widely known as Grocers) I became friendly with a boy who, later on, I discovered was the son of Mr Levy. He and I went up to Manchester University together, and, in due course, acted as each other's \"best man\" at our respective weddings. In Romford Street I had a friend by the name of Malcolm Bronzite. </p><p>At the Fordham Street end of Romford Street lived my Aunt Rose Ashley and her three children Myra, Sheila and Harvey. On occasions I slept in their home, and since she had only two double beds some of us would sleep head to toe in one of the beds.</p><p>My maternal grandmother, Fanny Pivnick, had a <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/847/detail/\">trimmings shop</a> in Fieldgate Street, at the New Road end, and there was a kosher butcher close by her shop. My parents were members of the <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/837/detail/\">Fieldgate Street shul</a>, at the other end of the Street. Midway along Fieldgate shul was the <a href=\"https://surveyoflondon.org/map/feature/839/detail/\">Rowton House</a>, a large building to which homeless men would go for warmth and safety at night.</p><p>Hymie (Hyman) Lipman</p><p><br></p>",
"created": "2018-11-20",
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{
"id": 222,
"title": "North side of Whitechapel Road at the junction with Davenant Street, 1971",
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"body": "<p>This digitised colour slide from the Tower Hamlets Archives collection was taken in 1971 outside where the East London Mosque now stands:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/790486597384933376\">https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/790486597384933376</a></p>\n",
"created": "2016-12-16",
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},
{
"id": 68,
"title": "42 Adler Street",
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"tags": [
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"body": "<p>The George Inn's livery stables extended back to the line of Mulberry Street from the eighteenth century up to 1913. Buck & Hickman, the tool-making firm based in adjoining buildings, took the property and built along Mulberry Street in 1921–2, for offices, warehouses and workshops extending as far as Plumber’s Row. [^1]</p>\n\n<p>Slum clearance along Mulberry Street to the rear from 1934 gave rise to plans for a four-storey warehouse, but redevelopment only came after war damage. Plans for redevelopment of the corner site were prepared from 1947 by Browett, Taylor, Robertson & Morgan. The south-west corner block (42 Adler Street) went up in 1950–2 as offices and warehouses and its Mulberry Street range was added in 1954–6, again to plans by Browett, Taylor & Co., with R. E. J. Chew as architect. The building was converted to office use after 1980 and became Challenger House. Another conversion took place in 2013, to plans by Morrison Design for Bridges Ventures Hotel Property Ltd to form a branch of Qbic Hotels. [^2] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: District Surveyors Returns: English Heritage Archives, AP, A59521: The National Archives, IR58/84803/2076</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: Tower Hamlets Local History Library & Archives, Buck & Hickman Ltd, ‘Directors’ Reports and Accounts, 1950–1967’; Building Control File 42763: Tower Hamlets Planning</p>\n",
"created": "2016-06-27",
"last_edited": "2017-06-22"
},
{
"id": 442,
"title": "82-86 Old Montague Street with 12-18 Greatorex Street",
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"body": "<p>There was a house on the site of 16 Greatorex Street by the early 1770s when John Harrison set up a ropewalk behind. Around 1845 Ind, Coope & Co., brewers, took the long thin ropewalk site to be a stable yard, an adjunct to the company’s main local depot on Osborn Street. This extended most of the way back to Davenant (then St Mary) Street, and buildings were erected north and south of a narrow yard, some going up in 1848–9 with A. Reed of Stratford as builder. The largest of these was the four-storey seven-bay plain stock-brick range that survives, thoroughly refurbished in 2003–5 to be artists’ studios in the Craft Building (No. 12a). It originally stood behind an open street frontage, and in 1880 housed a granary, engine house and harness repairs under forage stores. Further construction by Ind, Coope & Co. in 1871–2 added two ranges of stables and a foreman’s house on the yard’s north side.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>Miscellaneous manufacturing uses came onto the site in the first years of the twentieth century before Samuel David Goldberg, a builder, acquired the premises and spent the period from 1912 to 1921 tussling with the London County Council over improvements that included the replacement of internal structural stanchions in and refenestration of the tall warehouse and infill of the open space in front of it with a building to rehouse Jewish club premises, employing Hobden and Porri as his architects. The enlarged and refronted eighteenth-century house at the north-west corner of the site, immediately across the road from the Great Garden Street Synagogue, had come to be occupied by the Jewish Penny Fund and Jewish Woman’s Tailor’s Insurance, with first-floor infants’ dormitories and a second-storey rooftop playground on a back extension – thirty-two people in all. Later the United Ladies Tailors’ Trade Union was housed along with what had become the Million Penny Fund Day Nursery for the relief of the Jewish victims of the War, but this closed in 1921, rent very much in arrears. Goldberg redeveloped the rest of the north side of the yard in 1935–8. After war-damage at the site’s east end, the Goldberg Investment Co. Ltd oversaw reconstruction and the arrival of clothing-factory use to conform with the other commercial buildings on the larger block. Ownership passed to the GLC in the 1960s, but intended redevelopment did not materialise. In 1982 Mosobbir Ali’s Daily Quilting Co Ltd adapted the far south-east corner of the site to provide a prayer room. Alma Leather Ltd was a later commercial occupant alongside occasional use by the Celestial Church of Christ. Most of the site, including the eighteenth-century house, was cleared in 2001–3.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>In the first decade of the nineteenth century a row of twenty-two small houses had been built in front of the ropewalk at what became 76–118 Old Montague Street. Abraham Davis replaced this in 1891–2 with the same number of properties, each with a shop and four flats. This row was designated for slum-clearance in 1965, but redevelopment did not happen under the Greater London Council and the property passed to Tower Hamlets Council. In 1990 new plans for mixed use were promulgated and Levitt Bernstein, architects, came to be involved. Yet it was not until 2003–5 that the Shaftesbury Housing Association combined with T. P. Bennett Architects to put up the complex of yellow brick and cement-faced four-storey blocks, timber clad at the corners, that extends from Greatorex Street along Old Montague Street to Davenant Street. This was built to provide student housing, the ground-floor accommodation in all but the separate Block A on the Davenant Street corner intended for commercial use. The housing is managed by Sanctuary Students, with the University of Arts London placing students in the main block, Don Gratton House. Alma Home, leather furniture, continues at 12–14 Greatorex Street, providing a link with earlier occupancy. The main ground floor was taken for use by the National Health Service in 2008 to house the Greatorex Street Children and Young People’s Centre at 16–18 Greatorex Street, with the Institute of Psychotrauma in Don Gratton House. The early-Victorian range that had been named the Craft Building was converted to provide more student accommodation in 2010–11.[^3] </p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Land Tax returns: District Surveyors Returns (DSR): London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), M/93/159/1: Goad insurance map, 1890</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: London County Council Minutes, 15 Oct. 1912, p.777, 15 April 1913, p.769: LMA, GLC/AR/BR/22/038259: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (THLHLA), Building Control files 13783, 13792</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: Richard Horwood's map of London, 1813: DSR: LMA, GLC/AR/BR/22/ES/005615: THLHLA, Building Control files 13794, 19334: Tower Hamlets planning applications online</p>\n",
"created": "2017-08-07",
"last_edited": "2017-08-07"
},
{
"id": 446,
"title": "Parish burial ground, almshouses and workhouse",
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"username": "surveyoflondon"
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"body": "<p>Richard Gardiner was Whitechapel’s Rector in 1614 when parish churchwardens oversaw the acquisition of a rectangular plot of about an acre and a half of manorial common land encompassing the roadside frontage now represented by 151–179 Whitechapel Road. Seemingly in part enabled by a bequest from George Clarke (d. 1606), a Vintner, almshouses with sixteen rooms for as many widows were built on the western part of this then remote road frontage. In 1615 the rest of the site, enclosed by a brick perimeter wall, was consecrated for use by the parish of Whitechapel as an overflow burial ground called ‘the Great Church Yard at the Towns end’. By 1654 this was referred to as ‘the poors land’. A passage on the site of Davenant (formerly St Mary) Street, present by the 1660s for access to the walled garden behind, came to be called Burying-ground Court.[^1] A charity school was built on the east end of the burial ground in the 1680s (see 179 Whitechapel Road), yet this was still thought to be at the ‘Townsend’ in the 1730s.[^2]</p>\n\n<p>Following an enabling Act of 1763, the almshouses were replaced by a more extensive parish workhouse in 1765–8, Whitechapel’s first and smaller workhouse of 1722–4 on Alie Street having long since been found wanting. The 1760s workhouse, described as ‘a plain, modern, extensive, and commodious erection’,[^3] was in line with the school building that survives at No. 179 along almost the whole of the burial-ground frontage. It housed 600, making it among the country’s largest workhouses – on a par with those of St Marylebone and Liverpool; only the West End parishes of St James, with 650, and St George Hanover Square and St Martin in the Fields, each with 700, had more inmates in the 1770s.[^4] The adjacent school had been given leave in 1767 to take further eastern perimeter parts of the burial ground. Thus the last open ground to Whitechapel Road this far west was built over. In 1795–6, the rest of the burial ground having become the workhouse yard, the parish took a larger rectangle of what had been orchard ground immediately to the north to be a new burial ground for the poor and enclosed it with a brick wall. The workhouse was enlarged in 1812 and the western part of the new burial ground given up in 1813–15 for another school. A ‘deadhouse’ (mortuary) at the west end of the workhouse was removed to improve access to this school on what was now St Mary Street, leaving the master’s house as the corner building. The eastern part of the burial ground, extended to the rear of No. 179 in 1813, was divided off with iron railings and used for parish burials up to 1853.[^5]</p>\n\n<p>The workhouse beadle was censured in 1833 for supplying bodies for anatomical purposes, cholera having meant that 196 fatalities had been interred in the ‘workhouse garden’ adjoining to the east (behind Nos 181–185), which later became the workhouse’s stone yard. In 1838 Dr Thomas Southwood Smith’s report to the Poor Law Commissioners more generally deprecated conditions, finding that 104 girls slept in a dormitory 88ft by 16.5ft, four or five to a bed; even in the fever wards beds were shared. The Poor Law of 1834 had united the parish of Whitechapel with other districts to form the Whitechapel Union. In 1855–60 what had been Spitalfields’s workhouse, just outside Whitechapel parish to the north of Thomas Street and the Quakers’ Burial Ground on what is now the east side of Vallance Road, was rebuilt to unify and consolidate the Whitechapel Union’s workhouses. The redundant Whitechapel Road workhouse was demolished and the property sold off.[^6]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: London Metropolitan Archives (hereafter LMA), A/DAV/01/013, No.32; P93/MRY1/091, p.209: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives (hereafer THLHLA), P/RIV/1/15/1/1–2: Royal Commission on Historical Monuments, <em>An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in London</em>, vol.5, <em>East London</em>, 1930, p.70: Roland Reynolds, <em>The History of the Davenant Foundation Grammar School</em>, 1966, pp.11–12</p>\n\n<p>[^2]: LMA, P93/MRY1/090</p>\n\n<p>[^3]: Wilkinson, <em>loc. cit.</em> </p>\n\n<p>[^4]: Parliamentary Papers, <em>Abstracts of the Returns made by the Overseers of the Poor</em>, 1777, pp.85,100–1,105: Kathryn Morrison, <em>The Workhouse</em>, 1999, p.30</p>\n\n<p>[^5]: John Rocque's map, 1746: Richard Horwood's map, 1813: LMA, P93/MRY1/090: THLHLA, P/RIV/1/15/3/2: Wilkinson, <em>loc. cit.</em>: Mrs Basil (Isabella M.) Holmes, <em>The London Burial Grounds</em>, 1896, p.296</p>\n\n<p>[^6]: LMA, P93/MRY1/090; A/DAV/01/018; E/BN/130; SC/PM/ST/01/002: Parliamentary Papers, 1837–8 (447), XXVIII, 145, <em>Fourth Annual Report of the Poor Law Commissioners</em>, Appx C, pp.87–8: Holmes, <em>loc. cit.</em>: ed. F. H. W. Sheppard, <em>Survey of London</em>, vol. 27: <em>Spitalfields</em>, 1957, pp.285–7</p>\n",
"created": "2017-08-24",
"last_edited": "2020-09-10"
},
{
"id": 46,
"title": "19 White Church Lane",
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"tags": [
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"body": "<p>Around 1879 Simon Cohen (otherwise Simcha Beker or Simha Becker), a pastry cook across the road at 32 White Church Lane, adapted a house on the site of No. 19 to be an informal synagogue, a <em>Beth HaMedrash</em> (study circle and synagogue) incorporating the earliest known <em>Mikveh</em> (ritual bath) in Whitechapel. In the early 1880s he also insinuated use as a refuge for homeless Jewish immigrants, a ‘Home for the Outcast Poor’. He named this the Poor Jews’ Temporary Shelter shortly before it was closed down as unsanitary by the Jewish Board of Guardians in early 1885. That closure prompted fundraising that permitted the establishment to move, first to 12 Great Garden Street then to 84 Leman Street. Other premises continued to be used as ad hoc refuges or lodging houses. In late 1885 a Shelter employee took five immigrants from Brest-Litovsk to 11 Church Lane, then occupied by Paul Meczyk, a printer, only for them to be turned out on to the street. Cohen fell out with the Shelter Committee, but secured formal permission for conversion of the house at No. 19 into a synagogue when he carried out further works in 1895–6, acting, unusually in a Jewish context, as his own builder. But this did not last. In 1898–9 Jacob King, a publican at the Windsor Castle on Francis Street in Westminster, redeveloped the site with the adjoining plot at 9 Colchester Street. Arthur C. Payne was the architect and H. W. Brown the builder of a house above a factory and office, brick (now painted) with keystones over the windows and shaped gables, one since replaced. Bender & Co., leather merchants, were in occupation in 1900.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: District Surveyors Returns: Metropolitan Board of Works Minutes, 11 Dec 1885, p.875: London County Council Minutes, 24 June 1890, p. 564; 4 Oct and 1 Nov 1898, pp. 1061, 1249: Anne and Roger Cowen,<em> Victorian Jews through British Eyes</em>, 1988, p.95: Appendix 6:3 ‘Directory of <em>Mikvaot</em> in the UK and Ireland, 1656-1995’ in Sharman Kadish, ‘“Eden in Albion”: A History of the <em>Mikveh </em>in Britain’, in Sharman Kadish (ed.) <em>Building Jerusalem: Jewish Architecure in Britain</em>,<em> </em>1996, pp.101–54 (146): London Metropolitan Archives, LMA/4184; LMA/4184/2/1/1; LMA/4184/2/5/1/3: Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, Building Control File 41972: Post Office Directories</p>\n",
"created": "2016-06-20",
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"id": 185,
"title": "Brady Street Mansions, site of Swanlea school, under demolition 1975",
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"body": "<p>Another Tower Hamlets Archives digitised slide, looking south down Brady Street towards the (Royal) London Hospital, with Brady Street Mansions and Dwellings undergoing demolition in 1975: <a href=\"https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/790872578520936448\">https://twitter.com/LBTHArchives/status/790872578520936448</a></p>\n",
"created": "2016-11-03",
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"title": "Memories of the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway goods warehouse, 1940s",
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"body": "<p>Memories of Eric Shorter, b. 1936</p>\n\n<p>Looking out from my bedroom window at 49 Gower's Walk I could see the Tilbury building opposite. Whichever way, up, down, left, or right, it occupied my sight to the exclusion of all else. It was VAST. It had windows around its exterior, but these were not enough. Its Victorian-era design included three enormous ‘light-wells’ which let light in from the roof down to all floors. The actual windows were never cleaned in my lifetime, and were black with grime, and although my bedroom window was on a level with the first-floor Tilbury windows, I could not see in. I wanted to see in, to see if the hissing sounds that could be heard were steam engines simmering away between duties. In later years I learned that steam engines were not allowed inside the Tilbury because the goods platforms were wooden, and could be set alight from engine activity.</p>\n",
"created": "2016-11-01",
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"title": "Family: My grandfather was once its publican",
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"body": "<p>The Black Bull on the corner of Whitechapel Road and Vallance Road was originally a William Youngers public house with a mock Tudor facade. This establishment has a special place in my heart as my grandfather was once its publican. My mother and her sister brought their children up within its walls, including my brother, sister and three cousins. It was a popular haunt for hospital staff. The Blackshirts found this out when they attempted a march through Whitechapel and the doctors etc. put a stop to it. </p>\n",
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"body": "<p>This two-storey brick corner building of c.1960 was bomb-damage replacement. It was much embellished in 2012 through Global Street Art. Facing White Church Lane is ‘Too much buying not enough taking’ by Lister, the entrance-door shutter has wings by Probs, and the south return to Whitechurch Passage a head by Hunto and ‘The Lady’, a low-relief ceramic by ChinaGirl Tile.[^1]</p>\n\n<p>[^1]: Post Office Directories: http://blog.globalstreetart.com/walls</p>\n",
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